𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐌 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍

China chanchin hi kum 5,000 vel kalta atanga Three Sovereigns leh Five Emperors thlenga sawi tawh, traditional historical record-ah sawi a ni a, kum zabi 16-na BC-a archaeological record-te pawhin a tihpun belh bawk. China hi khawvela continuous civilization hlui ber pawl a ni. Turtle shell-ah hian Shang Dynasty hunlai Chinese ziak hlui hriatrengna chhinchhiahna a awm a, carbon dated chu BC 1500 vel a ni. Chinese civilization hi Yellow River valley-a city-state atanga lo chhuak a ni.

Chu lui sen chu a hmingah chuan loess a lo awm ang a, lei kamah leh lei hnuaiah a lo awm ang a, chutah chuan a pil ang a, tuiah chuan yellowish tint a siam ang. 221 BC hi lalram lian tak emaw, lalram lian tak hnuaia China inpumkhatna kum pawm tlanglawn tak a ni. China chanchina lalram inzawmkhawmte chuan bureaucratic system an siam a, chu chuan China Emperor chuan ram zau tak chu a thunun thei ta a ni.

China hi Qin Shi Huang-a’n BC 221 khan a inzawm khawm hmasa ber a ni. China chu politics lama inpumkhatna leh inpumkhat lohna hun lai a inthlak a, a chang chuan ramdang mite’n an thunun a, a tam zawk chu Chinese mipui zingah an inzawm khawm a ni.
Asia ram hmun tam tak atanga culture leh political influence, immigration, expansion leh assimilation thlipui inzawm zelin a phurh chu a inzawm khawm a, Chinese culture a siam ta a ni.

𝐇𝐔𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑-𝐆𝐀𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐀 𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐄𝐈𝐓𝐔 𝐓𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐆 𝐈𝐍
Tuna China an tih hi kum maktaduai khat chuang kalta khan Homo erectus-in a lo luah tawh a ni. Tun hnaia zirchianna atanga a lan dan chuan Xiaochangliang hmuna lung hmanrua hmuhchhuah te hi magnetostratigraphically chuan kum maktaduai 1.36 kalta a ni.
Shanxi Province-a Xihoudu-a archaeological site hi Homo erectus-in mei a hmanna record hmasa ber a ni a, kum maktaduai 1.27 kalta aṭanga chhut a ni.

Yuanmou leh a hnu lama Lantian-a lei laihchhuahnaah hian a hmaa chenna hmun a awm tih a lang. China rama Homo erectus specimen hmuhchhuah lar ber chu kum 1923-a Peking Man an tih hi a ni mai thei a, Guangxi Province-a Liuzhou-a Liyuzui lungpuiah BC 16,500 leh 19,000-a siam bêl pahnih an lai chhuak a ni.

Proto-Chinese millet agriculture chungchanga finfiahna hmasa ber chu BC 7,000 vel atanga carbon-dated a ni a, Jiahu hmun (music instrument playable hmasa ber awmna hmun pawh) nen a inzawm a ni. He hun chhung hian Chinese written language hmasa ber (inhnialna awm mek) leh khawvela wine siam hmasak ber pawh a huam tel bawk. Jiahu-ah hian Xinzheng county, Henan-a Peiligang culture a awm a, kum 2006 thleng khan 5% chauh laihchhuah a ni.

Agriculture nen chuan mihring pun chakna te, thlai chi hrang hrang dahkhawm leh sem leh theihna te, leh specialist craftsmen leh administrator te tanpui theihna te a lo thleng ta a ni. Neolithic hun tawp lamah chuan Yellow River ruam chu culture center-ah a insiam tan a, chutah chuan khaw hmasa berte chu din a ni a; chutiang zinga archaeologically significant ber chu Banpo, Xi’an-ah hmuh a ni. 𝐇𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐋𝐀𝐈 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍

China ram chanchin hmasa ber chu he hun laia ziak tawng hman loh vang leh kum zabi engemaw zat kalta a thil thlengte sawifiah tumna hun hnuhnung lama document awm vang a ni. Buaina hi kawng engemaw takah chuan kum zabi tam tak chhunga Chinese mipuite introspection atanga lo chhuak a ni a, chu chuan he history hmasa lam chungchangah hian fact leh fiction inthliarna chu a ti fiah lo hle a ni.

BC 7000 a lo thlen meuh chuan Chinese ho chuan millet an lo ching tawh a, chu chuan Jiahu culture a lo piang ta a ni. Ningxia-a Damaidi-ah chuan BC 6,000-5,000 vela lungpui lem 3,172 hmuhchhuah a ni tawh a, “mimal character 8,453, ni, thla, arsi, pathian leh ramsa man emaw, ran vulh emaw scene te a awm a ni.” Heng pictographs te hi Chinese ziah nia finfiah character hmasa ber nen an inang nia sawi a ni. A hnuah Yangshao culture chu BC 2500 vel khan Longshan culture chuan a thlak ta a ni. Archaeological site Sanxingdui leh Erlitou-ah te hian China rama Bronze Age civilization a awm tih finfiahna a awm a. Bronze chemte hmasa ber chu Gansu leh Qinhai province-a Majiayao-ah BC 3000-a hmuh a ni.

China chanchin kimchang hmasa ber, kum zabi 2-na BC-a Chinese historiographer Sima Qian-a ziah Records of the Grand Historian leh Bamboo Annals-ah te hian Chinese history hi BC 2800 vel atanga chhui a ni a, August Ones pathum leh Emperor panga te chanchin a awm bawk. Heng roreltute hi semi-mythical sage-king leh moral exemplar an ni. Tradition chuan an zinga pakhat Yellow Emperor chu Han Chinese mite thlahtuah a ngai a.

Sima Qian chuan inherited ruler-ship system hi Xia Dynasty lai khan din a ni tih a sawi a, he model hi recorded Shang leh Zhou dynastyes-ah pawh a awm reng tih a sawi bawk. Hetih lai hian Three Dynasties hunlai hian historical China chu a lo chhuak ta a ni.

Tang leh Song-ho inkara politics lama inpumkhat lohna hun, Five Dynasties leh Ten Kingdoms Period tia hriat chu kum zabi chanve aia rei lo, kum 907 atanga 960 thleng khan a ni a, he hun rei lote chhung hian China chu kawng engkimah multistate system a nih lai hian, sawrkar panga chuan China hmar lama Imperial heartland hlui chu rang takin an thunun ta a ni. Hetih lai vek hian sawrkar nghet zawk 10 chuan China khawthlang leh chhim lam hmun thenkhat an luah a, chuvangin chu hun chu Lalram sawm hun lai tia sawi a ni bawk.

Warring States Period hi hmân lai China chanchina indona hun lai a ni a, chubakah bureaucratic leh sipai lama siamthatna leh inpumkhatna a awm bawk. Spring leh Autumn hunlai a zui a, Qin hnehna indona hmangin a tawp a, chu chuan contender state dang zawng zawngte chu an lalut ta a, a tawpah chuan Qin state chu BC 221 khan Chinese empire inpumkhat hmasa ber, Qin dynasty tia hriat angin hnehna a chang ta a ni.

Mithiam hrang hrangte chuan BC 481 atanga BC 403 thlenga hun hrang hrang chu Warring States bul tanna dik takah sawi mah se, Sima Qian-a’n BC 475 a thlan dan hi a sawi tam ber a ni. Warring States hunlai pawh hi Eastern Zhou dynasty chanve hnihna nen pawh a inzawm tlat a, mahse Chinese sovereign, Zhou lal tia hriat chu figurehead ang maiin ro a rel a, indo state-te machinations dodalna atan backdrop atan a thawk a ni.

“Warring States Period” tih hming hi Han Dynasty tir lama an ziah khawm, Record of the Warring States atanga lak a ni. 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐑𝐀𝐌 𝐀𝐍𝐈

China hun kal tawh chanchin ziakna hmuhchhuah hmasa ber chu Shang Dynasty hunlai BC kum zabi 13-na vel a ni mai thei a, rannung ruh emaw, hruihrual emaw – oracle ruh an tihte-a divination record ziah ang chi a ni.
Archaeological findings te hian Shang Dynasty, c 1600-1046 BC awm tih finfiahna a pe a, set hnih ah then a ni.
Set hmasa ber, Shang hun hmasa (c 1600-1300 BC) atanga lak chhuah chu Erligang, Zhengzhou leh Shangcheng atanga lo chhuak a ni. Set pahnihna, a hnu lama Shang emaw Yin hunlai atanga lo chhuak chu oracle ruh ziak tam tak a ni.
Tunlai Henan-a Anyang hi Shang khawpui 9 zinga a hnuhnung ber a nih thu an nemnghet (c 1300-1046 BC). Shang Dynasty-ah khan lal 31 an awm a, Shang lal Tang atanga Shang lal Zhou thlengin an awm a; Chinese history-a lalram rei ber a ni.

The Records of the Grand Historian-ah chuan Shang Dynasty chuan an khawpui chu vawi ruk zet an sawn tih a tarlang. BC 1350-a Yin-a an insawn hnuhnung ber leh pawimawh ber chuan lalram rangkachak hun a lo thleng ta a ni.
Yin Dynasty tih thumal hi history-ah chuan Shang lalram nen a inmil hle a, mahse tun hnaiah chuan Shang lalram chanve hnuhnung ber sawina atan bik hman a ni.

Hun hnuhnung lama cheng Chinese historian-te chuan lalram pakhatin lalram dang a thlak ang tih ngaihdan hi an hmang thiam hle a, mahse China hmasa lama politics dinhmun tak tak chu a buaithlak zawk tih hriat a ni.
Chuvangin, China rama mithiam thenkhatin an sawi angin, Xia leh Shang te hian a ruala awm political entity te a kawk thei a, chutiang bawkin Zhou hmasa (Shang-ho ram thlaktu) te pawh Shang te nen an awm dun tih hriat a nih ang bawkin.

Anyang-a ziak record hmuhchhuahte chuan Shang lalram awmna chu a nemnghet a ni.
Mahse, khawthlang lam mithiamte chuan Anyang khawsak hunlaia awmte chu Shang lalram nena inzawm tir an hreh fo thin.
Entirnan, Sanxingdui-a archaeological findings chuan Anyang ang lo takin technology lama hmasawnna civilization a awm tih a tilang. Shang lalram chu Anyang atanga eng chen nge a inzar pharh tih finfiahna kawngah hian evidence a awm lo. Hypothesis hmahruaitu chu official history-a Shang pakhatin a awp Anyang hi tuna China proper tia sawina hmuna culture hrang hranga chenna hmun dang tam tak nen an awm dun a, an sumdawnna a ni. 𝐗𝐈𝐀 𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐑𝐀𝐌 𝐀𝐍𝐈

Xia hi Chinese lalram a ni a, Shang lalram hnung zuia Qin lalram hmaa lo awm tawh a ni.
Zhou lalram hi China chanchina lalram dang zawng aiin a rei zawk (kum 790). Lal in, Ji tih hming puin China sipai thununna chu a tir lamah chuan kum 1046 atanga 771 BC thleng khan Western Zhou tia hriat hun chhung a ni a, a siam political sphere of influence chu Eastern Zhou hunlai thlengin kum 500 dang a la chhunzawm zel a ni.

Zhou lalram lai khan Centralized power chu Spring leh Autumn hun chhung zawng khan a tlahniam a, Warring States hunlai thleng khan lalram kum zabi hnih hnuhnung berah khan a tlahniam a ni.
Hun hnuhnung zawkah chuan Zhou court hian a dintu state, indona nei state-te chu thuneihna a nei tlem hle a, Qin state-in thuneihna a tihngheh a, BC 221-a Qin lalram a din hma loh chuan.
Zhou lalram hi kum 35 kalta chauh khan formally a tlakchhiat tawh a, chutih lai chuan lalram hian nominal power chauh nei mah se.

Chinese history-a he hun lai hian mi tam takin Chinese bronzeware siamna zenith anga an ngaih chu a siam chhuak a ni.
Zhou lalram hun hnuhnung ber pawh hi Chinese philosophy lian pathum Confucianism, Taoism leh Legalism te intanna avang hian a hmingthang hle. Zhou lalram hian ziak script chu oracle script leh bronze script atanga seal script-a a lo inthlak chhoh hun lai pawh a huam tel a, a tawpah chuan Warring States hun tawp lama lo chhuak archaic clerical script hmanna hmangin tunlai ang maia a lo piang ta a ni . 𝐙𝐇𝐎𝐔 𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐑𝐀𝐌

Zhou Dynasty hian Shang lalram a zui a, Qin lalram hmaah a lo awm tawh bawk.
Zhou lalram hi China chanchina lalram dang zawng aiin a rei zawk (kum 790).
Lal in, Ji tih hming puin China sipai thununna chu a tir lamah chuan kum 1046 atanga 771 BC thleng khan Western Zhou tia hriat hun chhung a ni a, a siam political sphere of influence chu Eastern Zhou hunlai thlengin kum 500 dang a la chhunzawm zel a ni.

Zhou lalram lai khan Centralized power chu Spring leh Autumn hun chhung zawng khan a tlahniam a, Warring States hunlai thleng khan lalram kum zabi hnih hnuhnung berah khan a tlahniam a ni.
Hun hnuhnung zawkah chuan Zhou court hian a dintu state, indona nei state-te chu thuneihna a nei tlem hle a, Qin state-in thuneihna a tihngheh a, BC 221-a Qin lalram a din hma loh chuan.
Zhou lalram hi kum 35 kalta chauh khan formally a tlakchhiat tawh a, chutih lai chuan lalram hian nominal power chauh nei mah se.

Chinese history-a he hun lai hian mi tam takin Chinese bronzeware siamna sang ber nia an ngaih chu a siam chhuak a ni.
Zhou lalram hun hnuhnung ber pawh hi Chinese philosophy lian pathum Confucianism, Taoism leh Legalism te intanna avang hian a hmingthang hle. Zhou lalram hian ziak script chu oracle script leh bronze script atanga seal script-a a lo inthlak chhoh hun lai pawh a huam tel a, a tawpah chuan Warring States hun tawp lama lo chhuak archaic clerical script hmanna hmangin tunlai ang maia a lo piang ta a ni.

𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐁𝐄𝐑 𝐇𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐀 𝐁𝐄𝐑 – 𝐐𝐈𝐍 𝐒𝐇𝐈 𝐇𝐔𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐃𝐈
Historian-te chuan Qin Dynasty atanga Qing Dynasty tawp thleng khan Imperial China tiin an sawi fo thin. Qin Emperor-a lalna inpumkhatna chu kum sawm leh pahnih chauh ni mah se, Han Chinese ram chhungril ber siamtu hmun tam tak chu a thunun thei a, Xianyan-a thut (tunlai Xi’an-a)-a thut, Legalist sorkar nghet tak hnuaiah a inzawm khawm thei a ni.

Qin-ho kaihruaitu legalism thurin chuan dan kalphung (legal code) khauh taka zawm leh lalber thuneihna famkim chu a ngaih pawimawh hle a ni.
He Legalism philosophy hi sipai lam hawia empire tihzauh nan a tangkai hle a, mahse remna hun laia rorelna atan chuan a thawk thei lo tih a chiang hle. Qin hian political opposition-te chu rapthlak takin a ti ngawih ngawih a, mithiamte hal leh phum tia hriat thil thleng pawh a kaihruai a ni.
Hei hi a hnu lama Han Synthesis-a political governance school moderate zawkte telh tura chêttîrtu a ni ang.

Qin Dynasty hi China kulhpui lian tak din a nih avangin hriat hlawh tak a ni a, a hnuah Ming Dynasty lai khan tihpun leh tihchangtlun a ni.
Qin-ho thawhhlawk ber dangte chu centralized government concept, legal code inpumkhatna, thuziak tawng, tehna, leh China ram Spring leh Autumn leh Warring States Period-a harsatna a tawh hnua pawisa hman dan te a ni. Empire pumpuiah sumdawnna kalphung \ha tak a awm theih nan cart-te tana axle sei zawng ang chi thil bulpui tak pawh chu inang tlang taka siam a ngai a ni. 𝐇𝐀𝐍 𝐃𝐘𝐍𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐘 𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐔 𝐀𝐍𝐈

Han Dynasty hi BC 206-ah a lo chhuak a. Confucianism philosophy pawmtu lalram hmasa ber a ni a, chu chu lalram China tawp thlenga sawrkar zawng zawng ngaihdan (ideological underpinning) a lo ni ta a ni.
Han Dynasty hnuaiah khan China hian arts leh sciences lamah hmasawnna nasa tak a nei a.
Emperor Wu Han Wudi chuan Chinese empire chu a tichak a, a tizau a, Xiongnu (a chang chuan Hun-ho nena inzawm) te chu tunlai Inner Mongolia steppe-ah a nawr kir leh a, an hnen atangin tunlai hmun Gansu, Ningxia leh Qinghai te chu a la ta a ni.
Hei hian China leh khawthlang ramte sumdawnna inzawmna hmasa ber, Silk Road hawn theihna a siamsak a ni.

Chuti chung pawh chuan chhungkaw ropui tak takte ram an lakna chuan chhiah lakna chu a tichhe zauh zauh a ni.
AD 9 khan usurper Wang Mang chuan hun rei lote chhunga awm Xin (“New”) Dynasty a din a, ram leh economic reform dang programme zau tak a tan a. Mahse, heng programme-te hi ram neitu chhungkua-te chuan an thlawp ngai lo va, loneitu leh mi lian lo zawkte an duhsak avangin, an siam chhuah inrem lohna chuan buaina leh helna a thlen a ni.

Emperor Guangwu chuan Xi’an khawchhak lam Luoyang-a ram neitu leh sumdawng chhungkawte puihnain Han Dynasty chu a din leh ta a ni.
He hun thar hi Eastern Han Dynasty tia koh a ni ang. Ram lakluh, invauna leh consort clan leh eunuch inkara inhnialna karah Han thuneihna chu a tlahniam leh ta a ni.

Yellow Turban Rebellion hi kum 184 khan a lo chhuak a, indona hotute hunlai a rawn thlen ta a ni. Chumi hnua buaina chhuakah chuan State pathum chuan Lalram Pathum Hun (Period of the Three Kingdoms)-ah thuneihna chang turin an bei a.
He hun chhung hi Romance of the Three Kingdoms ang chi thawnthuah pawh nasa takin romanticized a ni. 𝐉𝐈𝐍 𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐑𝐀𝐌 𝐀𝐍𝐈

Kum 278 khan Jin Dynasty-in lalram pathumte hi hun eng emaw chen atan inzawmkhawm leh mah se, chutih laia Han Chinese ni lo (Wu Hu) hnamte chuan kum zabi 4-na tir lamah khan ram chhung hmun tam zawk chu an thunun a, Chang Jiang khawthlang lam hawia Han Chinese mi tam tak an pem chhuah tir a ni .
Kum 303 khan Di mite chu an hel a, a hnuah Chengdu chu an la a, Cheng Han state an din ta a ni.
Liu Yuan-a hnuaiah khan Xiongnu ho chu tunlai Linfen County bulah an hel a, Han Zhao state an din ta a ni.

A thlaktu Liu Cong chuan Western Jin lal hnuhnung pahnihte chu a man a, a that ta a ni.
Lalram 16 chu kum zabi 4-na leh 5-naah China hmar lam pum emaw, a hmun thenkhat emaw awptu, hun rei lote chhunga China ni lo lalram tam tak an ni. Hnam tam tak an inrawlh a–Turk, Mongolia leh Tibetan thlahtute pawh an tel.
Heng nomadic hnam tam zawk hi thuneihna an chan hma lawk khan eng emaw chen chu “Sinicized” an ni tawh a ni. Dik tak chuan, an zinga ṭhenkhat, a bik takin Ch’iang leh Xiong-nu-te chu Han hun tawp lam aṭang tawhin Great Wall chhunga ramri biala awm phalsak an ni tawh a ni. 𝐐𝐈𝐍 𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐑𝐀𝐌 𝐀𝐍𝐈

Kum 420-a East Jin Dynasty tlakchhiatna chhinchhiahna angin China chu Southern leh Northern Dynasties hunlai a lut ta a ni.
Han mite chuan hmarchhak hnam pem chhuak, Xian Bei-ho te sipai beihna chu an tuar chhuak thei a, an civilization pawh a lo thang zel a ni.

China hmar lama nomadic mi pung zel chuan Confucianism chu mimal nun kaihhruaina leh state ideology atan an hmang a, chutih rualin Han Chinese civilization-ah chuan zawi zawiin an inzawm khawm ta a ni.
He China hmar leh hmar lam inelnaah hian Buddhism hian a vawi khat nan China ram pumah a darh a, Taoist zuitute dodalna a tawk chung pawhin. Taoist ringtu rinawm tak leh Northern Wei Dynasty (Hmarchhak Dynasties zinga mi) lalber Tuo Ba Tao chuan Buddhism ram atanga paih bo turin thupek a chhuah a.

China khawthlang lamah chuan Buddhism awm phal leh phal loh chungchangah inhnialna nasa tak chu lal in leh mi ropuiten an nei fo thin.
A tawpah chuan Southern leh Northern Dynasties hun tawp dawn hnaihah Buddhist leh Taoist zuitute pawhin inremna an siam a, an inngaihtlawm chho ta a ni.

Kum 589 khan Sui chuan sipai chakna hmangin Southern Dynasty hnuhnung ber Chen chu a la a, Southern leh Northern Dynasties hunlai chu a titawp ta a ni. 𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐄𝐍 𝐒𝐔𝐈 𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐑𝐀𝐌

Sui Dynasty hi China ram lalram hun rei lote chhunga awm, thil pawimawh tak a ni. Sui-ho chuan hmarchhak leh khawthlang lalramte chu an inzawm khawm a, China ram pum puiah hnam Han-te thuneihna chu an dah leh a, chubakah a ram chhunga hnam tlem zawk (Five Barbarians) hluite chu sinicization-in an siam leh bawk.
A hnuah Tang lalram a lo awm a, a bulpui ber chu a rochun a ni.

Sui lal Wen-a din, Sui lalram khawpui chu kum 581-605 chhung khan Chang’an (chu chu Daxing, tunlai Xi’an, Shaanxi tia thlak a ni) a ni a, a hnuah Luoyang (605-618) a ni.
Emperor Wen leh a thlaktu Yang-a te chuan centralized reform hrang hrang an nei a, a langsar ber chu equal-field system a ni a, chu chu economic inequality tihziaawmna leh agriculture productivity tihsan tumna a ni a Department pathum leh Ministri paruk system hmaa awm, Department panga leh Board paruk system din a nih thu; leh pawisa lem siam dan standardization leh re-unification te a ni.
Empire pumpuiah Buddhism an thehdarh a, an fuih bawk.
Lalram laihawl velah chuan lalram inpumkhat thar chuan mihring pun chakna thlawptu loneih surplus tam tak nen hausakna hun rangkachak takah a lut ta a ni.

Sui lalram ro hlu tak chu Grand Canal a ni.
Khawchhak lam khawpui Luoyang chu network lai takah a awm avangin chhim lam khawpui Chang’an chu khawchhak lama economic leh agricultural center-te nen Jiangdu (tuna Yangzhou, Jiangsu) leh Yuhang (tuna Hangzhou, Zhejiang) lam hawiin a thlunzawm a, to tunlai Beijing bula hmar lam ramri a ni.
A tir lama thil tum pawimawh tak chu khawpuiah buhfai thawn chhuah te, sipaite phurh chhuah te, leh sipai logistics te a nih laiin, inland shipment link rintlak tak chuan kum zabi tam tak chhung chu ram chhunga sumdawnna, mipui kal dan leh nunphung inthlengna a ti awlsam ang. Great Wall tihzauh a nih bakah, hmar lam khawpui Luoyang sak a nih rual hian, heng mega project-te hi centralized bureaucracy tha takin a kaihruai a, mipui tam tak awmna hmun aṭangin hnathawk maktaduai tam tak sipaiah an lalut khawm dawn a, mihring nunna nasa tak a seng dawn a ni.

Korea Lalram Pathum zinga mi Goguryeo laka sipai beihpui thlakna man to tak leh chhiatna rapthlak tak tak, kum 614-a hnehna a chan hnuah, mipui helna hrang hrang hnuaiah lalram chu a inthen darh a, kum 618 khan Emperor Yang-a chu a minister, Yuwen Huaji-a’n a that ta a ni.
Kum sawmthum leh pasarih chauh awh lalram chu indona leh in sakna project lian tham tak takte chuan a tichhe a, chu chuan a sum leh pai a tichhe nasa hle a ni.
A bik takin, Emperor Yang-a hun lai khan chhiah rit tak tak leh hnathawk tura tih ngei ngei tur (compulsory labour duties) chuan a tawpah chuan lalram tlu hnua helna zau tak leh tualchhung indona rei vak lo a thlen dawn a ni.

He lalram hi hun rei tak chhung inthen darh hnua China inpumkhatna atan Qin lalram hmasa nen tehkhin a ni fo.
Ram inpumkhat thar chu tihngheh nan siamthatna leh sak hna zau tak tak an kalpui a, an lalram hun rei lote chhunga nghawng rei tak an nei a ni. 𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐃𝐘𝐍𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐘 𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐔 𝐀𝐍𝐈

Tang Dynasty emaw Tang Empire, hi China lalram, kum 618 atanga 907 thlenga lalram a ni a, kum 690 leh 705 inkar khan interregnum a nei a, a hmain Sui lalram a lo awm a, a hnuah Five Dynasties leh Ten Kingdoms hunlai a lo awm leh a ni.
Historian-te chuan Tang hi Chinese civilization-a hmun sang takah an ngai tlangpui a, cosmopolitan culture-a rangkachak hunlai angin an ngai bawk. Tang ram, a lal hmasa berte sipai beihna hmanga an neih chu Han lalram ram nen a inel a ni.

Li Chhungkua hian lalram hi an din a, Sui Empire tlahniam leh tlakchhiat lai khan thuneihna an la a, lalram rorelna chanve hmasa berah hmasawnna leh nghetna hun an hawng a ni.
Kum 690-705 chhung khan lalram hi formal takin tihtawp a ni a, Empress Wu Zetian-i chuan lalṭhutthleng a luah a, Wu Zhou lalram a puang a, Chinese lalram dan anga lal awmchhun a ni ta a ni.
An Lushan Rebellion (755Ð763) rapthlak tak chuan hnam a ti nghing a, lalram hnuhnung berah chuan central authority a tlahniam ta a ni.

Sui lalram hmasa ang bawkin Tang-ho hian civil-service system an vawng reng a, standardized examination leh office-a recommendation hmangin scholar-official-te an la lut a ni. Kum zabi 9-na laia jiedushi tia hriat regional military governor lo chhuahna chuan he civil order hi a tichhe ta a ni. Kum zabi 9-na tawp lamah chuan lalram leh sorkar laipui chu a tlahniam ta a; agrarian helnate chuan mipui tam tak an hloh leh insawn chhuahna a thlen a, retheihna nasa tak a thlen a, sorkar hnathawh a tichhe zual a, a tawpah chuan kum 907 khan lalram chu a titawp ta a ni.

Chutih lai chuan Tang khawpui Chang’an (tuna Xi’an) chu khawvela khawpui mihring tamna ber a ni. Kum zabi 7-na leh 8-na chhiarpui pahnih chuan he empire-a mihring awm zat hi maktaduai 50 vel an ni tih an chhut a, chu chu lalram tawp lamah chuan maktaduai 80 velin an pung nia chhut a ni sipai sâng tam tak awmna sipai rualte chu Inner Asia leh Silk Road-a sumdâwnna kawng hlawk tak takte thunun tûra pem chhuak ramte nêna inbei tûrin a ni.
Ram hla tak tak leh state hrang hrangte chuan Tang court-ah hian chhiah an pe a, Tang-ho pawhin indirect-in protectorate system hmangin bial eng emaw zat an thunun bawk.
Tang lal Taizong-a’n Khan of Heaven tih hming a puan kha Asia hmar lam “simultaneous kingship” hmasa ber a ni. Political hegemony a neih bakah hian Tang hian East Asian ram ṭhenawm Japan leh Korea te chungah culture influence nasa tak a nei a ni.

Chinese culture chu Tang hunlai khan a lo thang lian a, a puitling zual sauh bawk.
Thuthlung hluiah chuan Chinese poetry-a kum ropui ber nia ngaih a ni.
China rama hla phuah thiam lar tak tak pahnih Li Bai leh Du Fu te hi he hun laia mi an ni a, chutiang bawkin lemziak thiam lar tam tak Han Gan, Zhang Xuan, leh Zhou Fang te pawh an tel ve bawk.
Tang scholar-te chuan historical literature chi hrang hrang hautak tak tak an khawlkhawm a, chubakah encyclopedia leh geographical works te pawh an khawlkhawm bawk.
Thil thar langsar tak takte chu woodblock printing siam chhuah a ni.
Buddhism chu Chinese culture-ah nghawng lian tak a ni a, native Chinese sect-te chuan an lar chho ta hle a ni.
Mahse, kum 840 chhoah khan Emperor Wuzong chuan Buddhism tihtawp tumin policy a siam a, chumi hnuah chuan Buddhism chu a thununna a tlahniam ta a ni. 𝐒𝐎𝐍𝐆 𝐃𝐘𝐍𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐘 𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐔 𝐀𝐍𝐈

Kum 960 khan Song Dynasty (960-1279) chuan China ram tam zawk chungah thuneihna a chang a, Kaifeng-ah a khawpui a din a, sum leh pai lama hausakna hun a tan a, Khitan Liao Dynasty chuan Manchuria leh Mongolia hmar lam a awp thung.

Kum 1115 khan Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) chu a langsar hle a, kum 10 chhungin Liao Dynasty chu a tichhe vek a ni.
Chutih lai chuan tuna China chhim thlang lam bial Gansu, Shaanxi leh Ningxia-ah te chuan kum 1032 atanga kum 1227 thleng khan Western Xia Dynasty a lo piang a, chu chu Tangut hnamte chuan an din a ni.

Song Dynasty aṭangin China hmar lam leh Kaifeng-ah thuneihna a la bawk a, chu chuan a khawpui chu Hangzhou-ah a sawn a ni.
Southern Song Dynasty pawhin Jin Dynasty chu formal overlords anga pawm a ngaih avangin mualphona an tawk bawk. Kum a lo kal zel a, China chu Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty leh Tangut Western Xia te inkarah a inthen ta a ni.
Southern Song hian technology lama hmasawnna nasa tak hun a tawng a, chu chu hmar lam atanga sipai nawrna a hriat avang hian a then chu sawifiah theih a ni.
Hei hian 1161 AD-a Tangdao indonaah leh Yangtze luia Caishi indonaah Song Dynasty tuipui hmanga Jin-ho hnehnaah hmun pawimawh tak a chang a, silai mu hmanraw hman a ni.
Chu bâkah, China rama permanent standing navy hmasa berte chu an khawm a, Dinghai-ah Admiral office an pe a, kum 1132 AD-ah, Emperor Renzong of Song-a lal lai a ni.

Song Dynasty hi mi tam tak chuan classical China-a science leh technology lama high point-ah an ngai a, thil thar siamtu Su Song (1020-1101 AD) leh Shen Kuo (1031-1095 AD) te an ni. Reformers leh Conservatives-te political lama inelna nei, chancellor Wang Anshi leh Sima Guang-te kaihhruaite nen court inrawlhna a awm a ni.

Kum zabi 13-na laihawl atanga a tawp thleng khan Chinese-ho chuan Zhu Xi-a siam Neo-Confucian philosophy dogma chu an hmang ta a ni. Song Dynasty hunlai khan literary work lian tak tak an khawlkhawm a, chu chu Zizhi Tongjian-a chanchin ziak te pawh a ni.
Culture leh arts chu a lo thang lian a, Along the River During Qingming Festival leh Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute te ang chi artwork ropui tak tak a awm a, chutih laiin Buddhist painter ropui tak tak Lin Tinggui te pawh an awm bawk.

Genghis Khan chu Mongol Empire dintu leh Great Khan (Emperor) hmasa ber a nih avangin a thih hnua history-a empire inzawm lian ber a ni ta a ni.
Asia hmarchhak lama pem chhuak hnam tam tak inzawmkhawmin thuneihna a chang a, Mongol-ho, a nih loh leh Genghis Khan-a ram pum huapa rorêltu anga puan a nih hnuah, Mongol-ho beihna a kalpui a, a tawpah chuan Eurasia ram tam zawk chu a la ta a, Poland chhim lam thlengin a thleng ta a ni leh Aigupta khawthlang lam thlengin. A beihpui thlakna lian ber berte chu Qara Khitai, Khwarezmia, leh Western Xia leh Jin lalramte dodalna te, medieval Georgia, Kievan Rus’ leh Volga Bulgaria te beihpui thlakna te a ni.

Genghis Khan-a hnehna chu a hmaa a la awm ngai loh khawpa wholesale-a tihchhiat a ni a, mipui tam tak tihboralna leh riltam avanga mihring pun chakna nasa tak a thlen a ni.
Conservative-te chhut dan chuan civil mi maktaduai li vel (a dang erawh chu maktaduai sawmli atanga maktaduai sawmruk vel a ni) Genghis Khan-a sipai beihna avanga nunna chan an ni.
Chumi nêna inkalh takin, Qocho lalram Buddhist Uyghur-ho, duhsak taka Qara Khitai lalram chhuahsan a, Mongol hnuaia awmte chuan zalênna petu angin an ngai a ni.
Genghis Khan hi Mongol Empire hnuaia culture, technology leh ideas darh zau tak zahna avang hian Renaissance hmasa lam source-te pawhin a tha zawngin an tarlang bawk.

Great Khan dam chhung tawp lamah chuan Mongol Empire chuan Central Asia leh China ram hmun zau tak chu a luah ta a ni.
Sipai lama hlawhtlinna danglam tak a neih avangin Genghis Khan hi hun zawng zawnga hnehtu ropui ber pawla ngaih a ni fo.

Sipai lama a hlawhtlinna piah lamah Genghis Khan hian kawng dangin Mongol Empire a ti hmasawn bawk.
Mongol Empire-a ziak dan atan Uyghur script hman turin thupek a chhuah a ni.
Meritocracy a kalpui bawk a, Mongol Empire-ah sakhaw lama inngaihtlawmna a fuih a, Asia hmarchhak lama pem chhuak hnamte chu a inpumkhat tir a ni.

Tunlai Mongolia mite chuan Mongolia dintu pa angin an ngai a ni.
Silk Road chu politics boruak inzawmkhawm pakhat hnuaia a hruai luh avangin chawimawi a ni bawk. Hei hian Asia hmarchhak, Muslim Southwest Asia leh Kristian Europe inkara inbiakpawhna leh sumdawnna awlsam tak a thlen a, chu chuan hmun pathumte nunphung thlirna chu a tizau vek a ni.

Kublai Khan (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294) a temple hminga Emperor Shizu of Yuan tia hriat bawk, ​​Mongol Empire-a khagan-emperor pangana a ni a, kum 1260 atanga 1294 thleng a lal a, mahse empire insem hnuah hei hi a lal a ni chu nominal position a ni.
Kum 1271 khan China rama Yuan lalram a din bawk a, kum 1294-a a thih thlengin Yuan lal hmasa ber a ni.

Kublai hi Tolui fapa palina (Sorghaghtani Beki nena an fapa pahnihna) a ni a, Genghis Khan-a pafa a ni bawk. Kum 12 mi lek a ni tawh a, Genghis Khan a thih khan kum 1260 khan a u Mšngke aiawhin Khagan hna a chelh tawh a, mahse kum 1264 thlenga Toluid Civil War-ah a unaupa naupang zawk Ariq Bške chu a hneh a ngai a, he episode hian kum 1264 thleng khan a inthen darh tanna a ni empire chu a ni.[2] Kublai-a thiltihtheihna tak tak chu Yuan Empire-ah chauh a innghat a, Khagan a nih angin Ilkhanate-ah leh, a tlem berah chuan Golden Horde-ah pawh thuneihna a la nei tho nachungin. Chutih laia Mongol Empire pum pui ngaihtuah chuan a lalram chu Pacific tuipui atanga Black Sea thlengin, Siberia atanga tuna Afghanistan thlengin a thleng a ni.

Kum 1271-ah Kublai-a chuan Yuan lalram a din a, tunlai China, Mongolia, Korea leh a chhehvel hmun thenkhatah ro a rel a; Khagan angin Middle East leh Europe-ah pawh thuneihna a khawlkhawm bawk. China Emperor hna a chelh ta a ni.
Kum 1279-ah chuan Mongol-hoin Song lalram an hnehna chu a zo ta a, Kublai chu Han ni lo lalber zingah China ram pum huap inpumkhat hmasa ber a ni ta a ni.

Kublai-a lalram thlalak hi Yuan lal leh lalnute thlalak album-a tel a ni a, tunah chuan Taipei-a National Palace Museum-ah a awm tawh a ni.
Kublai lal incheina rawng dum chu Yuan lalram lalram rawng a ni. 𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐃𝐘𝐍𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐘 𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐔 𝐀𝐍𝐈

Yuan Dynasty hun rei lote chhung zawng khan, mipui zingah, ramdang mite thuneihna dodalna rilru nasa tak a awm a, chu chuan a tawpah chuan loneitute helna a thlen ta a ni.
Mongolian-ho chu steppe-ah an nawr kir leh a, kum 1368 khan Ming Dynasty-in an thlak ta a ni.

Mipui an pun chhoh zel avang leh hnathawh insem dan pawh a buaithlak chhoh zel avangin khawpui nun a lo pung ta a ni.
Khawpui lian tak tak, Nanjing leh Beijing te pawhin private industry tihhmasawn nan an pui bawk. A bîk takin, industry tenau tak takte chu an lo ṭhang lian a, paper, silk, cotton, leh porcelain thil siamte chu an specialise fo ṭhîn. Mahse, a tam zawkah chuan khawpui lian lo tak tak, market nei te chu ram pum huapin a lo pung zel a ni. Khawpui bazar-ah chuan ei tur an hralh ber a, thil siamna tul ṭhenkhat, pin emaw oil emaw an hralh ṭhin.

Neo-Confucianism sikul thar lar chho zel zingah hian xenophobia leh intellectual introspection characteristic ni mah se, Ming Dynasty hmasa lama China chu a inhlat lo hle. Ramdang sumdawnna leh pawn lam, a bik takin Japan nena inzawmna dangte chu nasa takin a pung a ni.
Chinese sumdawngte chuan Indian Ocean zawng zawng an dap chhuak a, East Africa thlengin Zheng He, a hming hmasa Ma Sanbao-a zin chhuahna hmangin an thleng a ni.

Zhu Yuanzhang emaw (Hong-wu,), lalram dintu chuan sumdawnna lama ngaihven tlem zawk leh agriculture sector atanga sum lakluh tam zawk state dinna tur lungphum a phum a ni.
Emperor-a chu loneitu a nih vang pawh a ni mai thei, Ming economic system chuan loneih lam a ngaih pawimawh ber a, Song leh Mongolian Dynasties-te ang lo takin sumdawng leh sumdawngte chu sum lakluhna atan an innghat a ni.
Song leh Mongol hunlaia Neo-feudal ram neihte chu Ming lalte chuan an la chhuak ta a ni. Ram lian tak takte chu sorkarin a la a, a ṭhen darh a, rent-in a pe chhuak ta a ni.
Mimal saltanna chu khap a ni. Chuvangin, Emperor Yong-le thih hnuah chuan Chinese agriculture-ah hian independent peasant landholders-te an tam zawk a ni.
Heng dante hian sawrkar hmasa lama retheihna rapthlak ber berte tihbo theihna kawng a hawnsak mai thei. Sumdawngte dodalna dan leh kut hnathawktute hnathawh khapna chu a bul berah chuan Song hnuaia an awm ang khan a awm reng a, mahse tunah chuan ram dang sumdawng pawl hlui zawk la awmte pawh heng Ming dan thar hnuaiah hian an tla ta a ni.
An nghawng chu a tlahniam nghal vat a.

Lalram chuan sorkar laipui chak tak leh buaithlak tak a nei a, chu chuan empire chu a tipung a, a thunun a ni. Emperor chanvo chu autocratic zawk a ni ta a, mahse Zhu Yuanzhang chuan a “Grand Secretaries” tia a sawi chu a hmang chhunzawm zel a ngai a, chu chu bureaucracy-te paperwork lian tak tak, hriatrengna (petition leh lalṭhutthlenga rawtna), imperial edicts in reply, reports of chi hrang hrang, leh chhiah record te.
He bureaucracy vek hian a hnuah Ming sorkar chu khawtlang nun inthlak danglamna nena inmil thei lo turin a tikhawlo a, a tawpah chuan a tlahniam ta a ni.

Emperor Yong-le chuan China thuneihna chu a ramri kaltlanga tihzauh tumin nasa takin a bei a, roreltu dangte chu China rama ambassador tir turin chhiah hlan turin a phut a ni.
Navy lian tak siam a ni a, chutah chuan lawng lian pali nei, ton 1,500 zeta rit an sawn chhuak a ni. Sipai maktaduai khat (thenkhat chuan maktaduai 1.9 vel nia chhut) awmna sipai ding (standing army) siam a ni. Chinese sipaite chuan Annam an hneh laiin Chinese lawng rual chuan China tuipui leh Indian Ocean-ah an kal a, Africa hmar lam tuipui kamah an lawng a ni. Chinese ho chuan Eastern Turkestan-ah thuneihna an chang ta a ni.

Tuipui lama Asia ram eng emaw zatin China lalber chawimawina tur palai an tir a.
Ram chhungah chuan Grand Canal chu tihzauh a ni a, ram chhunga sumdawnna tichaktu a ni tih a chiang hle.
Kum khatah thir ton 100,000 chuang siam chhuah a ni.
Lehkhabu tam tak chu movable type hmanga print a ni. Beijing khawpui Forbidden City-a imperial palace chuan tuna a ropuina chu a thleng ta a ni.
Ming hunlai kha China ram hausa ber pawl niin a lang. Heng kum zabi tam tak chhung hian China khawthlang lam thiltihtheihna chu a taka hman tangkai theih a ni bawk.
Thlai thar an chin nasa hle a, porcelain leh puan siamna industry te pawh a lo thang lian hle. Mahse, he hun chhung hian China chu technology leh sipai chakna lamah Europe ram aiin nasa takin a tlahniam bawk a, hei hi “Great Divergence” tia hriat a ni.

Ming lalram lai khan Great Wall sak hnuhnung ber chu ramdang invauna laka China venhimna atan an thawk a ni.
Great Wall hi hun hmasa lama sak a nih laiin, tuna kan hmuh tam zawk hi Ming-ho siam emaw, siam that emaw a ni.
Brick leh granite hnathawh chu tihzauh a ni a, watch tower-te chu siam thar a ni a, a sei zawng zawngah meipui dah a ni bawk. 𝐐𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐑𝐀𝐌 𝐀𝐍𝐈

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) hi Han Chinese lalram hnuhnung ber Ming-ho chu Manchus-hoin an hneh hnuah an din a ni.
Manchus ho hi tun hma chuan Jurchen tia hriat an ni a, kum zabi sawm leh pasarihna tawp lam khan hmar lam atangin an rawn bei a. Manchu-hoin Ming Dynasty (1616-1644) an hneh lai khan mi maktaduai 25 vel an thi nia chhut a ni.
Manchus-ho hi alien conqueror anga bul tan mah se, Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government chu an hmang nghal vat a ni.
A tawpah chuan traditional native dynasties angin an lal ta a ni.

Manchu-ho chuan ‘queue order’ an kalpui a, hei vang hian Han Chinese-te chuan Manchu queue leh Manchu-style thawmhnaw chu an hmang ta a ni. Manchus te hian sam style bik an nei a: “queue” tih hi.
An lu hmalam atang chuan sam an tan a, a sam la awm chu pigtail sei takah an siam ta a ni.
Chinese hnam lam thawmhnaw, a nih loh leh Hanfu tih pawh hi Manchu-style thawmhnaw hmanga thlak a ni bawk.
Tunlai Chinese hnam dan anga ngaih thin Qipao (bannermen dress leh Tangzhuang) hi a takah chuan Manchu-style thawmhnaw a ni.
A zawm loh avanga hremna chu thihna a ni.

Emperor Kangxi chuan chutih laia Chinese character siam khawm tawh zawng zawng dictionary kimchang ber siam turin thupek a chhuah a.
Emperor Qianlong-a hnuaiah khan Chinese culture chungchanga thil pawimawh tak takte catalog siam a ni.

Manchus-ho hian Chinese society-a an inzawm loh nan “Eight Banners” system hi an din a ni.
“Eight Banners” te hi sipai institution an ni a, Manchu “bannermen” te inhriatthiamna tur structure siam tura din a ni.
Banner membership hi Manchu hnam dan thiamna, archery, sakawr khalh, leh sum khawlkhawm thiamna atanga innghat tur a ni.
Chu bakah, Chinese tawng hmang lovin, Manchu tawng hmang turin an fuih bawk.
China khawpuiah chuan bannermen-te chu economic leh legal privilege pek an ni.

Kum zabi chanve hnuah chuan Manchus-ho chuan a tir lama Ming-a hnuaia awm hmun ṭhenkhat chu an thunun nghet ta a, Yunnan pawh a tel. Xinjiang, Tibet leh Mongolia-ah te pawh an thuneihna an zauh bawk.

Kum zabi sawm leh kua chhung khan Qing control chu a chak lo hle a.
China chuan khawtlang buaina nasa tak a tawk a, sum leh pai lama harsatna nasa tak a tawk a, khawthlang ramte inrawlhna a tipung a, chutah chuan opium sumdawnna tichhe thei tak leh missionary hnathawhnain nghawng thar a neih te pawh a tel a ni. Britain-in China nena opium sumdawnna chhunzawm zel a duhna chu ruihhlo ruihhlo khapna lalram thupek nen a inkalh a, kum 1840 khan Opium War hmasa ber a lo chhuak ta a, chumi hnuah chuan Britain leh khawthlang ram dang, United States, France, Russia leh Germany te pawhin “concession” chu tharum hmangin an luah ta a ni. leh sumdawnna lama chanvo bik a nei bawk. Hong Kong hi kum 1842 khan Treaty of Nanjing hnuaiah Britain kutah hlan a ni a.
Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) kha China rama tualchhung indona lian ber a ni.

Chu bakah, mihring nun leh economics lama helna man to zawkte chu Taiping Rebellion hnuah Punti-Hakka Clan Wars, Nien Rebellion, Muslim Rebellion, Panthay Rebellion leh Boxer Rebellion te ang chite a lo awm ta a ni.
Kawng tam takah chuan helna leh Qing-hoin imperialist ramte nena inremna an ziah tir hi kum zabi sawm leh kua-a China-in a hmachhawn tur dinhmun khirh tak takte chu China sorkarin a chhanlet theih lohna chhinchhiahna a ni. 𝐓𝐔𝐍𝐋𝐀𝐈 𝐇𝐔𝐍𝐋𝐀𝐈

Opium indona pahnih leh opium sumdawnna chu Qing lalram leh Chinese mipuite tan chuan thil man to tak a ni.
Qing imperial treasury chu Opium indonaa indemnities an neih leh opium sumdawnna avanga tangkarua tam tak chhuak (ounces tluklehdingawn sawm tam tak) avanga lo awm chu vawi hnih bankrupt-ah puan a ni.
China hian kum 1860 leh 1880 chhoa opium indona neih apiangin kum sawmhnih chiah a liam hnuah riltam na tak pahnih a tawk a, Qing lalram chuan mipui tanpui kawngah a hlawhtling lo hle.
Khawtlang lamah chuan heng thil thlengte hian nghawng thui tak a nei a, kum zabi tam tak chhung Asia rama Chinese-hoin an lo neih tawh hegemony chu a dodal a ni.
Chumi avang chuan ram chu a buai ta hle a ni.

Helna lian tak, Taiping Rebellion-ah hian China ram hmun thuma ṭhena hmun khat vel chu “Van Lal” Hong Xiuquan kaihhruai Kristian ang chi sakhaw pawl Taiping Tianguo thununna hnuaiah a tla a ni.
Kum sawm leh pali hnuah chauh a tawpah Taiping-ho chu an tikehsawm ta a ni – Taiping sipaite chu kum 1864-a Nanking indona vawi thumnaah an tichhia a, a vaiin mi maktaduai sawmhnih leh maktaduai sawmnga inkar nunna an chan a, mihring chanchina indona thahnemngai ber pahnihna a ni.

Qing official-te hian tunlai thil hi an hmang ngam lo va, China chunga an thuneihna famkim atana hlauhawm anga an ngaih khawtlang leh technology lama hmasawnna chu an ringhlel hle. Chuvangin, lalram chu khawthlang ramte rawn luhchilhna hmachhawn turin an inpeih lo hle a ni. Khawthlang ramte chuan ram chhunga buaina tihtawp tumin sipai lamah an inrawlh tak zet a, chu chu Taiping Rebellion leh anti-imperialist Boxer Rebellion te hi a ni.
A hnua Sudan khawpui Khartoum beihpui thlaknaa thi General Gordon-a chu Taiping helho hneh tura Qing lalram pui tura inrawlh nia sawi a ni fo.

Kum 1860 chhoah chuan Qing Dynasty chuan helho chu nasa takin a titawp a, nunna pawh a hloh nasa hle. Hei hian Qing sawrkar rintlakna a tichhe a, provincial hruaitu leh mi ropui tak takte tualchhung hmalaknate kaihhruaina hnuaiah China rama warlordism lo chhuahnaah a pui bawk.

Emperor Guangxu-a hnuaia Qing Dynasty chuan Self-Strengthening Movemen hmangin modernization buaina chu a hmachhawn ta a ni.

Mahse, kum 1898 leh 1908 inkar khan Empress Dowager Cixi chuan reformist Guangxu chu ‘rilru lama harsatna nei’ a nih avangin lung inah a khung tir ta a ni.
Empress Dowager chuan conservative-te puihnain sipai sorkar paihthlakna a siam a, Emperor naupang tak chu a takin thuneihna atangin a paih chhuak a, siamthatna nasa zawk tam zawk chu a titawp ta a ni. Empress Dowager thih hma ni khatah a thi a (mi thenkhat chuan Guangxu hi Cixi-a’n rulhut a ei niin an ngai-Official eirukna, cynicism, leh lal chhungkaw inhnialna te chuan sipai siamthatna tam zawk chu a tangkai lo hle a ni.
Chuvang chuan Qing-ho “New Armies” te chu Sino-French War (1883-1885) leh Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) ah te nasa takin an hneh ta a ni.

Kum zabi 20-na tir lamah khan Boxer Rebellion chuan China hmar lam chu a ti hlauhawm hle a.
Hei hi conservative anti-imperialist movement a ni a, China chu nun hluiah hruai kir leh tum a ni. Empress Dowager hian thuneihna a chelh chhunzawm zel theih nan a bei a nih hmel hle a, Beijing an hmachhawn ṭumin Boxers lam a hawi a ni.
Chumi chhanna atan chuan Eight-Nation Alliance chuan China chu an rawn bei ta a ni. British, Japanese, Russian, Italian, German, French, US leh Austrian sipaite awmna pawl hian Boxer-te chu hnehin Qing sorkar hnenah concession dang an phut a ni. 𝐑𝐄𝐏𝐔𝐁𝐋𝐈𝐂 𝐎𝐅 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍

Qing court-in siamthatna a dodalna leh China chak lohna avanga lungawi lo takin, official ṭhalai, sipai officer leh zirlai – Sun Yat-sen-a revolutionary ngaihtuahna aṭanga infuih tharte chuan Qing Dynasty paihthlak a, republic siam chu an rawt ṭan ta a ni. Revolutionary military uprising, Wuchang Uprising chu October 10, 1911 khan Wuhan khawpuiah a intan a.

Republic of China sorkar provisional sorkar chu March 12, 1912 khan Nanjing-ah Sun Yat-sen President atan din a ni a, mahse Sun hian New Army hotu leh Qing sorkar hnuaia Prime Minister ni bawk Yuan Shikai kutah thuneihna a hlan a ngai ta a ni , Qing lal hnuhnung ber chu thuneihna chantir tura inremna siama tel angin (a hnua a inchhir leh tur thutlukna a ni.
Yuan Shikai chuan kum engemaw zat hnuah national leh provincial assembly tihtawp tumin hma a la a, kum 1915 khan lalberah a inpuang ta a, Yuan-a lalram thil tum chu a hnuaia thawkte chuan nasa takin an dodal a, helna tur beiseina a hmachhawn a, Yuan hian a lalna chu a chhuahsan a, a hnu rei vak lovah kum 1916 khan a thi ta a, a chhuahsan ta a ni China ramah power vacuum a awm. A thihna hian republican sorkar chu a tichhe vek a, China chu inelna nei provincial sipai hruaitute thawhhona inthlak danglamin an awp lai “warlords” hunlai a rawn thlen ta a ni.

Kum 1919-a thil thleng tlemte (khawvel ram dangte tana) hriat hlawh tak chuan kum zabi 20-na China chanchin dang zawng zawngah hun rei tak chhung nghawng a nei dawn a ni.
Hei hi May Fourth Movement a ni. He movement hi Indopui I-na tawpna Treaty of Versailles-in China a tihchhiat chhanna atan a intan a, mahse China ram chhung dinhmun chungchangah nawrh huaihawt a ni ta a ni.
Chinese mi fingte zingah liberal Western philosophy tihchhiat a nih hnu hian ngaihtuahna kalphung (radical lines of thought) zawk an hmang ta a ni. Hei hian China rama vei leh ding inkara buaina inrem theih loh tur chi a phun a, chu chuan kum zabi khat chhung chu Chinese history a thunun dawn a ni.

Kum 1920 chhoah khan Sun Yat-Sen chuan China khawthlang lamah revolutionary base a din a, hnam in\hen darh tawhte chu inpumkhat tir tumin hma a la ta a ni.
Soviet puihnain China Communist Party thar nen inzawmna an siam ta a ni.
Kum 1925-a Sun-a cancer natna avanga a thih hnuah a protŽgŽs zinga mi Chiang Kai-shek -a chuan Kuomintang (Nationalist Party emaw KMT,) chu a thunun a, China khawthlang leh khawthlang lam tam zawk chu a thuneihna hnuaiah a hruai hlawhtling ta a, sipai beihpui thlakna, the Khawchhak lam Expedition. China khawthlang leh khawthlang lama indona neitute chu sipai chakna hmanga hneh tawh Chiang hian hmarchhak lama indona hotute nominal allegiance chu a humhim thei ta a ni.

Kum 1927 khan Chiang hian CPC chu a rawn hawi let a, China khawthlang leh hmar lama an awmna hmun atang chuan CPC sipaite leh a hruaitute chu beidawng lovin a lo um zui ta a ni.
Kum 1934 khan Chinese Soviet Republic ang chi an tlang hmunpui aṭanga hnawhchhuah an nih hnuah, CPC sipaite chuan China ram chhim thlang lama hmun hring berte paltlangin Long March an kalpui a, Shanxi Province-a Yan’an-ah guerrilla base an din a ni.

Long March lai khan communist-te chu hruaitu thar Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) hnuaiah an insiam thar leh a, KMT leh CPC inkara indona nasa tak chu, a langsar emaw, a rukin emaw, kum 14 chhung zet Japanese invasion (1931-1945) kaltlangin a chhunzawm zel a, mahse, party pahnihte hian hming anga Japanese invaders dodal turin united front an din a, 1937, Sino hunlai khan -Japanese War (1937-1945) Indopui II-na laia a then. Kum 1945-a Japan an hneh loh hnuah party pahnih indona chu a intan leh a, kum 1949 thleng khan CPC chuan ram hmun tam zawk chu an luah ta a ni.

Chiang Kai-shek hi kum 1949 khan a sorkar la awmte nen Taiwan-ah a tlanchhia a, a Nationalist Party chuan kum 1990 chho tir lama democracy inthlanpui neih hma chuan he thliarkar bakah hian a ṭhenawm thliarkar tlemte pawh an thunun dawn a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan Taiwan ram politics dinhmun hi sawisel a hlawh fo tawh a ni.