Dawng Sawm apiang dan thu a com thei bel in, ni dang Ngawn Chin pu le pa ten a ma sabel in, “Khuato” haw hi. Khua to nak cu “Dawng” tin na sam haw hi. Khuato ceng ten, “Khua Bawi haw hi. Khua Bawi in Khuazing biak nak mun cu “Sawm” tin na sam haw hi. Mah mi Khua Bawicu “DAWNG SAWM” tin na mang haw hi. Kum sial Khua Bawi in Khua Zing a biak haw ten mual sang aan in bia haw hi. Dawl lam ten khua lu ah le khua taw ah bia haw ta hi. Tu kum khua taw pen bia tale maikum cu khualu pen bia haw hi.
Khua Bawi theihnak tuk cun, khuatoh masa kul hi. Khuatoh tuk ten Bil Ceu tawn haw hi. Bil Ceu a tawn haw tuk ten, sial khat ngo in, mi pi in thuam tuah in, lupawng cai in, coi le nam, tuah Dak kheng in, thuam tuah in, hi mun le ngam sung ah ceng tuk ung tin, mihing cen nak tuk zong cu Puithiam in sial thisan theh in, cam phua in dak tum in nam lek in a muh tei “Khuazing mangpa” lak ah ngen haw hi. A cam phua dan haw cu Abiak haw mi “Khuazing” mangpa nel ah, “Hi mun le ngam cu mihing cen nak tuk in sial tuah na ngen ung hi, na saang in hi, kau, dawi, saihtan, ngam huai, muh theih ngawl tei khalh siat nak um tuk ngawl in, sial thisan tuah na ngen ung hi, tin Pui thiam (phuisam thiam) in, sa thi theh thah in a phuat ten mipi in lik duaduam in awi haw hi. Mah mi sial thi san tuah ham mi mun ngam sung, mihing cen nak, khua toh nak, khua hual sung cu “Dawng” tin na sam haw hi. Mah sung a ceng hempoh cu “Dawng sung” a ceng tin sam haw hi, Mah sung ceng ngawl cu muh theih ngawl tei um nak hi tin “Dawng pualeu” tin na sam haw hi. Sial thisan tuah Khuazing lak nget sa mun, mihing cen nak cu “Dawng” tin sam haw hi.
Khua toh nak ah a biak uh mi Khuazing lak ah ngen ceng zo tak cu “Khua zing bia tuk hung tin tanglei au in a zing ten Zehcan ni tin Zehcang haw hi. Zehcang tih cu an-ngawl khi hi. Mah mi cu “Khua Bawiโtin nasam haw hi. Khua Bawi ten sial cang laituang tuah in bawl haw hi. Mah mi cu “Khua zing” bia haw hi. Khua Bawi te in, sial cang laituang cu ngo in, Puithiam in a cik, asa, asungkua, hizong cu Khua zing pia tuk, a cik asa, asungkua, hizong cu tanglei in co tuk tin thu pia hi. Sa apha, a uk ol zong cu Khuazing biak nak in na pia haw hi. Mah Khuazing sa pia in biak nak mun cu “Sawm” tin na sam haw hi. Mah mi cu, “Sawm Bawl nak” tih vang in na sam haw hi. Mah Khuazing a biak haw ten, mi pi cu tanglei pan in liptak zet in thuam tuah in, lu pawng cai in, sawn kai tuan in, Dak tum in, nam lek in lik duaduam awi in na bawl haw hi. Khua zing sial tuah biak nak mun cu “Sawm” tin nasam haw hi. Khualun deuh ah cun, Khua hen kuannak ah Sawm bawlnak naum tuk hi. Nathei mata atheite dongleh in na “Sawm Bawl nak ilah kaw? tin dong un na, a neu a ngeng in thei haw tuk hi. Khualun deuh ah cun, Khualu Khuataw ah, Sawm bawlnak khualu-Sawm bawlnak khuataw tin mun nih in um hi. Sawm Bawl nak sakta le Sawm Bawl nak hang ta tin mun nih in nei haw hi Pule Paten. Sial thisan luang in khua toh nak ah abiak haw Khuazing lak nget mi hual sung cu “Dawng” tin a sam haw nak pen “Dawng” tih mi na piang hi, Khua Bawi in a biak haw Khua zing cu sial tuah a biak haw ten, Biak nak mun cu “Sawm” tin asam hawnak pen “Sawm” tih na piang hi. Mah mi Dawng le Sawm cu kom in “Dawng Sawm” na piang hi. Dawng Sawm” tihcu โKhua Bawiโ khi atih nuamnak haw hi. Khua Bawi tih cu Ngawn mi pu le pa tei Khuazing biak khi na hi. Mah mi “Khua Bawiโ or “Dawng Sawm” cu, A kung heng sial ten a bawl haw hang in “Cuk Khua Ni” tih vang in na sam haw hi. Khuazing a biak ceng a zing ten. Aktui but haw hi. Aktui but cu kum khat ca in, mailam a heng tuk mi Khuazing nel ah dong in hilh ham nak na hihi. Aktui but in Khuazing lak a adot haw mi cu? 1.Phu-in pha maw? 2.Khua hun, Khua ma, Khua nu ni maw? 3.Sim kum maw? 4.Zo kum maw? 5.Ngam lai kum kaw? 6.Za vat um ni maw? 7.Sapi lut ni maw? 8.Inn Kang/Kang mei um ni maw? 9.Sak thi um ni maw? 10.Mi vai um ni maw? etcโtih bang in dong haw hi. Mah ten Tuinak (in – tui) bia haw hi. A thu pi cuam ngat mi hi.A peh cu Dawng Sawm thu ah ngan zo hi. Dawng Sawm cu Chin hills hen laih ngawl in um zo hi tin pu le pa ten na son haw. Ngawn pulepa te cu, Cong lelam in nunkhua asa mite haw hi. Kumsial danle-Hasial dan cu, Ha13 asial hawten Kum1 tin sialhaw Hi. Phiangkum cu Kum3 veikhat ah phiangkum tin namang haw hi. Canghak ha. Vulcio ha. Vulpi ha. Kaau ha. Tuun ha Tim ha. Mang ha. Cun ha. Tang Ha. Dawnsawm ha. Ngam ha. Zankuah ha. Insak halui ha. Atheingawl tei ca. Ngawn Chin Nipi Pikhat Ni Sial Ngawn Chin pu le pa ten Ha Sial,Ni Sial cu pha no nei haw hi. Chin daynasty sung um laih in le Khul/ Sinhuang a um haw laih in, ni sail, ha sial nei zo haw tin ngaisung theih mi na hi. Chin dwe lam, le Kabaw Kalay le Sihawng lam a um haw laih in ni sial, ha sial nei zo haw hi, tin ngaih sung theih mi na hi. Mah hun laih ni sial, ha sial sam daan cu thei ciang ngai um bel tuk ma toh ti en, sual ngawl thei men hi. Pu le Pa Ten, Ni le ha sial cu hi tin sial haw: โ Hade zo in ni le ha sial in tiamteh haw hi. Hade a de bek ten hade ni khat, hade ni nih, hade ni thum tin hade liik tian sial ngut haw hi. Hade liik ten, ha liik tin sam haw hi. Hade liik ceng bek ten, hakiam nikhat, hakiam ni nih, hakiam ni thum,tin?hathim tian sial ngut leleu haw hi. Mah hade liik veikhat le hathim veikhat ceng cu, ha khat tin na sam haw hi. Mah hakhat sung ah nipi pi li um hi.A can khat no ah pi thum le ni nga te vang na um thei bok hi. Itahum titale, hade a de le hakiam zo in ni ha a sial haw hang na hi. Chin hills mual hum ah cong le Laam- Mual hum ah pu le pa te cong le laam in a um haw ten nipi pikhat sung ni sial daan cu bawl haw hi. A muh tei Con dann tuah zui in, Kekta mat ni – Sun Kem dawh ni – Mon Aihpi ni โ Tue Sungta hawh ni โ Wed Sasuat ni โ Thu. Tual phiah ni โ Fri zan ani -Sat~tin pi khat sung ni sial nei haw hi. Mah ten โKum kheen, khua niโ nei haw aa, kum kheen tih cu kumbo, new year khi ason hi. Kum kheen khi Khuani tin sam bok haw hi. Kum lu, Cunghum, Diim le Thaang ah, sial tuah a biak haw laih in hade zo in a biak haw tak Kekta mat ni doh ngeh tuah si dun leleng tik haw hi. A tu hun nipi ni a tih mi ni khat khi bel tuk tin ngai sung theih hi. Mah hun laih ah Mikang awn um laih ngawl tak tu a Mikang awn in, Sun, Mon tin ngat cu theih baih nak in ngat mi poh hi. Tapidaw, Christian Biak Nak le :- Christian, biak nak a hen ten,Bible sung ah Pathian in niluk sung na dek in ni salih ni cu cawl um hi, tin Bible Pianpat nak thu hilh zui in Pathian in nikhat ni, lei le van bawl, ni nih ni ni nga ni, ni no ni bawl, nipi ni cawl umโ hi tin cung in zui in nipi pikhat sung ni sial in mang in, nei haw ta hi.Tu laih nai ah, Nino ni khi ni luk ni tih vang in sam bok haw hi. Kekta mat ni hi. Nipi ni -Sun.. ni khi Pau Tin Hau biak nak ten โBuzung ni โ tin sam haw hi.Buzung ni cu Phazaa-inn ah khawm haw hi.Cuzah Tawng Heng Ten Mual hum ah Mikang in uk in, lai te bawl sak in le luatlatzi ngah ceng ten phunli tawng te nei in tawng kai haw hi. Tawng ah Lai Lai tin cung tik haw in, mai awn aw suah tuah tek no mang in lai cang kom in ngan haw hi. Mah phunli cuzah tawng saya ten tawng inn sung ah Phalam awn tuah awn tik haw hi.Tawng saya dek ten Lai Phalam awn in โ tlawng kai ni khat โ ,tlawng kai ni hnih tlawng kai ni thum, tlawng kai ni li,.tlawng kai ni nga, zarh teโโ tin hilh haw hi. Oh Ngawn ten โ tl..โ awsuah le โ hn..โ awsuah a neih uh ngawl tak cu, Phalam awn cung in โ tawng kai nikhat, tawng kai ni nih.tawng kai ni thum ni,tawng kai ni li ni, tawng kai ni nga ni, ni luk ni,tin cung vawk haw hi.Mah ten Phalam tei โ zarh khatโ tih khi oh Ngawn ten โrโ aw suah um ngawl tak cu zalh khat tin cung bok haw hi. Mitei r aw man nak โLโ aw in mang haw hi. Ngawn awn cun โnipi khatโ tin sam haw hi.Nipi khat tih cu nikhat ni pen nipi ni tian khi nipi khat tin sam haw hi.Mah sung ah oh Ngawn ten Nino ni le Nipi ni cu sam nak a tuam in nei haw hi.Hi lai hi keimah pakhat hi muh daan le theih daan le research daan na hi poh hi, Hilai hi manbel tihnak khama hi…
๐ธ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐๐๐ : ๐ป๐๐๐ด๐๐๐พ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐๐๐ฏ๐๐๐ต๐๐๐๐ป๐๐ช๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐๐๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ๐๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ข๐ซ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐ฌ๐๐๐๐ซLal hmasa ber tel lo chuan tuna kan hriat angin China hi a awm ngai lo mai thei. Engtin nge Qin Shi Huangdi hian China inpumkhatna a duhthusam chu a tihhlawhtlin theih?Olivia Barrett, BA & MA chanchin ziaktuA hnuaia lalram zawng zawng hi an te vek a, luitein a then a, rang takin an inthen darh vek a ni.BCE 221-ah chuan “Qin Shi Huang” chu “Qin” Dynasty rorelna hnuaia China ram tam zawk inzawmkhawm hmasa ber a ni ta a ni.Dan a siam a, sorkar kalphung a nei bawk.Qin Empire hi, Qin”CH-IN-Chin tia lam tur a ni.He lalram inzawmkhawm hian tunlai Qin”CHIN” hi a hring chhuak ta a ni.Qin hian ram zau lo tak atanga tan in ram tak thiltihtheihna a thleng a, kum za ropui zet chu lal ropui dang zawng zawng chu chawima pe turin a siam ta a ni.Jia Yi (201-169 BCE) Han lalram chhunga hla phuah thiamleh ram hruaitu, .BCE 259-a Lalber hmasa ber tur zheng a pian meuh chuan Qin state (CHIN tia lam tur) chuchu kum zabi ruk dawn lai a liam tawh a ni.Rome-in mediterranean tuipuiah thuneihna chang turin carthage a beih lai vek hian a thenawm ramte nen indona a nei a ni.Qin pawh hian rome ang bawkin a tawpah a hneh ang.Qin Shihuang, a nih loh leh Qin lalber hmasa ber kaihhruaina hnuaiah china rama indo ram pasarih te chu vawi khat nan hnam pakhat angin an inpumkhat ta a ni.๐ฐ๐ BCE 259-ah China ram a awm lo. โChineseโ tia inchhal tur mipui pawl inpumkhat an awm lo va, empire pawh a awm lo va, chiang takin, Chinese lalber pawh a awm lo.Dik tak chuan, China lalber hmasa ber ni ta Ying Zheng-a pian kum, BCE 259-ah chuan Yellow lui chhehvelah hian indo ram pawl khat chauh an awm a. Engtin nge he mi pawimawh lo anga lang hi mihring chanchina lal pawimawh berte zinga mi a nih? Tin, engtin nge China inpumkhatna a duhthusam chu hlen chhuah tumin indo ramte chu a inpumkhat tir?๐ช๐๐๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ – ๐น๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐Tuna kan hriat angin Warring States hunlai kha kum zabi hnih chuang zet sipai inelna nasa tak leh thisen chhuak nasa tak hun lai a ni. Hun buai tak chu a tawp ta a, a tawpah chuan Qin ram hnehtu chuan a khingpui ram parukte chu hnehin centralized power pakhat hnuaiah a inzawm khawm thei ta a, Qin (or โChin) lalram dinna tur a ni a, chuta tang chuan tunlai China chuan a Western chu a la ta a ni hming. Mahse Ying Zheng-a chu China lal hmasa ber a nih hma chuan he ram indona hmunpui chhim lam chhehvela hmun hrual leh mikhual lo nia lang aแนญanga lo kal lal fapa mai a ni.Chinese lal hmasa ber awmna ram Qin chu a tlangpuiin lalram dangte aiin nunphung lamah a hniam zawkah ngaih a ni a, hmun hrang hrangah a inhlat deuh a, a chhim lam ramri thlenga awm, nomadic hnamte nen pawh a inang zawk niin a lang a, Qin-a nen hian an indo fo thin.Vawi khat chu a แนญhenawm state Wei-a lal fapa pakhat chuan Qin-a chu โhmun rapthlak leh rapthlak takโ โnungchang แนญha chungchรขng engmah hre loโ tiin a nuihzat a. Chuti a nih chuan engtin nge Ying Zheng, he khawvel โcivilizedโ tawp lama ram hring leh changkang lo nia sawi atanga lal fapa lo piang chu China lalber hmasa ber a nih theih?Chu chu chhanna tur chuan Qin-a defining philosophy lairil ber chu kum 100 dang kan kir leh hmasa tur a ni.Qin state chu a khingpuite aiin eng thilin nge a danglam bik tih hrethiam tur chuan eng thilin nge state tick tirtu te, state culture bulpui ber ideology te, a tawpah chuan a hlawhtlinna te hi kan hrethiam hmasa tur a ni.China lal hmasa berin indo ramte a inpumkhatna kawnga hlawhtlinna a chan chhan ber chu a state-a Legalism bulpui ber a nih vang niin a lang. Qin-a politics leh khawtlang nun kalphung leh sipai lama thiamna nunphung nen chuan a roreltu zinga pakhat chuan a แนญhenawm lalramte chu a hneh thei ta a ni.BCE 246-a Ying Zheng-aโn Qin lalแนญhutthlenga a แนญhut lai chuan, state chu hun rei tak aแนญanga zahngaihna nei lo thuneihna hmanga thuneihna kalpui danah a inher chhuak tawh a, sipai hlawhtlinna chu engkim a ngaih pawimawh ber a ni.Heng hlutnate hi Qin-a chungah hian Shang Yang-a siamthatna hmangin an lo nghat tawh a, a ngaihdan chu thisen chhuak (cold-blooded pragmatism) lam a ni ber a ni.Shang-a chuan Confucian-ho thu bul, dikna, thil tha tihna, leh thil dik tihna, state dangte duhsak chu a hnawl a ni.Chu ai chuan, a hriat chian principle pakhat leh แนญhatna pakhat chauh hmangin a thlak ta zawk a ni: state thuneihna centralization, engti kawng pawhin a tul angin.Shang Yang-a thununna hnuaiah chuan Qin chu a inkhauh ta a ni. Chinese Sparta ang bawkin a chetna apiang chu state hausa zawk, loneih hlawk zawk leh sipai chak zawk neih theihna tura chhut a ni. Tin, (state dangteโn an sawi fo angin) Qin hi a khingpuite aiin culture lamah a hmasawn lo deuh niin a lang a, mahse he chak lohna langsar tak hian hlawkna pawimawh tak a ni tih a chiang ang.Arts, etiquette leh decorum lam ngaihtuah lovin Qin hian sipai chakna nei tura a rilru a pe thei a ni. Aristocratic structure thar dintu system a siam a: thuneihna leh thuneihna rochun kalphung hlui ai chuan official-te sipai hlawhtlinna lawmman pe thin meritocracy.Khawtlang dinhmun leh dinhmun chauh hian sipai hnathawh dan a tarlang a ni. Mipui zahawm tak tan sipai rawngbawlna chu tih ngei ngei tur a ni. Mipa zawng zawng chu sipaiah an thawk vek tur a ni a, hmeichhiate pawh an khawpui emaw, an khawpui emaw beih a nih chuan indonaah an tel ve tura beisei an ni. Qin-a sipai kalphung sang zawk leh a mipui punkhawmna chu state dangte lakluhna kawngah hlawhtlinna a neih theih nan a hnuai ber a ni tih rinhlelh rual a ni lo.Hetihlai hian lawmman leh hremna pek dan (legalist system) khauh tak chuan Qin mite chunga state thuneihna chu a tikhauh ta a ni. Shang chuan rorรชl theihna awmchhun chu ram mipuite chu intulรปt tรปra tihhlum mai a ni tih ngaih dรขn chu a pawm a: thlรชm, hlauhawm, lawmman pรชk leh hrem. Tin, hremna chu a na hle bawk. Entรฎr nรขn, Han Fei (Shang Yang-a zuitu)-in he thu a sawi hi han ngaihtuah teh: โmisual thiltih report lo apiang chu a kawrfual chu pahnih-ah an แนญhen ang,โ tiin. Chutiang chu Qin dan khauhna chu a niโkhawngaihna a awm lo vang, snitch thei lo mai mai entu sual nei lo tan pawh.Shang-a chawimawi tur chu, he dan bawhchhiatna kalphung rapthlak tak hian hna a thawk niin a lang a; kum zabi thumna BCE-ah chuan Qin khuaa mite chu mak tak maiin dรขn zawmtu niin a lang (hremnate ngaihtuah chuan mak lo deuhin), loneih aแนญanga thil siam chhuah a pung a, direct taxation chuan state-ah sum tam tak a lalut ta a ni. He khawtlang, sum leh pai leh loneih lama inpumkhatna lungphum nghet tak hian Qin-a chu a sipai sang zawk chu a chin theih phah a ni. Wei khuaa Marquis Wu-aโn a pawm angin, โQin-a mizia hi a chak hle. A sawrkar chu a na hle. A lawmman leh hremna te hi thutlukna siamtu a ni. A mite chu an inpe lo.โ State dangte chuan a chanve an hre lo; a tlem berah chuan, a la ni lo.๐ช๐๐๐๐บ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ต๐๐– ๐ช๐๐๐๐๐ฐ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐BCE 230-ah Ying Zheng-a chu lalแนญhutthlengah a แนญhu a, kum sawm hnuah chuan Qin-a sipai chakna zawng zawng chu independent state la awmte chungah a thlawk chhuak ta a ni. Pakhat hnu pakhatin indo ramte chu Qin thununna hnuaiah an tla ta a ni. A chancellor Li Si leh general Meng Tian-te puihnain China lal hmasa ber chuan an khingpui lalramte chu beihpui thlakna rapthlak tak tak a nei nual a. โSilkworm-in mulberry hnah a eiโ angin, Qin-a chuan Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Chu, leh Qi state-te chu a ei zo vek a, lalram leh an mite chu lalram inpumkhat hnuaiah a hruai lut a, Qin Dynasty bul tanna chu a din ta a ni. BCE 221-ah chuan Ying Zheng chuan China hmar lam tuipui kam atanga chhim lama Lintao thlengin a la vek tawh a, hmar lama Yalu lui atanga khawthlang lama Lang tlang thlengin a la vek tawh a, ram pakhat chu tuna Vietnam ram hi khawih turin a tla thla hial a ni.China chu a taksa piang hmasa berah a piang a, chu mi rual chuan China lal hmasa ber a ni bawk. Chutiang chuan Ying Zheng chuan a hming leh a hming hlui chu a paih chhuak a, a lalna thar, hmingthang tak chu hmรขn lai Chinese lalte thawnthu nen a inzawm khawm ta a ni.Title thar a fashion a: Qin Shi Huangdi. Chinaโs fabled past-a hman lai thawnthua rorรชltu hming pahnih, huang, leh di tia hriat lar sovereign sage hming chu a thlunzawm a, โHuangdiโ hi a chungnunna leh a hlawhtlinna tluk loh lantir nan a ni.Qinโ tih thuhmahruai hian a pianna dinhmun a kawk tih chu a chiang a, chu chu chutiang khawpa ropuina, a hmaa a la awm ngai lohah chuan a chawisang a ni. Tin, โShi,โ tih awmzia chu โa hmasa berโ tihna a ni a, a lalram leh a mumang (a thlawna) lalram din chu chatuan atan a puang chhuak bawk.๐ฏ๐๐๐๐ท๐๐๐๐๐๐บ๐๐๐๐ซ๐๐China lalber tia inchhal hian kum za chuang zet sipai lama inelna nasa tak chu a titawp tawh a ni.Mahse thawnthu hi chutah chuan a tawp thei lostate hrang hrang leh beidawng tak pawl pakhat inpumkhat leh rorel chu thil awlsam a ni lo.Emperor thar challenge leh Chinese hnam din chu a la intan chauh a ni.Chutiang chuan Qin Shi Huangdi chuan hmรชlma hlui pawl in\hen darh tawh chu hnam inpumkhat takah chantir a tum ta a ni.Hei hian dan leh dinhmun inthlak danglamna tam tak a mamawh a, thil thar leh standardization te pawh sawi loh, pawisa pakhat hman te, standardized measurement te, leh ziak tawng hman tlanglawn te pawh a tel a ni.A ram zau tak, a neih tharte chu a thunun tha zawk theih nan leh inbiakpawhna leh lirthei inzawmna sang tak a neih theih nan Qin Shi Huangdi chuan empire pum huapa kawngpui siamna project lian tak chu a kalpui ta a ni. A แนญhen hmasa ber, speedway (chidao) chu BCE 220-a sak a ni a, khawpui Xianyang aแนญanga hmar lam hawiin a inher chhuak a ni.A แนญhen hnihna, Straight Road (zhidao) chuan chhim lam a ngaihtuah a, a bul berah chuan empire thar chhim lam ramri chu empire chhehvel beih fo แนญhin, nomadic Xiongnu hnamte lakah a humhim a ni.Empire humhalhna, inkalpawhna leh inbiakpawhna tihchangtlun bakah, kawngpui inzawmna chuan hmar leh chhim lama lal hmรชlma laka sipaite rang taka inzawmkhawm theihna a siamsak bawk.BCE 215 khan Qin Shi Huangdi chuan sipai 300,000 chu hmar lam pan turin a ti a, Steppes-ah chuan Xiongnu nomads te chu bei turin a ti a, Yellow River chhim lama an ran vulhna hmun atang chuan an chhuah tir ang.Hetihlai hian Qin Shi Huangdi chuan hun remchang hmangin a empire hmar lam ramri chu a tichak a, mihring chanchina invenna kawng lar ber pawh ni thei: Great Wall of China a siam ta a ni.Taksa leh rilru lam ramri siam leh vawn reng a ngai a ni. Lal hmasa ber official-te chu empire inpumkhatna leh inremna vawnhim tumna dan khauh tak tak kalpui leh thehdarh tura tih an ni.Heng dante hian sorkar thil neih himna atanga tawlailir leh tawlailir atana lubricant hman dik thlengin a huam vek a ni.Heng dan atanga inthlak danglamna tlemte pawh hremna na tak a tawk thei a, hei hi Qin Shi Huangdi-a thiltih rapthlak ber leh sawisel hlawh ber pakhat atang hian a lang thei a ni.Lal hmasa ber chuan ngaihtuahna thunun tumin a Orwellian attempt a siam a, chu chu Legalist rilru put hmang nen a inmil hle.Qin Shi Huangdiโs chancellor, Li Si chuan emperor chu literature chungchanga lehkhabu eng pawh leh engkim hal vek turin a fuih a (a tlem berah chuan- agriculture leh medicine chungchanga hnathawh thenkhat chuan a cut a ni). He mipui halralna hi mipui hriatna โtam lutukโ tihbo leh Legalist state dodal thei tur philosophy eng pawh tihtawp tumna a ni.Mithiam tam tak chuan hriatthiam theih takin status quo thar chu ngilnei lutukin an la lo va, sorkar laipui sawiselna an siam a, empire-a intellectual tyranny tihtawp an phut bawk. Rei vak lovah sorkar sawiselna eng pawh chu dan kalh a ni a, (mak tih tur a awm lo ang) hremna nasa tak pek a ni.Mithiam 460 aia tlem lo chuan he mihring nihna nei lo dan thar hi an bawhchhia a, an dodalna an sawi ngam avangin nung chungin an phum a ni.๐ธ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐–๐จ๐ป๐๐๐๐ฏ๐๐๐ (๐ณ๐๐๐๐๐) ๐จ๐ต๐Controversial (leh downright cruel) ni mahse, Qin Shi Huangdi hi China formation-ah a pawimawh hle. China lal hmasa ber thir kut hmanga kaihhruaina tel lo chuan tuna kan hriat angin China hi a awm ngai lo mai thei.Qin Shi Huangdi-aโn zahngaihna nei lo pragmatism, Machiavellian tumruhna leh a tawpah China tana a hmathlir chhunzawm zelna chuan khawvela hnam chak ber zinga mi dinna lungphum a phum a ni.Lal hmasa ber chuan he thuneihna ro hlu hi a hnua China sorkar zawng zawng hnenah a hnutchhiah vek a;imperial emaw, republican emaw, Maoist emaw, post-Maoist emaw pawh ni se.A thiltih avang hian China hnam chu inpumkhat tirtu leh a tir atanga hnam anga siamtu principle a siam ta a ni.Qin Shi Huangdi chuan ram pumah central authority principle a din a, chu thuneihna chu China mipui ram zawng zawng enkawl thei, inpumkhatna tak tak leh hmuh theih tak siam thei tur control source pakhat, pakhat chauh atanga lo chhuak a ni.Qin-a lalram ngei pawh hi a thih atanga kum li chauh chhungin a tawp dawn a, mahse a ro hlu chu kum 2000 chuang zet a nung reng dawn a, tun thlengin a hming la pu hnam angin a la awm reng a ni.๐ฏ๐ฝโฏโโฏ๐๐ถ๐ธ๐๐ช๐ป๐๐ฝ๐พ๐๐ฎ๐ฝ๐พโ๐๐ถ๐๐๐น๐พ
Ngawn generic name kan in, Dr. Vum Son ngat mi โZo Historyโ, Sing Khaw Khai ngat mi โZo And Their Peopleโ, J.H. Steven Son ngat mi โCenter Chin Tribeโ, Dr. Lal Thang Liana Man Of The Year 1998, USA National Geographic Institute pai ngat leh K. Zawla tei ngat te cu saikak kaw kawi in ka bat zah cun kan li awng ing hi. Mah mi te ka sial ceng ten ka muh suah mi cu, Ngawnmi te hi Sizang ci khaih tin Dr. Vum Son in ngan hi. Mah ceng ten Lushei lai ngan tu pawl ten Mizo hnah thlak tin ngan leh leu haw. J.H. Steven Son in ta le Ngawn ngam map tuah territory nei in, mah le mah uktu Chieftainship nei mi te tin ngan hi. Nung no in, Bawi Aung Thang in, groupmail sung ah a posted lih mi Ngawn History UKap Tial ngat mi ka zoh ten accurate em, pha em tin mu ing hi. Anuai ah Foot Note pha zet ngeh bawl khawng leh reliable leng pam hi. Hi U Kap Tial ngat hi Ngawn History tuah seng dun in ka sial ngah nung dawl bel mi hi. Dr. Lal Thang Lian ngat bang a hi ta le, Chin Hill resettlement hi A.D 1300 pawl in pan tih ngan hi. Mizo tei Chin Hill resettlement pat nak cu Seipi, Bo Cung, Sai Hmun, Ralte, Khua Pual, Cong Thu tih mi khua te khi hi. Phek tei Chin Hill resettlement bawl nak ta le Ciim Nuai hi. Pawi pawl in ta le Lai Lun ah a masabel resettlement bawl haw hi. Mah mi te ka zoh ten, Ngawn mi ten i lai ah first resettlement bawl haw nen tim tih cu theih tuk pawi mawh bel pakhat in um hi. Kei ma research bawl nak bang a hi ta le, Zo History sung ah Ngawn mi te Ciim Nuai pen hung mi te tih khi dem no kai kalh nak um hi. Rev. Thang Kam in Ngawn History um ngawl in Zo History kan theih ma ti laih hi. A nuai ah son su suk leh Ngawn mite Bual Khua, NgawnLui ah first resettlement nei haw tih son hi. Mah ceng ten Gualnam-Hualnam tih mi te khi Manipur Ngun zui in NgawnLui, Bual Khua ah cawl khat um in, Ngawn tei lak pen Mualleng Manipur lam ah vai pe pel haw tih ngan bet hi. Mah ceng ten Sukte ngam din tu Khan Thuam pa Mang Kim hi. Mang Kim cu Zawl Nu khua Ngawn ngam pen Mualbem ah vai hi tih vang ngan bet laih hi. Dr. Vum Son ngat mi Zo History sung a lai ngat pakhat le khat kalh dun vang um hi. CiimNuai resettlement khi 16th Century A.D ti hi. Mah ceng ten Ngawn enterprise a son nak ah A.D. 1500 pawl in Chieftain din mun ah ding leng zo hi. Hi ka muh ten Zo History cu reliable ma tih mu ing hi. Kei ma note bang in Ngawn Chiefsโ name a nuai ah, No Chief of Ngawnโs Name Region Year
1 Pu Mawi Thang Vawzang 1500-1600 2 Pu Len Thuan Vawzang 1600- 3 Pu Nun Tuah Vawzang 1700- 4 Pu Zang Sum Vawzang 1700- 5 Pu Nun Thang Vawzang 1700-1800 6 Pu Za Neng Vawzang 1800-1900
Note: Pu Za Neng kum za val dam hi. Late 18th century pen pan, Kawl ngam, Lai Ngam te cak in Mikang tei uk nak nuai ah um ta hi. Ngawn ngam vang cu J.H. Steven Son in map tuah kawih in Ngawn territory tin British uk nak nuai ah um mi Tribal Area in koih hi. A com zawng in, Ngawn ten, mai awn leh dan nei in khua sa haw hi. Hun le can te khel in, khan toh nak lam ah Leipi in cak zet a hawh lih laih tak in, Ngawn mi ten, khantoh nak a neih uh ngawl leh a hil theih uh ngawl cu pawi zet hi. Tu hun, 21st Century ah, Ngawn mi ten, lei kiuli ah, Khantoh nak lam ma nawh in, Pathian lam huaih nak tuah ke kal nawh khah zet in kal li mi te hi hung hi. Lei hum nisuah, nitum, tuilu, tuitaw ah um mi, Ngawn, nang leh kei, pakhat pakhat tek in Ngawn Khantoh nak tuk deh tuk vo nei hung hi, tih, hi lai ah tak lang ing hi. Ngawn khantoh nak man heng tik tu tuk, lai sial tu nang mah toh ci tih phawk ngil pah sun tih thei tik bet ing hi. Note: CiimNuai settlement to be supported by the chronicle of Ngawn, which says that Ngen Dawk was one among those nampi (noble tribe) who made the first settlement at Bual Khua in the northern most of Falam Area. This name is identical with the personal name Ngen Dong, the son of Kul Ngen of Guite family. It is not surely known whether Bual Khua was founded from CiimNuai or the Guite came to CiimNuai via Bual Khua. What it is certain is that the historical figure called Ngen dong in Tedim is still memorized as Ngen Dawk by the Ngawnโs as noble tribe. K. Zawla, a writer on the Lushei history, mensions a tribe with the name Chawngthu, which he says lived together, Ngentesโฆetc., in Seipui and surrounding areas. According to K. Zawla, these tribes had been in that part of northern Chin Hills in 1460. Now it looks as if Chawngthu was the same name as what the Tedim source mentions as Songthu. Writer Thang Tuan tells on the one hand that Gual Nam (Hualnam) family was not from CiimNuai, but from Kale coming along the Manipur river and making their first settlement at Bual Khua in the Ngawn Area, from where they moved to Mualleng. There is, again, mention of Songthu in the chronicle of the Ngawns who connect their origin with CiimNuai. The area inhabited by the Ngawns proper comprises Sial Sih, Zawl Nu, Kel Kong, Sih Tui and Vaw Zang. According to their tradition, the founder of these villages was Len Thuan, whose generation has been now only nine. The descent of Len Thuan is traced to Songthu and is placed at the seventh generation from Songthu. According to the Ngawn source of Ciim Nuai genealogical tree, the generation from Songthu are handed down successively as Suan Tak, Sih Zang, Nge Ngawn, Sai Za, Zil Om to Len Thuan. The chronicle maintains that the Raltes, the Khiangtes, and the Kawlnis originally inhabited Sai Hmun in the Ngawn Area from which to have been expelled into Manipur. The descent of Len Thuan clearly focused Ngawn chronicle connected with Ciim Nuai. But a critical was the background of Pu Mawi Thang, first Ngawn Chieftainship in Vaw Zang Area. Moreover, southern part of Ngawn Area and resettlement never mentioned in Ciim Nuai connection. They had no Ciim Nuai connection, but only Ngawn Lui or Bual Khua connection.Ngawn Taangthu bul theih pha Ngawn pu le pa te cu Tibet, Tuluk ngam Yunan pen Irrawaddy ngun zui in Pukpa ah na ceng haw. A khang a khang a ceng nak haw ah siah ei in na um haw. Kawlngam pen Laingam kai nak thu le lam pui tu te. Pu Mui Thang Pukpa Ava Mang khan a Ngawn miuk AD 13-14 sung Ngawn Ngam sat tu Pu Len Thuan ( Parte Khuangkhuam ah Cong) Kabaw, Kawlpi pen tuihang, Thangmual, Ciimnuai, Vahui ( Volak khua el) Sekzaang, Palte Khuangkhuam, Simzawl, Nahcang, Sialtaang khuasat hi . AD 12 – 15 )sung. Sialsih khua pen thi in a nguh cu SuangnuMual Lailun ah suang kua hol ah koih haw hi a casuan Pu Za Neng tian Suangnu Mual Lailun ah vui haw hi. Pu Lun Zom Sialtaang, Sialsih, Sihtui, Hawzaang khuasat tu hi. ( AD 13 – 16 ) sung Pu Lun Zom in capa pa thum nei hi. Pu Lunzom capa tei min Pu Man Khup Pu Nun Tuah Pu Than Ngai Pu Lun Zom pe pan a casuan sung pen Hawzaang khua Bawi dek in Caang siah, khipi siah, sakawng siah ei pawl te. Pu Lun Zom ( AD 15-16) Pu Nun Tuah ( AD 17 )sung Pu Nun Kaal Pu Zaang Sum Pu Nuun Thang Pu Za Neng (AD 18-19 ) kum 100 val tian khua Bawi dek. Pu Tial Cuai Hi zong te cu mikang tei records nak bang แปn hi.
From the Indian state of Assam Tai Phake – A group of Phakesham people They are the descendants of the Shan who came to Assam in the 13th century with Meng Mao Lord Zhao Sukapad. To this day, around 8,000 to 10,000 people still live together in the village of Namphake, Assam, with a population of about 200 family members. Although they still retain their original Mosham language and culture, we can see that Indian and Assamese cultures are also mixed. However, they did not convert to Hinduism like the Ahom Shams, but continued to be Buddhists. They left Meng Mao, Mosham, and did not return to their homeland until more than 700 years later. You should visit our Shan clans once in a while and carry them with you. Tai Pharke (Tai Pharke) May they be comfortable wherever they are, and may they be happy and
peaceful. Diskosai.India ram Assam state a\angin Tai Phake – Phakesham mipui pawl pakhat Kum zabi 13-naa Meng Mao Lord Zhao Sukapad nena Assam-a lo kal Shan thlahte an ni. Vawiin thleng hian Assam state-a Namphake khuaah hian mi 8,000 atanga 10,000 vel an la cheng dun a, chhungkaw member 200 vel an cheng a ni. An Mosham tawng leh nunphung hmasa ber chu la vawng reng mah se, Indian leh Assamese hnam nunphung inzawmkhawm kan hmu a ni. Amaherawhchu, Ahom Sham-ho angin Hindu sakhuaah an inpe lo va, Buddhist-ah an awm chhunzawm zel a ni. Meng Mao, Mosham chu an chhuahsan a, kum 700 chuang a liam hnuah chauh an ram lamah an kir leh ta lo. Kan Shan hnamte hi vawi khat tal tlawh la, i keng tel tur a ni. Tai Pharke (Tai Pharke) An awmna apiangah hahdam takin awm sela, hlim leh thlamuang takin awm rawh se.
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ZHOU TLAWM (B.C.E. 722โ256) .Engvangin nge Zhou Dynasty kha a hlawhtling em em?Eng thilin nge Zhou lalram a tlak chhan?Zhou Dynasty hian eng nge a siam chhuah?Zhou Dynasty-ah khan eng thil lian tham nge thleng?Kum zabi ruknaah chuan Zhou lalram chu a tlahniam tan ta a ni.Thuthlung hlui atanga a lan dan chuan a bul tanna chu ropui tak a ni a, kum 1045 vel khan Lal Wu (Woo)-a Vanram Mandate a lak a, Shang lalram lal hnuhnung sual tak chu a paihthlak a, sawrkar thar a din atang khan a intan a ni.A lalram chu a lian lutuk a, amah chauhin a rorรชl thei lo tih a hriat chuan, ram tรช zรขwkah a แนญhen a, tualchhรปng rorรชltute chu an duh angin anmahni ram enkawl tรปrin a phalsak a, chu chu dilna anga sipai leh sum leh pai lama แนญanpuina an pรชk phawt chuan a ruat a ni. Dik tak chuan duke (basically junior kings) siam thei tura a rin tawk mite chu a chhungte an ni a, a nei tam hle bawk. Chu bรขkah, Chinese culture sphere-a ram thar an rawn luh chuan state thar siam a ni a, Zhou lalte chuan chu biala rorรชltute chu inneihna leh ritual oaths of allegiance hmangin lal inah an inzawm tlat tih an tichiang a ni. Kum zabi riatna tir lamah chuan state za hnih vel a awm a, a tam zawk chu a tlem hle.He system hi medieval Europe-a feudalism ang chiah hian kum zabi engemaw zat chhung chu a thawk tha tawk hle a, mahse lalramte chu thlah khat atanga thlah dangah an inthlak danglam zel a, chhungte inzawmna a tlahniam a, Zhou lalte chuan thununna an tihlawhtling thei tawh lo va, state-te pawhin an titawp ta a ni resources leh territory chungchangah an inelpui thin.Competeโ hi a takah chuan indona sawina (euphemism) a ni a, a hnu lama Zhou lalram chu state hrang hrangte in tihchhiat emaw, inzawmkhawm emaw an tum laiin indona tawp lo, thisen chhuak nasa tak a awm a ni.Spring and Autumn Era (722โ481; season leh kum hrang hranga thil thleng buatsaihtu Lu state chanchin avanga hming vuah) tir lamah khan state za leh sawmsarih vel an la awm a, mahse kum zabi nga-naah chuan indona reh thei lo chuan a nei ta a ni an zat chu sawmli velin a tihhniam ta a ni.Warring States Era (403โ221) hming dik tak vuah hi state lian pasarih atanga tan niin, a tawpah Qin state chuan China ram zawng zawng a thununna hnuaia a luh tir khan pakhat nen a tawp ta a ni.Zhou lalram kum zabi nga kalta chhung khan kum nga chhungin kum li chhungin state lian ber berte inkara indona a thleng thin.Inelna a nasa zual zel avangin aristocratic inpawhna kalphung hlui chu a chhe ta vek a ni. Lal fapa duh lutukteโn an pate an that avangin, tualthahna, sorkar paihthlakna, leh patricide thlengin a awm a ni.Indona chu game mawi tak anga ngai thin, an huaisenna leh an แนญhatna lantir theihna hun remchang (a chรขng chuan an khingpui langsar tak takte hnena concession pein) anga ngai แนญhin, indona ropui tak takte chu tunah chuan zahngaihna tel lovin an inthah a, loneitute pawhin ralthuam thar kengin an that thei ta hial a ni crossbow siam chhuah (Figure 1 en rawh). Thuthlung siamte chu mi man inthlengna tel lo chuan rintlak a ni lo va, a chang chuan chutih lai pawh chuan rintlak a ni lo.Inkhawm hlui chu hman a la ni reng aโentir nรขn, thuthlungte chu rorรชltuteโn bawngpa an that a, a thisen an hmuiah an hnawih laiin pathiante hnรชnah a ei tรปr an vawng tlat ang tih chhia an chham laiin an la chhinchhiah reng aโmahse, pathian hluite chu tumahin an ngaihsak tawh lo (an ngaihsak tawh a ni , a nihna takah chuan, an patron pathian leh an pi leh pute chu nasa takin Zhou lal in chak lo tak an ni), mite chuan โthisen hmuiah a la hnim laiin thutiam bawhchhiatโ tih thu an sawi แนญan ta a ni.State-te chuan dawt an sawi dun a, double-crossed an insiam a, thuruk thuthlung an siam a, dizzying speed-in inzawmna an siam a, an titawp bawk.An state humhalh, an pi leh pute tana inpekna leh mahni nunna thleng pawha buaipuitu roreltute chuan tanpuina zawngin an zawng kual tan ta a. Chutiang chuan, feudal order hlui tihchhiatna chuan mak tak maiin khawtlang nun inthlak danglamna a thlen a, mi fing tak tak, thusawi thiam tak takte chu state hrang hrangah an vak kual a, an ngaihdante chu a taka hmang thei tur roreltu an zawng a, roreltute chuan engemaw tiam thei apiang chu an lo hmuak a ni an hmelma te chungah advantage an nei. Politics, khawtlang, leh sum leh pai lama dinhmun nghet tak zawnna chuan โphilosophy sikul za tam takโ siam chu a tichak a, heng inhnialna vakvai tak takte rawtna siamte hi tawp chin a awm lo.แนฌhenkhat chu agriculturalist an ni a, field-a sipai lian tak takte thlawpna atana pawimawh tak, farm yield tihpunna atana hmanraw thar an sawi a; mi dangte chuan canal siam dan an hre chiang hle a; tin, chuti chung pawh chuan, mi dangte chu sipai lama strategist an ni (heng zรฎnga lar ber chu Sunzi [or Sun Tzu, Swun-zuh] a ni a, a Art of War chu tรปn thlengin American lehkhabu dawr tam zรขwkah hmuh theih a la ni). Cosmologist thenkhat chuan thilsiam chaknate hman tangkai dan tur puan chhuah an tiam a, inhnialna ngei pawh thlirlettu logician te, khawvelin a mamawh tak chu hmangaihna tam zawk a ni tih ngaihdan sawitu thenkhat phei chuan (an daih rei vak lo). Hรชng philosophy inelna tam tak zรฎngah hian ngaihtuahna pรขwl pathum chu a pawimawh bรฎk takin a lang a, chungte chu: Confucianism, Daoism, leh Legalism te an ni.Dinastรญa Zhou chuan a rawn ti aEditar a niArtรญculo principal: Dinastรญa Zhou tih a niA rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a, a rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em bawk a. 10] Qว su primer lรญder les enseรฑรณ a labrar las tierras. Le llamaban el Rey Mijo y le veneraban como dios de la agricultura (Seรฑor de las Mieses).[7] A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a, a rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em bawk a..[10] (supuestamente abuelo de Wen[7] ) a boliรณ la esclavitude y restatableciรณ el sistema de comunas tih a ni. En este entorno Zhou chu a hlawhtling hle a, convirtiรณ en un estado.[10]El seรฑor Tan Fu fue sucedido por su hijo Ji Li. Despuรฉs de Ji Li, Zhou fue un dinhmun hlauhawm tak. A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a, a rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em bok aJi Chang (El Rey Wen) (Sangong sirviendo al rey Zhou de la dinastรญa Shang business tih a ni.El rey Zhou historical anhriat dan cu ani.๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ & ๐๐Kan hriatdan hi inang lo mai thei a mahse keini zonahthlak hocuan ๐๐๐๐ hi ๐๐ tia kanlam thinVideo
Chin hnam henkhat erawh chu tlรขng lamah an insawn lo va, Chindwin Valley-ah an awm reng a, a bikin hmun hla tak tak, Gankaw Valley leh Upper Chindwin-a Kale-Kabaw Valley-ah te an awm ta a ni. Vawiin thleng hian an hming hmasa hmanga koh an la ni a, mahse Chin-pun, Chin-me, etc. ang chi suffix hmanga koh an ni a, an hmel hlui tak tak tattoo an neih avangin. Asho pawlte chu a hmaa kan sawi tawh ang khan Upper Chindwin-a an insawn hma pawh khan pawl lian ber berte a angin an inhen darh a. Pandaung Hills-ah an cheng hmasa a, chumi hnuah Irrawaddy Delta, Pegu Yoma, Arakan Yoma-ah te an darh zau ta a; Asho hnam thenkhat phei chuan tuna Bangladesh tia Chittagong Hill Tracks thlengin an thleng a (Lian Uk 1968: 7). Arakan leh Chittagong-ah chuan an hming hlui, โKhyengโ hmanga hriat an la ni reng a ni.
Historic evidence atanga a lan dan chuan Chin ho hi โChin Nweโ-a an awm hma loh chuan CHIN tih loh hming dangin an hre lo. Mahse, an ram hmasa ber, Upper Chindwin-a Kale Valley atanga tuilianin a hnawhchhuah hnuah, oral tradition-in a sawi angin emaw, tunlai mithiamte sawi angin Shan-hoin an hneh emaw – Chin-ho chu hnam hrang hrangah an inthen a, hnam hming leh tawng hrang hrang an nei a ni.
Ringhlelhawm lohvin, Chin mipui tam zawk chu tuna Chin State, India rama Mizoram leh Manipur State-a tlangram hmunah te, Bangladesh-a Chittagong Hill Tracts-ah te an insawn a ni. Mahse pawl thenkhat chu kan sawi tawh ang khan an awmna ram hmasa Chindwin Valley-ah an awm reng a, a hnuah chuan tuna Burma rama Sagaing, Maqwi, Pakukko leh Irrawaddy division ang chi hmunah te an darh ta a ni.
Linguistically chuan 1904-a Linguistic Survey of India-in a tarlan dan chuan Chin tawngte hi pawl lian paliah then a ni a, chungte chu Northern, Central, Old Kuki leh Southern te an ni.
Hmarchhak pawl: Thado, Kamhau, Sokte (Sukte), Siyin (Sizang), 1.1. Ralte, Paite a ni
Mithiamte chuan a tlangpuiin Chin hnam zinga hnam lian paruk an awm tih an pawm tlangpui a, chungte chu 1) Asho, 2) Chรณ emaw Sho emaw, 3) Khuami emaw Mโro emaw, 4) Laimi, 5) Mizo (Lushai) leh 6) Zomi (Vuson) te an ni 1986: 40-ah a tarlang bawk.
Chin-ho tan chuan โtribal groupโ tih hi khawtlang pawl, chhungkaw tam tak, hnam emaw, thlah tam tak emaw, sal, innghahna nei te nena inzawmkhawmna khawtlang pawl a ni. ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฐ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ต๐ป๐ฐ๐ป๐ ๐๐จ๐พ๐ต๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต
emaw, mi hriat loh adopted emaw a ni thei bawk. Phรชn dangin sawi ila, pi leh pute inang pawl pakhatin hmun khatah an awm dun a, Chindwin Valley-a an awmna hmun hmasa ber chu Laimi hnam a nih hnuah, entirnan, an awmna siamtu pawl thlahte aแนญanga siam a ni Lai-lung-ah, Chindwin Valley chhuahsan tura nawr a nih hnuah. Chutiang chuan Chin ngaihdan anga โtribeโ tih hian pi leh pute inang lo emaw, chhungkaw inzawmna inang emaw a kawk lo va, hnam khat, hmun khata awm, khawtlang pawl pakhat a kawk zawk a ni. A hmingin a sawi angin, Chin-ho zinga hnam hrang hrangte hian ram neitu nihna (geographical ownership) an tilang zawk a; entirnan, Asho tih awmzia chu โplain dwellersโ tihna a ni a, Cho tih awmzia chu โkhawthlang lam miโ tihna a ni a, Khuami hi โnative peopleโ tia lehlin theih a ni a, Laimi tih awmzia chu โLai-lung thlahโ emaw, โcentral peopleโ tihna a ni, Stevenson-a (1943)-a sawi dan chuan it, Zomi emaw Mizo emaw hi โhmar lam miteโ tihna a ni a, a dangte pawh a ni. Chuvangin tribal pawl hi inthenna thumal a ni lo va, Chin-ho chu pawl hrang hranga an inthen dan chauh a ni a, an ram hmasa Chindwin.: areas and the people whose
Hun a kal zel a, hnam hrang hrangte chuan anmahni hnam tawng leh identity an siam zauh zauh a, chu chu Khua-hrum biakna ritual system hmangin an inzawm khawm ta a ni. Pawl hrang hrangte inbiakpawhna a harsat avangin tualchhung tawng hrang hrang leh nunphung hrang hrang a lo thang zauh zauh a. He level of group hi sub-tribal group, a nih loh leh Chin tawngah Tual community tia sawi theih a ni. Tual khawtlang hi chhungkua emaw, chi khat emaw atanga bul tan a ni tlangpui a, khaw khata awm an ni. Amaherawhchu, khawtlรขng a lo lian chhoh zรชl a, mi thar an pun chhoh zรชl chuan, an vรชngtu pathian, Khua-hrum an tih chu an biak hunah Tual khua thu bul chu an insem vek a, mahse, satellite-a chenna hmun leh khua an din bawk ang. Tual khawtlang nunphung hi a dawta bung dangah ka chhui dawn a ni. Hetiang chi sub-tribal group, a nih loh leh Tual community hi chief pakhat emaw, hnam patriarch emaw leh a thlahte hian an awp tlangpui a. Entirnan, Laimi hnam zinga Lautu pawl chu Lian Chin hnamin an awp a, Bawinu lui chu an vengtu Khua-hrum atan an bia a ni. Lautu khawtlang zawng zawng – khaw sawm leh panga vel – chuan an principle khua Hnaring Tual chu an hmang dun a. Chutiang bawkin Laimi hnam Zophei pawlah pawh khaw sawmhnih chuang zetin an khaw lian ber Leitak-a Tual biakna chu an insem a, chutiang bawkin.
Tual khawtlรขng hrang hrangte pawimawhna chu, anmahni tualchhรปng แนญawngkam hman (local spoken dialect) siam chhuak mah se, hla emaw, epic emaw an phuah hunah โmother tongueโ tribal dialect inang an hmang vek a ni. Entirnan, Laimi hnam zingah hian sub-tribal Zophei, Senthang, Lautu, etc. engemaw zat an awm a, heng pawl zawng zawng hian anmahni local spoken dialect an nei vek a; แนญhenkhat chu Lai แนญawng hman ber nรชn an danglam hle. Mahse an group-a, hnam hla leh epic, Hla-do, Hla-pi leh a dangte an tih hian, anmahni ang chi zawng zawng hian an nu tawng, Lai tawng an hmang a, chutah chuan an sa thin. Mahse, inbiakpawhna harsatna avang hian inzawmna hnai tak neia inhriatna, tribal group-te chu an chak tawh lo va, a chang chuan Tual community-oriented sub-tribal group emaw clan identity emaw hmangin an thlak a ni. Chuvang chuan British administrator-te chuan Bung 3-naa kan hmuh angin, โCircle Administrationโ an tih ang chi, sub-tribal group-te Tual community chu a bulpui ber atan an hmang ta a ni. ๐ฏ๐น๐ฐ๐จ๐ป ๐ป๐ผ๐น๐ป๐ฌ
1 Chinlungโ tih thumal hi Chin mithiam tam zawkin a tir atangin an hmang nasa hle a. J. Shakespear-a 1912, pp. 93-94-ah en rawh; B. S. Carey leh H. N. Tuck te chuan 1976 [1896], p. 142 a ni a; N. E. Parry-a chuan 1976 [1932] a ni.
2 Chin mipuite inpumkhat lehna: Paite National Council-in On Country hnuaia India leh Burma Chin mipuite inpumkhat lehna tura India Prime Minister hnena Memorandum a thehluh (Imphal, Manipur: Azad Printing, 1960). He memorandum hi T. Goukhenpau, President leh S. Vungkhom, Chief Secretary, Paite National Council-in an ziak a ni.
4 Pa Vincenzo Sangermano, Burma Empire(Westminster: Archibald and Co., 1833; tihchhuah leh, Bangkok: White Orchid Press, 1995), John Jardine-aโn chiang taka a lo sawifiah tawh angin, Sangermano-aโn โJoโ tia a sawi chu Chin hnam Zomi hnam โJoโ pawl ni lovin, Upper Chindwin-a Gankaw Valley luahtu โYawโ mite an ni. He point bik hi mithiam tam takin an hrilhfiah dik lo a, a bik takin Zomi mithiamte chuan Vum Kho Hau leh Sing Kho Khai te pawhin an hrilhfiah dik lo a, a chang chuan an hre chiang hle. Entirnan, Vum Kho Hau chuan a lehkhabu Profile of Burma Frontier Man-ah, โHmanlai atang tawhin Zo (Jo, Yaw) kan inti thinโ tiin a ziak a. He thudik hi Father V. Sangermano-a chuan kum 1783-a Ava-a a hmunpui a siam aแนญang khan fak takin a lo ziak tawh a ni.’ (1963: 238)] tih a ni.
5 Than Tun leh Gordon Luce-a te hi hmรขn lai Burma chanchin zirna lama mithiam lar ber anga ngaih an ni.
6 A Zo History-ah Vumson-a chuan โChin chenna hmun la awmte chu tun thlengin Chindwin Valley-ah hian hmuh tur a la awm reng a niโ tiin a sawi a. Monywa atanga hla vak lo Sibani khua atanga mel hnih vela hlaah Chin ritual ground a awm a. Hriatrengna lung hi, hun hmasa lamah chuan feet sawm leh pathum (4.3 m) vel a sang a ni a, mahse tunah chuan a lan chhuah avangin a chhe ta a ni. Burma mite chuan Chin paya emaw Chin pathian emaw an ti thin.
7 โKaleโ tih thumal hi Khalei tawng Burmanized version a ni. Burmese tawnga Kale emaw Khale emaw awmzia tak tak chu โNaupangโ tih a ni a, hei hian geographical name atan awmzia a nei lo. Linguistic study chuan Chin hnam dan anga tuilian chanchin an sawi chu a nemnghet a, chubakah Kale Valley tih hming bulpui ber pawh a nemnghet bawk.
8 M. Kipgen-a sawi dan chuan banyan thing chu โlal in hmunahโ a awm a (1996: 40). 9 Hei hi kum 1916-a Saingunvaua (Sai โโNgun Vau) leh a pawlteโn Kabaw phaia Khampat pana an chhuah khan a thleng tak tak niin an sawi a, chutah chuan hrilhlawkna hlui hlen chhuah tumin khaw thar an siam a ni. Khampat hi vawi khat chu Kale-Kabaw Valley-a Chin khawtlang hmunpui a lo ni leh ta a, Kale-Kabaw Valley-a cheng zinga a chanve aia tam chu Chin an ni. Lal Thang Lian 1976: 87-89 en rawh.
10 B. S. Carey hi kum 1794-a India ram Serampore-a English Baptist missionary lar tak Dr William Carey-a fapa upa ber a ni.
NGAWN PULE PATEI PIANPIH HASIAL DAN ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Ngawn pulepa te cu, Cong lelam in nunkhua asa mite haw hi. Kumsial danle-Hasial dan cu, Ha13 asial hawten Kum1 tin sialhaw hi. Phiangkum cu Kum3 veikhat ah phiangkum tin namang haw hi.
โ๏ธ1.Canghak ha. 2.Vulcio. 3.Vulpi. 4.Kaau ha. 5.Tuun ha. 6.Tim ha. 7.Mang ha. 8.Cun ha. 9.Tang ha. 10.Dawnsawm ha. 11.Ngam ha. 12.Zankuah ha. 13.Insak halui ha. โ๏ธAtheingawl tei ca. Dawngsawm niten ason nuam teica
Ngawn Chin pu le pa ten Ha Sial,Ni Sial cu pha no nei haw hi.
Chin daynasty sung um laih in le Khul/ Sinhuang a um haw laih in, ni sail, ha sial nei zo haw tin ngaisung theih mi na hi.
Chin dui lam, le Kabaw Kalay le Sihawng lam a um haw laih in ni sial, ha sial nei zo haw hi, tin ngaih sung theih mi na hi.
Mah hun laih ni sial, ha sial sam daan cu thei ciang ngai um bel tuk ma toh ti en, sual ngawl thei men hi.
Pu le Pa Ten, Ni le ha sial cu hi tin sial haw: – Hade zo in ni le ha sial in tiamteh haw hi. Hade a de bek ten hade ni khat, hade ni nih, hade ni thum tin hade liik tian sial ngut haw hi.
Hade liik ten, ha liik tin sam haw hi.
Hade liik ceng bek ten, hakiam nikhat, hakiam ni nih, hakiam ni thum,tin?hathim tian sial ngut leleu haw hi. Mah hade liik veikhat le hathim veikhat ceng cu, ha khat tin na sam haw hi.
Mah hakhat sung ah nipi pi li um hi.A can khat no ah pi thum le ni nga te vang na um thei bok hi. Itahum titale, hade a de le hakiam zo in ni ha a sial haw hang na hi.
Chin hills mual hum ah cong le Laam- Mual hum ah pu le pa te cong le laam in a um haw ten nipi pikhat sung ni sial daan cu bawl haw hi.
A muh tei Con dann tuah zui in, Kekta mat ni -Sun Kem dawh ni -Mon Aihpi ni – Tue Sungta hawh ni – Wed Sasuat ni – Thu. Tual phiah ni – Fri zan ani -Sat~tin pi khat sung ni sial nei haw hi.
Mah ten “Kum kheen, khua ni” nei haw aa, kum kheen tih cu kumbo, new year khia son hi. Kum kheen khi Khuani tin sam bok haw hi.
Kum lu, Cunghum, Diim le Thaang ah, sial tuah a biak haw laih in hade zo in a biak haw tak Kekta mat ni doh ngeh tuah si dun leleng tik haw hi. A tu hun nipi ni a tih mi ni khat khi bel tuk tin ngai sung theih hi.
Mah hun laih ah Mikang awn um laih ngawl tak tu a Mikang awn in, Sun, Mon tin ngat cu theih baih nak in ngat mi poh hi.
Tapidaw, Christian Biak Nak le :- Christian, biak nak a hen ten,Bible sung ah Pathian in niluk sung na dek in ni salih ni cu cawl um hi, tin Bible Pianpat nak thu hilh zui in Pathian in nikhat ni, lei le van bawl, ni nih ni ni nga ni, ni no ni bawl, nipi ni cawl um” hi tin cung in zui in nipi pikhat sung ni sial in mang in, nei haw ta hi.Tu laih nai ah, no ni khi ni luk ni tih vang in sam bok haw hi., Kekta mat ni –
Nipi ni -Sun.. ni khi Pau Tin Hau biak nak ten “Buzung ni ” tin sam haw hi.Buzung ni cu Phazaa-inn ah khawm haw hi.
Cuzah Tawng Heng Ten:- Mual hum ah Mikang in uk in, lai te bawl sak in le luatlatzi ngah ceng ten phunli tawng te nei in tawng kai haw hi. Tawng ah Lai Lai tin cung tik haw in, mai awn aw suah tuah tek no mang in lai cang kom in ngan haw hi. Mah phunli cuzah tawng saya ten tawng inn sung ah Phalam awn tuah awn tik haw hi.Tawng saya dek ten Lai/ Phalam awn in ” tlawng kai ni khat ” ,tlawng kai ni hnih tlawng kai ni thum, tlawng kai ni li,.tlawng kai ni nga, zarh te”” tin hilh haw hi. Oh Ngawn ten ” tl..” awsuah le ” hn..” awsuah a neih uh ngawl tak cu, Phalam awn cung in ” tawng kai nikhat, tawng kai ni nihโฆโฆtawng kai ni thum ni,tawng kai ni li ni, tawng kai ni nga ni, ni luk ni, โฆ.tin cung vawk haw hi.Mah ten Phalam tei ” zarh khat” tih khi oh Ngawn ten “r” aw suah um ngawl tak cu zalh khat tin cung bok haw hi. Mitei r aw man nak “L” aw in mang haw hi. Ngawn awn cun “nipi khat” tin sam haw hi.Nipi khat tih cu nikhat ni pen nipi ni tian khi nipi khat tin sam haw hi.Mah sung ah oh Ngawn ten Nino ni le Nipi ni cu sam nak a tuam in nei haw hi.
Hi lai hi keimah pakhat hi muh daan le theih daan le research daan na hi poh hi. Maan bel le pha bel tih nak kha MA hi.
Offerings to the invisible ancestors, Khua Zing Pathian, located on the top of the mountain in the east. One thing that the Ngawn people and the Israelites have in common. I would like to explain based on the village of Hoyang. Until the death of the village head (Pu Tial Cuai), U Tial Cuai every year, the villagers brought a three-year-old male goat (a ki melh zo mi), four porters, a small pot of wine, and the priest Putil Kyaw. The small pot of wine was carried without water. The water was also carried. The priest took a drink. He took a spear. He took a knife, an axe, and a hammer to build the altar. The priest Putil Kyaw wore a headscarf. He wore the full robe of the priest. He wore a tai le. He wore an an ki ban chuay, a big cat lak pon blanket. When he reached the top of the mountain, he built the altar (Taitan). The goat is brought and slaughtered facing east. The goat’s head is tied facing east to offer offerings to the ancestors in the area where the ancestors started their journey. The goat’s meat is cooked. The priest Pu Tial Cuai recites (lu sei awn in phua in bia) and offers it. Pu tial cuai in lu sei awn in phua hi). The priest drinks the broth and blows it out, reciting in the local language. A few of the best parts of the cooked meat are cut off and offered facing east with the goat’s head. The priest takes the leftover meat back to the priest’s house. Since Pu Tial Cuai died in 1958, the ritual has been lost for 63 years. When I asked Pu Khen Theu and Pu Ceu Ling, who carried the bearers to the top of Kum Lu (2) times, to record it, they did not remember it because they spoke in a low voice ( Lusei language ) My maternal grandmother (Pi Kulh Lem) Pu Khen Theu, Pu Ceu Ling, and Pi Dal Kham often told me that they were able to record a lost culture. When I studied the Old Testament, since the time of Abraham and Isaac, people went up to the top of the mountain to offer sacrifices to the Lord. The Ngawn also went up to the top of the mountain to offer sacrifices to the invisible God. When I studied the New Testament, a strange star appeared from the east. The three wise men also appeared from the east. When I studied the New Testament, the word โeastโ refers to Jerusalem. The Ngawn Chin people also build a Tai Tan (a sacred altar) on the top of a mountain, facing east. They also slaughter a goat facing east. The goat’s head is also tied facing east, the place where their ancestors originally set out. Looking at these things, the Ngawn Chin people are similar to the Jews. I believe that the Ngawn Chin people are descended from the Epharaim tribe.
Original = U Aiza Lin If you repost, please give credit. Burmese ( Mganmar ) Languages
Dawng Sawm apiang dan thu a com thei bel in, ni dang Ngawn Chin pu le pa ten a ma sabel in, “Khuato” haw hi. Khua to nak cu “Dawng” tin na sam haw hi. Khuato ceng ten, “Khua Bawl” haw hi. Khua Bawl in Khuazing biak nak mun cu “‘Sawm” tin na sam haw hi. Mah mi Khua Bawl cu “DAWNG SAWM” tin na mang haw hi. Kum sial Khua Bawl in Khua Zing a biak haw ten mual sang aan in bia haw hi. Dawl lam ten khua lu ah le khua taw ah bia haw ta hi. Tu kum khua taw pen bia tale maikum cu khualu pen bia haw hi. Khua Bawi hitheih nak tuk cun, khuatoh masa kul hi. Khuatoh tuk ten Bil Ceu tawn haw hi. Bil Ceu a tawn haw tuk ten, sial khat ngo in, mi pi in thuam tuah in, lupawng cai in, cei le nam, tuah Dak kheng in, thuam tuah in, hi mun le ngam sung ah ceng tuk ung tin, mihing cennak tukzong cu Puithiam in sial thisan theh in, cam phuaโin daktum in namlek in a muh tei “Khuazing mangpa” lakah ngenhaw hi. A cam phuadan haw cu. Abiak haw mi “Khuazing” mangpa nel ah, Hi munle ngamcu mihing cennak tuk in sial tuah na ngen ung hi, na saang in hi, kau, dawi, saih tan, ngam huai, muh theih ngawl tei khalh siat nak um tuk ngawl in, sial thisan tuah na ngen ung hi, tin Pui thiam (phuisam thiam) in, sa thi theh thah in a phuat ten mipi in lik duadawm in awi haw hi. Mah mi sial thi san tuah hammi munngam sung, mihing cen nak, khua toh nak, khua hual sung cu “Dawng” tin na sam haw hi. Mah sung a ceng hempoh cu “Dawng sung” a ceng tin sam haw hi. Mah sung cengngawl cu muhtheih ngawltei um nak hi tin “Dawng pualeu” tin na sam haw hi. Sial thisan tuah Khuazing lak nget sa mun, mihing cen nak cu “‘Dawng” tin sam haw hi. Khua toh nak ah a biak uh mi Khuazing lak ah ngen ceng zo tak cu “Khua zing bia tuk hung tin tanglei auโin azing ten Zehcan ni-tin Zehcang haw hi. Zehcang tih cu an-ngawl khi hi. Mah mi cu “Khua Bawl” tin nasam haw hi. Khua Bawl ten sial cang laituang tuah in bawl haw hi. Mah mi cu “Khua zing” bia haw hi. Khuabawi te in, sial cang laituang cu ngo in, Puithiam in a cik, asa, asungkua, hizong cu Khua zing pia tuk, a cik asa, asungkua, hizong cu-tanglei in co tuk tin thu pia hi. Saa apha, auk olzong cu Khuazing biaknak in napia haw hi. Mah Khuazing sa pia in biak nak mun cu “Sawm” tin na sam haw hi. Mah mi cu, “Sawm Bawl nak” tih vang in na sam haw hi. Mah Khuazing a biak haw ten, mi pi cu tanglei pan in liptak zet in thuam tuah in, lu pawng cai in, sawn kai tuan in, Dak tum in, nam lek in lik dua duam awi in na bawl haw hi. Khua zing sial tuah biak nak mun cu “Sawm” tin nasam haw hi. Va Zang khua na heng uh tale “Sawm Bawl nak ilah kaw? tin dong un na, a neu a ngeng in thei haw hi, a mun um laih hi. Vazang khua taw ah “Sawm Bawl nak sakta le Sawm Bawl nak hang ta tin munnih um hi. Vazang khua tawnginn sak mawtaw zin tuinak tih mi ah Vazang le Sihtui tei Sawm Bawl nak um laih hi. Sial thisan luang in khua toh nak ah abiak haw Khuazing lak nget mi hual sung cu “Dawng” tin a sam haw nak pen “Dawng” tih mi na piang hi, Khuabawi in a biak haw Khua zing cu sial tuah a biak haw ten, Biak nak mun cu “Sawm” tin a sam haw nak pen “Sawm” tih na piang hi. Mah mi Dawng le Sawm cu kom in “Dawng Sawm” na piang hi. Dawng Sawm” tih cu “Khua Bawi” khi na hi. Khuabawi tih cu , Ngawn mi pule patei Khuazing biak khi na hi. Mah mi “Khuabawi โor “Dawng Sawm”‘ cu, An kung hengsial ten abawl hawhang in, “Cuk Khua Ni” tih vang in nasam haw hi. Khuazing a biak ceng a zing ten. Aktui but haw hi. Aktui but cu kum khat ca in, mailam a heng tuk mi Khuazing nelah dong in hilhham nak na hi. Aktui but in Khua zing lak adot hawmi cu – Phu-in pha maw? Khua hun, Khua ma, Khua nu ni maw? Sim kum maw? Zo kum maw? Ngam lai kum kaw? Za vat um ni maw? Sapi lut ni maw? Inn Kang / Kangmei umni maw? Sakthi umni maw? Mi vai umni maw? etc … tihbang in dong haw hi. Mahten Tuinak ( in – tui ) bia haw hi. A thupi cuam ngatmi hi. A peh cu Dawng Sawm thu ah ngan zo hi. Dawng Sawm cu Chin hills hen laih ngawl in um zo hi tin pu le pa ten na son haw hi.
Ngawn Chin History & Culture: Ngawn Chin History & Culture =
ZAWNGTE (ZONGTE/JONGTE)ZOTE: Buonsuong, Chawnghau, Chawngvawrtu/ Chawngvar, Chuonkhup, Chawngtuol, Darkhawlai/Darkhawlal, Dawthang, Hrangate/Hrangzote, Hrangdo, Hrangman, Hrangsite/ Hrangsete, Hrangsote, Hriler, Maubuok, Neitham (Chawnhnieng, Singphun), Ngaite, Parate, Pasuolate, Pusiete/ Pusieate, Saiate (Saihmang), Tlangte/ Tlangate, Thangnawk, Vaithang.[Note: Hmar hnahthlak zingah Hnamte, Hrangkhawl leh biate hi thlangtla hmasa ber an ni a, Mizoram pรขwn hmun thenkhatah phei chuan hnam hran anga insawi ta te pawh an awm. Hnamte ho hian Luseiho nawlpuia an thlangthlรขk khan an zui a, luseiah an in assimilate nual. Tam zawk chu Tripura-ah thlangtlain Darlawng hnamah te an insawi; Tripura-ah vรชk chuan Kuki-Thado ah ziah luh an ni bawk. Khawlhring , Vangchhia leh Saivate ho hi hmar hnahthlak zinga pawi ho tukluh an ni.(แนฌhenkhat chuan hnamchawm ang tein an sawi แนญhin, mahse finfiahna a awm lem lo). Chuvangchuan Pawia chhui lut an awm bawk. Mahse Pawi an ni lotih finfiahna tha ber chu chhรฎpah hrรปm an zial ngai lo a, engtik lai pawhin Hmar ho nen dawisa an kil ho thei.]Lai
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ (๐๐๐–๐๐๐๐๐) ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ง๐ณ๐จ๐ฆ๐ค๐ก๐๐ฐ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ก๐ฆ๐๐ฌ๐๐๐๐ซQIN Shi Huang, a awmzia tak chu Qin Lalber hmasa ber tihna a ni a, China chanchina lungphum pawimawh tak a ni. Ram a inpumkhat tir mai ni lovin, kum 2000 chuang zet lalram rorelna a siam bawk.Qin-a mimal hming chu Ying Zheng a ni. Vawikhat chu a pa hi State of Qin-a roreltu chuan Zhao State-ah hostage-in a tir a. A hnuah chuan Lu Buwei tia koh sumdawng pakhat puihnain Qin-a pa chu State of Qin-ah a kir leh thei a, a hnuah Qin Lal a ni ta a ni.Mahse, lalแนญhutthleng a แนญhut hnu kum thum hnuah a thi a, a fapa Ying Zheng chuan kum 13 mi lek a nih laiin thuneihna a chang ta a ni.Boy king chuan Lu chu prime minister atan a ruat a, chu chu state enkawl tura pui turin a ruat a, chutih lai chuan Chinese classics, philosophy, history leh military theory te a ngaih pawimawh ber thung. Kum 22 a tlin thlengin administrative power a la lo va, a mah chauhin a lal lo.Tichuan, politician thiamna sang tak nei, adviser, scholar leh sipai hruaitute chu pui turin a ruai nghal a ni. Chung zingah chuan Qin State leh a hnu lama Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) Prime Minister nghawng nei lian tak Li Si pawh a tel a ni.Chumi hun chhung chuan ram indona ram pasarih, Qin, Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Qi leh Chu te chuan an แนญhen a. Prime Minister Li thurawn angin Qin lal naupang chuan state dang paruk tihchhiat a, a vawi khatna atan ram inpumkhat tir tumin beihpui a thlak ta a ni.Chumi atan chuan Li chuan state dangte inkara inrem lohna tuh turin ruahmanna a siam hmasa a, chutah chuan hengte hi pakhat hnu pakhatin a hneh ta a ni.Qin Lal chuan state dang paruk a hneh a, ram inpumkhatnaah Qin Dynasty din a nih theih nan kum 15 chhung zet thawhrimna, indona tam tak leh ruahmanna tam tak a mamawh a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan Qin Lal chuan “Emperor hmasa ber” tiin a inpuang ta a ni.Prime Minister Li chuan lallukhum khum thar hnenah hian a thuneihna tihngheh tur leh centralized authority din tur chuan social, economical, political, cultural leh sorkar siamthatna hrang hrang kalpui a ngai tih a sawi.A thurawn zawmin lalber chuan dan thar a siam a, ram chu prefecture leh county-ah a แนญhen ta a ni. Economic lama hmasawnna leh sumdawnna tih awlsam nan leh culture identity inang tlang siam turin weights, measures, currency leh written language te chu standardized a ni.China hmar lama Great Wall siam turin defense wall section hrang hrang siam leh inzawmkhawm turin thupek a pe a, hei hi nomadic invader-te dodalna atan a ni. Kawngpui zau tak siam turin thu a pe a.Mahse siamthatna zau tak dodalna a awm a, dodalna tihbo nan emperor leh prime minister chuan “Lehkhabu hal leh Confucianist-te phum” tih campaign hmingthang tak chu an kalpui ta a ni. Lehkhabu tam tak, a bik takin politics thuziak te chu halral a ni a, mithiam za tam tak chu nung chungin an phum niin an sawi.Lalber hian mi 460 chu nung chungin a phum niin an sawi a, a tam zawk chu indo hotute an ni a, thuneihna tawp nei lo a ngaih pawimawh thu leh mi sual lote thliar hran loha thah chu nuam a tih thu an sawi a ni.Lalber hmasa ber pawhin lal in ropui tak tak thenkhat a sa bawk a, chung zinga pakhat mah a la awm lo.Mahse, a khawpui ang maia lian mausoleum leh nunna ang maia lian terracotta warrior sang tam tak chu China chhim thlang lam khawpui hlui Xiโan khawchhak lam km 30-ah an la ding reng a, kum tin mi maktaduai tam takin an tlawh แนญhin.Emperor hmasa ber chu BC 210-a China hmar lama tour a neih laiin a thi a, a aiah hian a fapa Qin Er Shi, a nih loh leh Qin Emperor pahnihna a lo awm ta a ni.Mahse fapa hian a pa angin a sang lo va, lalแนญhutthleng a luah aแนญanga kum tlemte chauh a liam hnuah ram pum huapa buaina leh loneitute tharum thawhna nasa tak karah Qin Dynasty chu a tlu ta a ni.ngawnnunphunlam
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ (๐๐๐–๐๐๐๐๐) ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ง๐ณ๐จ๐ฆ๐ค๐ก๐๐ฐ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ฎ ๐ก๐ฆ๐๐ฌ๐๐๐๐ซ QIN Shi Huang, a awmzia tak chu Qin Lalber hmasa per tihna a ni a, China chanchina lungphum pawimawh tak a ni. Ram a inpumkhat tir mai ni lovin, kum 2000 chuang zet lalram rorelna a siam bawk.Qin-a mimal hming chu Ying Zheng a ni. Vawikhat chu a pa hi State of Qin-a roreltu chuan Zhao State-ah hostage-in a tir a. A hnuah chuan Lu Buwei tia koh sumdawng pakhat puihnain Qin-a pa chu State of Qin-ah a kir leh thei a, a hnuah Qin Lal a ni ta a ni.Mahse, lalแนญhutthleng a แนญhut hnu kum thum hnuah a thi a, a fapa Ying Zheng chuan kum 13 mi lek a nih laiin thuneihna a chang ta a ni.Boy king chuan Lu chu prime minister atan a ruat a, chu chu state enkawl tura pui turin a ruat a, chutih lai chuan Chinese classics, philosophy, history leh military theory te a ngaih pawimawh ber thung. Kum 22 a tlin thlengin administrative power a la lo va, a mah chauhin a lal lo.Tichuan, politician thiamna sang tak nei, adviser, scholar leh sipai hruaitute chu pui turin a ruai nghal a ni. Chung zingah chuan Qin State leh a hnu lama Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) Prime Minister nghawng nei lian tak Li Si pawh a tel a ni.Chumi hun chhung chuan ram indona ram pasarih, Qin, Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Qi leh Chu te chuan an แนญhen a. Prime Minister Li thurawn angin Qin lal naupang chuan state dang paruk tihchhiat a, a vawi khatna atan ram inpumkhat tir tumin beihpui a thlak ta a ni.Chumi atan chuan Li chuan state dangte inkara inrem lohna tuh turin ruahmanna a siam hmasa a, chutah chuan hengte hi pakhat hnu pakhatin a hneh ta a ni.Qin Lal chuan state dang paruk a hneh a, ram inpumkhatnaah Qin Dynasty din a nih theih nan kum 15 chhung zet thawhrimna, indona tam tak leh ruahmanna tam tak a mamawh a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan Qin Lal chuan “Emperor hmasa ber” tiin a inpuang ta a ni.Prime Minister Li chuan lallukhum khum thar hnenah hian a thuneihna tihngheh tur leh centralized authority din tur chuan social, economical, political, cultural leh sorkar siamthatna hrang hrang kalpui a ngai tih a sawi.A thurawn zawmin lalber chuan dan thar a siam a, ram chu prefecture leh county-ah a แนญhen ta a ni. Economic lama hmasawnna leh sumdawnna tih awlsam nan leh culture identity inang tlang siam turin weights, measures, currency leh written language te chu standardized a ni.China hmar lama Great Wall siam turin defense wall section hrang hrang siam leh inzawmkhawm turin thupek a pe a, hei hi nomadic invader-te dodalna atan a ni. Kawngpui zau tak siam turin thu a pe a.Mahse siamthatna zau tak dodalna a awm a, dodalna tihbo nan emperor leh prime minister chuan “Lehkhabu hal leh Confucianist-te phum” tih campaign hmingthang tak chu an kalpui ta a ni. Lehkhabu tam tak, a bik takin politics thuziak te chu halral a ni a, mithiam za tam tak chu nung chungin an phum niin an sawi.Lalber hian mi 460 chu nung chungin a phum niin an sawi a, a tam zawk chu indo hotute an ni a, thuneihna tawp nei lo a ngaih pawimawh thu leh mi sual lote thliar hran loha thah chu nuam a tih thu an sawi a ni.Lalber hmasa ber pawhin lal in ropui tak tak thenkhat a sa bawk a, chung zinga pakhat mah a la awm lo.Mahse, a khawpui ang maia lian mausoleum leh nunna ang maia lian terracotta warrior sang tam tak chu China chhim thlang lam khawpui hlui Xiโan khawchhak lam km 30-ah an la ding reng a, kum tin mi maktaduai tam takin an tlawh แนญhin.Emperor hmasa ber chu BC 210-a China hmar lama tour a neih laiin a thi a, a aiah hian a fapa Qin Er Shi, a nih loh leh Qin Emperor pahnihna a lo awm ta a ni.Mahse fapa hian a pa angin a sang lo va, lalแนญhutthleng a luah aแนญanga kum tlemte chauh a liam hnuah ram pum huapa buaina leh loneitute tharum thawhna nasa tak karah Qin Dynasty chu a
tlu ta a ni.ngawnnunphunlam ๐๐ ๐๐ฐ๐ง๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ
259 BC โ September 10, 210 BC) chu kum 221 BCE-207 BC-ah China ram inpumkhatna lal hmasa ber a ni.Chinese tawng: Qin Dynasty:pinyin: Qรญn chao) tih a ni.Chin lalram tia hriat bawk, China lalram ropui hmasa ber a din a ni. China hming lo chhuahna Chin (Qin) hian a hnu lama Chinese lalram zawng zawngteโn kum 2,000 lo awm tur atana an zawm tur ramri tlemte leh rorelna kalphung bulpui chu a din a ni. Tin, ziak dan pawh an standardise a, a sei zawng leh a rit zawng tehna leh highway/kawngpui zau zawng pawh an standardise a, Great Wall hmahruaitu version an siam bawk. Mahse a Emperor Qin Shi Huang leh a thurawn petu ber Li Si-a hnuaiah chuan Qin-ho hian Legalist-te thurin hmanga sorkar khauh tak, thuneihna sang tak nei an din bawk a: mihringte hi a bulpui berah chuan inngaitlawm leh mahni hmasial tak an ni a, dan hmanga khauh taka thunun an ngai a ni. Qin-ho chuan feudal privilege zawng zawng an titawp a, kum 213 khan subversive ngaihtuahna tihtawp tumin lehkhabu zawng zawng hal vek turin thupek an chhuah a ni.
๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐Terracotta Warriors Centerpiece chuan China Pavilion-a thil mawi tak takte a tarlangChina Pavilion chuan nimin khan Shanghai Expo-ah China rama ro hlu ber Terracotta Warriors-a thil pawimawh ber pakhat, Bronze Chariot and Horse sculpture hmingthang tak chu a tlangzarh a, hei hi pavilion-a thil mawi leh exhibition tlawhtute hipna lantir nan a ni.Naktuk aแนญangin China pavilion tlawhtute chuan Bronze Chariot and Horses an hmu thei dawn a, he pavilion hi kum sanghnih chhung zet history nei tawh a ni. Chinese bronze ware hlu tak hi Expo tawp thlengin exhibition floor chung berah dah a ni ang a, Oriental Crown Pavilion (China Pavilion hming dang) chhunga ram ro hlu dangte nen dah a ni ang.He lem hi a laihchhuah aแนญanga phochhuahna hmun, World Heritage site,Terracotta Warriors Museum aแนญanga specialist pahnih chuan darkar tin uluk takin an enfiah dawn a ni. Police officer ralthuam keng dang pahnih pawh exhibition room-a ram ro hlu awmte chu an veng reng dawn a ni.Tlawhtute chuan flash photography hian sculpture a tichhe dawn lo tih an hriat a ngai a, mahse tlawhtu dangte a tibuai thei a ni.Chuvangin flash hmang lovin thlalak la turin an rawt a ni.Bronze Chariot leh Horses te hi kum 1980 chho khan an lai chhuak a,khawvel hriat hlawh Terracotta Warriors te nen hian Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.) atanga lo awm thei te pawh an lai chhuak bawk.A rust nasa hle a, 3,000 chuang zetin a rust a, archaeologist tam takin kum riat zet an hmang a, he lem hi siamแนญhat leh nan an hmang a ni.Cultural relic hlu tak hi a tawpah chuan Shaanxi Province khawpui Xian-a Terracotta warriors museum-ah dah a ni ta a ni.Kum 20 kalta chhung khan museum-ah hian tlawhtu maktaduai 50 chuangin an hmu tawh a ni.Shaanxi Province pawna he lemziak hi phochhuah a nih vawi khatna a ni.TheBronze Chariot hi Chinese Emperor hmasa ber, Emperor Qin Shihuang-a personal carriage fleet copy niin an ngai a, ani chuan China chu a vawi khat nan kum221 B.C.Lalber tana kawng hawnsaktu tawlailir a ni tih an sawi bawk. He thil hlu tak takah hian tawlailir ke pahnih nei, sakawr pali kaihhruai leh ralthuam keng indona hnuaia awm, a แนญhen za 35 chuang a awm a ni.He lem hi life-size-a siam a ni a, meter 1 vel a sang leh meter 3 vela sei, kilogram 1,000 chuang zeta rit a ni.Kum tam tak chhung chu Bronze Chariot and Horses lem hi Terracotta Warriors Museum-a thil pawimawh ber nia ngaih a ni a, hmรขn lai Chinese culture chhinchhiahna anga ngaih a ni.Bronze Chariot and Horses exhibition room hi he piece hlu tak a lo thlen tirh atang khan pavilion chhunga hmun lum tak a lo ni ta a ni.Tin, tawlailir hi ram chhung leh ram pawna tlawhtute tan China Pavilion-a hmuh ngei ngei tur a ni ngei ang.Shanghai-ah Expo Tour la la, khawvel pum huap inkhawmpui ropui tak hi i hlim mai bakah khawvela culture relic leh performance sang ber berte pawh nangmah chauhin i ngaihlu ang. ngawn๐ง๐ฎ๐ง๐ฉ๐ก๐ฎ๐ง๐
Ngawn generic name kan in, Dr. Vum Son ngat mi โZo Historyโ, Sing Khaw Khai ngat mi โZo And Their Peopleโ, J.H. Steven Son ngat mi โCenter Chin Tribeโ, Dr. Lal Thang Liana Man Of The Year 1998, USA National Geographic Institute pai ngat leh K. Zawla tei ngat te cu saikak kaw kawi in ka bat zah cun kan li awng ing hi. Mah mi te ka sial ceng ten ka muh suah mi cu, Ngawnmi te hi Sizang ci khaih tin Dr. Vum Son in ngan hi. Mah ceng ten Lushei lai ngan tu pawl ten Mizo hnah thlak tin ngan leh leu haw. J.H. Steven Son in ta le Ngawn ngam map tuah territory nei in, mah le mah uktu Chieftainship nei mi te tin ngan hi. Nung no in, Bawi Aung Thang in, groupmail sung ah a posted lih mi Ngawn History UKap Tial ngat mi ka zoh ten accurate em, pha em tin mu ing hi. Anuai ah Foot Note pha zet ngeh bawl khawng leh reliable leng pam hi. Hi U Kap Tial ngat hi Ngawn History tuah seng dun in ka sial ngah nung dawl bel mi hi. Dr. Lal Thang Lian ngat bang a hi ta le, Chin Hill resettlement hi A.D 1300 pawl in pan tih ngan hi. Mizo tei Chin Hill resettlement pat nak cu Seipi, Bo Cung, Sai Hmun, Ralte, Khua Pual, Cong Thu tih mi khua te khi hi. Phek tei Chin Hill resettlement bawl nak ta le Ciim Nuai hi. Pawi pawl in ta le Lai Lun ah a masabel resettlement bawl haw hi. Mah mi te ka zoh ten, Ngawn mi ten i lai ah first resettlement bawl haw nen tim tih cu theih tuk pawi mawh bel pakhat in um hi. Kei ma research bawl nak bang a hi ta le, Zo History sung ah Ngawn mi te Ciim Nuai pen hung mi te tih khi dem no kai kalh nak um hi. Rev. Thang Kam in Ngawn History um ngawl in Zo History kan theih ma ti laih hi. A nuai ah son su suk leh Ngawn mite Bual Khua, NgawnLui ah first resettlement nei haw tih son hi. Mah ceng ten Gualnam-Hualnam tih mi te khi Manipur Ngun zui in NgawnLui, Bual Khua ah cawl khat um in, Ngawn tei lak pen Mualleng Manipur lam ah vai pe pel haw tih ngan bet hi. Mah ceng ten Sukte ngam din tu Khan Thuam pa Mang Kim hi. Mang Kim cu Zawl Nu khua Ngawn ngam pen Mualbem ah vai hi tih vang ngan bet laih hi. Dr. Vum Son ngat mi Zo History sung a lai ngat pakhat le khat kalh dun vang um hi. CiimNuai resettlement khi 16th Century A.D ti hi. Mah ceng ten Ngawn enterprise a son nak ah A.D. 1500 pawl in Chieftain din mun ah ding leng zo hi. Hi ka muh ten Zo History cu reliable ma tih mu ing hi. Kei ma note bang in Ngawn Chiefsโ name a nuai ah,
No Chief of Ngawnโs Name Region Year
No Chief of Ngawnโs Name Region Year 1 Pu Mawi Thang Vawzang 1500-1600 2 Pu Len Thuan Vawzang 1600- 3 Pu Nun Tuah Vawzang 1700- 4 Pu Zang Sum Vawzang 1700- 5 Pu Nun Thang Vawzang 1700-1800 6 Pu Za Neng Vawzang 1800-1900 Note: Pu Za Neng kum za val dam hi. Late 18th century pen pan, Kawl ngam, Lai Ngam te cak in Mikang tei uk nak nuai ah um ta hi. Ngawn ngam vang cu J.H. Steven Son in map tuah kawih in Ngawn territory tin British uk nak nuai ah um mi Tribal Area in koih hiโฆ
๐Ngawn Taangthu bul theih pha Ngawn pu le pa te cu Tibet, Tuluk ngam Yunan pen Irrawaddy ngun zui in Pukpa ah na ceng haw. A khang a khang a ceng nak haw ah siah ei in na um haw. Kawlngam pen Laingam kai nak thu le lam pui tu te. Pu Mui Thang Pukpa Ava Mang khan a Ngawn miuk AD 13-14 sung Ngawn Ngam sat tu Pu Len Thuan ( Parte Khuangkhuam ah Cong) Kabaw, Kawlpi pen tuihang, Thangmual, Ciimnuai, Vahui ( Volak khua el) Sekzaang, Palte Khuangkhuam, Simzawl, Nahcang, Sialtaang khuasat hi . ;AD 14-15 )sung. Sialsih khua pen thi in a nguh cu SuangnuMual Lailun ah suang kua hol ah koih haw hi a casuan Pu Za Neng tian Suangnu Mual Lailun ah vui haw hi. Pu Lun Zom Sialtaang, Sialsih, Sihtui, Hawzaang khuasat tu hi. ( AD 15-16 ) sung Pu Lun Zom in capa pa thum nei hi. Pu Lunzom capa tei min Pu Man Khup Pu Nun Tuah Pu Than Ngai Pu Lun Zom pe pan a casuan sung pen Hawzaang khua Bawi dek in Caang siah, khipi siah, sakawng siah ei pawl te. Pu Lun Zom ( AD 15-16) Pu Nun Tuah ( AD 17 )sung Pu Nun Kaal Pu Zaang Sum Pu Nuun Thang Pu Za Neng (AD 18-19 ) kum 100 val tian khua Bawi dek. Pu Tial Cuai Hi zong te cu mikang tei records nak bang แปn hi.
A com zawng in, Ngawn ten, mai awn leh dan nei in khua sa haw hi. Hun le can te khel in, khan toh nak lam ah Leipi in cak zet a hawh lih laih tak in, Ngawn mi ten, khantoh nak a neih uh ngawl leh a hil theih uh ngawl cu pawi zet hi. Tu hun, 21st Century ah, Ngawn mi ten, lei kiuli ah, Khantoh nak lam ma nawh in, Pathian lam huaih nak tuah ke kal nawh khah zet in kal li mi te hi hung hi. Lei hum nisuah, nitum, tuilu, tuitaw ah um mi, Ngawn, nang leh kei, pakhat pakhat tek in Ngawn Khantoh nak tuk deh tuk vo nei hung hi, tih, hi lai ah tak lang ing hi. Ngawn khantoh nak man heng tik tu tuk, lai sial tu nang mah toh ci tih phawk ngil pah sun tih thei tik bet ing hi. Note: CiimNuai settlement to be supported by the chronicle of Ngawn, which says that Ngen Dawk was one among those nampi (noble tribe) who made the first settlement at Bual Khua in the northern most of Falam Area. This name is identical with the personal name Ngen Dong, the son of Kul Ngen of Guite family. It is not surely known whether Bual Khua was founded from CiimNuai or the Guite came to CiimNuai via Bual Khua. What it is certain is that the historical figure called Ngen dong in Tedim is still memorized as Ngen Dawk by the Ngawnโs as noble tribe.K. Zawla, a writer on the Lushei history, mensions a tribe with the name Chawngthu, which he says lived together, Ngentesโฆetc., in Seipui and surrounding areas. According to K. Zawla, these tribes had been in that part of northern Chin Hills in 1460. Now it looks as if Chawngthu was the same name as what the Tedim source mentions as Songthu. Writer Thang Tuan tells on the one hand that Gual Nam (Hualnam) family was not from CiimNuai, but from Kale coming along the Manipur river and making their first settlement at Bual Khua in the Ngawn Area, from where they moved to Mualleng. There is, again, mention of Songthu in the chronicle of the Ngawns who connect their origin with CiimNuai. The area inhabited by the Ngawns proper comprises Sial Sih, Zawl Nu, Kel Kong, Sih Tui and Vaw Zang. According to their tradition, the founder of these villages was Len Thuan, whose generation has been now only nine. The descent of Len Thuan is traced to Songthu and is placed at the seventh generation from Songthu.According to the Ngawn source of Ciim Nuai genealogical tree, the generation from Songthu are handed down successively as Suan Tak, Sih Zang, Nge Ngawn, Sai Za, Zil Om to Len Thuan. The chronicle maintains that the Raltes, the Khiangtes, and the Kawlnis originally inhabited Sai Hmun in the Ngawn Area from which to have been expelled into Manipur. The descent of Len Thuan clearly focused Ngawn chronicle connected with Ciim Nuai. But a critical was the background of Pu Mawi Thang, first Ngawn Chieftainship in Vaw Zang Area. Moreover, southern part of Ngawn Area and resettlement never mentioned in Ciim Nuai connection. They had no Ciim Nuai connection, but only Ngawn Lui or Bual Khua connection.
The Expansion of Buddhism in SEA!๐งก The rise of Buddhism occurred just after the end of the later Vedic period of Indian history (ca. 1000 BCโ550 BC). According to tradition, its founder, the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, was born in the Lumbini park near Kapilavastu, in the sixth/fifth century BC. By the second century AD, there was a major development within Buddhism. There arose a general need for representation of the Buddha in human form. A division in the faith occurred with the creation of two sects: the Mahayana and the Hinayana. Mahayana Buddhism believed in the elevation of the Buddha to the status of a god. They also permitted the representation of the Buddha as a human being. The rules governing the monastic orders were relaxed. However, in the early phase of the schism, the Mahayana remained the minority. Hinayana Buddhism believed in upholding the traditional values of the Buddha based upon his teaching. By 250 BC, Buddhism had spread to Sri Lanka. Later, the Mahayana sect became popular. It is this school which spread to south-east Asia and China. In the sixth century AD, Mahayana Buddhism spread to Cambodia. It was introduced by merchants who conducted trade with the country. Mahayana Buddhism spread to Thailand in the fourth century AD and to China in about 50AD.
Credit to Asian SEA Story.
MIZO ๐ SEA-a Buddhism a lo zau zel dan!๐งก Buddhism lo chhuahna hi India chanchina Vedic hun hnuhnung zawk (ca. 1000 BCโ550 BC) tawp hnu lawkah a thleng a ni. Thuthlung hluiah chuan a dintu Buddha Siddhartha Gautama hi Kapilavastu bula Lumbini park-ah a piang a, BC kum zabi rukna/nga-naah a piang a ni. Kum zabi hnihna AD velah chuan Buddhism chhungah hmasawnna lian tak a awm a. Mihring anga Buddha aiawh tura mamawhna tlangpui a lo chhuak ta a ni. Rinna lama inthenna chu pawl pahnih siam a nih avangin a thleng a, chungte chu Mahayana leh Hinayana te an ni. Mahayana Buddhism chuan Buddha chu pathian dinhmunah a chawisang tih an ring a. Buddha chu mihring anga entir pawh an phalsak bawk. Monastic order chungchanga dan siamte chu tihziaawm a ni. Mahse, inthen tirh lamah chuan Mahayana chu minority-ah an la awm reng a ni. Hinayana Buddhism chuan Buddha-a zirtirna atanga innghatin a hnam nunphung hlutnate chu vawn tlat a ring a. BC 250 velah chuan Buddhism chu Sri Lanka ramah a darh ta a ni. Nakinah chuan Mahayana pawl chu a lar chho ta hle a. He sikul hi Asia khawchhak lam leh China ramah pawh a darh ta a ni. Kum zabi rukna AD khan Mahayana Buddhism chu Cambodia ramah a darh ta a. Ram nena sumdawnna kalpui thin sumdawngteโn an rawn luhtir a ni. Mahayana Buddhism hi kum zabi lina AD vel khan Thailand ramah a darh a, kum 50AD vel khan China ramah a darh bawk.
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ China chanchin hi kum 5,000 vel kalta atanga Three Sovereigns leh Five Emperors thlenga sawi tawh, traditional historical record-ah sawi a ni a, kum zabi 16-na BC-a archaeological record-te pawhin a tihpun belh bawk. China hi khawvela continuous civilization hlui ber pawl a ni. Turtle shell-ah hian Shang Dynasty hunlai Chinese ziak hlui hriatrengna chhinchhiahna a awm a, carbon dated chu BC 1500 vel a ni. Chinese civilization hi Yellow River valley-a city-state atanga lo chhuak a ni. Chu lui sen chu a hmingah chuan loess a lo awm ang a, lei kamah leh lei hnuaiah a lo awm ang a, chutah chuan a pil ang a, tuiah chuan yellowish tint a siam ang. 221 BC hi lalram lian tak emaw, lalram lian tak hnuaia China inpumkhatna kum pawm tlanglawn tak a ni. China chanchina lalram inzawmkhawmte chuan bureaucratic system an siam a, chu chuan China Emperor chuan ram zau tak chu a thunun thei ta a ni. China hi Qin Shi Huang-aโn BC 221 khan a inzawm khawm hmasa ber a ni. China chu politics lama inpumkhatna leh inpumkhat lohna hun lai a inthlak a, a chang chuan ramdang miteโn an thunun a, a tam zawk chu Chinese mipui zingah an inzawm khawm a ni. Asia ram hmun tam tak atanga culture leh political influence, immigration, expansion leh assimilation thlipui inzawm zelin a phurh chu a inzawm khawm a, Chinese culture a siam ta a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐๐–๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ Tuna China an tih hi kum maktaduai khat chuang kalta khan Homo erectus-in a lo luah tawh a ni. Tun hnaia zirchianna atanga a lan dan chuan Xiaochangliang hmuna lung hmanrua hmuhchhuah te hi magnetostratigraphically chuan kum maktaduai 1.36 kalta a ni. Shanxi Province-a Xihoudu-a archaeological site hi Homo erectus-in mei a hmanna record hmasa ber a ni a, kum maktaduai 1.27 kalta aแนญanga chhut a ni. Yuanmou leh a hnu lama Lantian-a lei laihchhuahnaah hian a hmaa chenna hmun a awm tih a lang. China rama Homo erectus specimen hmuhchhuah lar ber chu kum 1923-a Peking Man an tih hi a ni mai thei a, Guangxi Province-a Liuzhou-a Liyuzui lungpuiah BC 16,500 leh 19,000-a siam bรชl pahnih an lai chhuak a ni. Proto-Chinese millet agriculture chungchanga finfiahna hmasa ber chu BC 7,000 vel atanga carbon-dated a ni a, Jiahu hmun (music instrument playable hmasa ber awmna hmun pawh) nen a inzawm a ni. He hun chhung hian Chinese written language hmasa ber (inhnialna awm mek) leh khawvela wine siam hmasak ber pawh a huam tel bawk. Jiahu-ah hian Xinzheng county, Henan-a Peiligang culture a awm a, kum 2006 thleng khan 5% chauh laihchhuah a ni. Agriculture nen chuan mihring pun chakna te, thlai chi hrang hrang dahkhawm leh sem leh theihna te, leh specialist craftsmen leh administrator te tanpui theihna te a lo thleng ta a ni. Neolithic hun tawp lamah chuan Yellow River ruam chu culture center-ah a insiam tan a, chutah chuan khaw hmasa berte chu din a ni a; chutiang zinga archaeologically significant ber chu Banpo, Xiโan-ah hmuh a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ China ram chanchin hmasa ber chu he hun laia ziak tawng hman loh vang leh kum zabi engemaw zat kalta a thil thlengte sawifiah tumna hun hnuhnung lama document awm vang a ni. Buaina hi kawng engemaw takah chuan kum zabi tam tak chhunga Chinese mipuite introspection atanga lo chhuak a ni a, chu chuan he history hmasa lam chungchangah hian fact leh fiction inthliarna chu a ti fiah lo hle a ni. BC 7000 a lo thlen meuh chuan Chinese ho chuan millet an lo ching tawh a, chu chuan Jiahu culture a lo piang ta a ni. Ningxia-a Damaidi-ah chuan BC 6,000-5,000 vela lungpui lem 3,172 hmuhchhuah a ni tawh a, “mimal character 8,453, ni, thla, arsi, pathian leh ramsa man emaw, ran vulh emaw scene te a awm a ni.” Heng pictographs te hi Chinese ziah nia finfiah character hmasa ber nen an inang nia sawi a ni. A hnuah Yangshao culture chu BC 2500 vel khan Longshan culture chuan a thlak ta a ni. Archaeological site Sanxingdui leh Erlitou-ah te hian China rama Bronze Age civilization a awm tih finfiahna a awm a. Bronze chemte hmasa ber chu Gansu leh Qinhai province-a Majiayao-ah BC 3000-a hmuh a ni. China chanchin kimchang hmasa ber, kum zabi 2-na BC-a Chinese historiographer Sima Qian-a ziah Records of the Grand Historian leh Bamboo Annals-ah te hian Chinese history hi BC 2800 vel atanga chhui a ni a, August Ones pathum leh Emperor panga te chanchin a awm bawk. Heng roreltute hi semi-mythical sage-king leh moral exemplar an ni. Tradition chuan an zinga pakhat Yellow Emperor chu Han Chinese mite thlahtuah a ngai a. Sima Qian chuan inherited ruler-ship system hi Xia Dynasty lai khan din a ni tih a sawi a, he model hi recorded Shang leh Zhou dynastyes-ah pawh a awm reng tih a sawi bawk. Hetih lai hian Three Dynasties hunlai hian historical China chu a lo chhuak ta a ni. Tang leh Song-ho inkara politics lama inpumkhat lohna hun, Five Dynasties leh Ten Kingdoms Period tia hriat chu kum zabi chanve aia rei lo, kum 907 atanga 960 thleng khan a ni a, he hun rei lote chhung hian China chu kawng engkimah multistate system a nih lai hian, sawrkar panga chuan China hmar lama Imperial heartland hlui chu rang takin an thunun ta a ni. Hetih lai vek hian sawrkar nghet zawk 10 chuan China khawthlang leh chhim lam hmun thenkhat an luah a, chuvangin chu hun chu Lalram sawm hun lai tia sawi a ni bawk. Warring States Period hi hmรขn lai China chanchina indona hun lai a ni a, chubakah bureaucratic leh sipai lama siamthatna leh inpumkhatna a awm bawk. Spring leh Autumn hunlai a zui a, Qin hnehna indona hmangin a tawp a, chu chuan contender state dang zawng zawngte chu an lalut ta a, a tawpah chuan Qin state chu BC 221 khan Chinese empire inpumkhat hmasa ber, Qin dynasty tia hriat angin hnehna a chang ta a ni. Mithiam hrang hrangte chuan BC 481 atanga BC 403 thlenga hun hrang hrang chu Warring States bul tanna dik takah sawi mah se, Sima Qian-aโn BC 475 a thlan dan hi a sawi tam ber a ni. Warring States hunlai pawh hi Eastern Zhou dynasty chanve hnihna nen pawh a inzawm tlat a, mahse Chinese sovereign, Zhou lal tia hriat chu figurehead ang maiin ro a rel a, indo state-te machinations dodalna atan backdrop atan a thawk a ni. “Warring States Period” tih hming hi Han Dynasty tir lama an ziah khawm, Record of the Warring States atanga lak a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ China hun kal tawh chanchin ziakna hmuhchhuah hmasa ber chu Shang Dynasty hunlai BC kum zabi 13-na vel a ni mai thei a, rannung ruh emaw, hruihrual emaw – oracle ruh an tihte-a divination record ziah ang chi a ni. Archaeological findings te hian Shang Dynasty, c 1600-1046 BC awm tih finfiahna a pe a, set hnih ah then a ni. Set hmasa ber, Shang hun hmasa (c 1600-1300 BC) atanga lak chhuah chu Erligang, Zhengzhou leh Shangcheng atanga lo chhuak a ni. Set pahnihna, a hnu lama Shang emaw Yin hunlai atanga lo chhuak chu oracle ruh ziak tam tak a ni. Tunlai Henan-a Anyang hi Shang khawpui 9 zinga a hnuhnung ber a nih thu an nemnghet (c 1300-1046 BC). Shang Dynasty-ah khan lal 31 an awm a, Shang lal Tang atanga Shang lal Zhou thlengin an awm a; Chinese history-a lalram rei ber a ni. The Records of the Grand Historian-ah chuan Shang Dynasty chuan an khawpui chu vawi ruk zet an sawn tih a tarlang. BC 1350-a Yin-a an insawn hnuhnung ber leh pawimawh ber chuan lalram rangkachak hun a lo thleng ta a ni. Yin Dynasty tih thumal hi history-ah chuan Shang lalram nen a inmil hle a, mahse tun hnaiah chuan Shang lalram chanve hnuhnung ber sawina atan bik hman a ni. Hun hnuhnung lama cheng Chinese historian-te chuan lalram pakhatin lalram dang a thlak ang tih ngaihdan hi an hmang thiam hle a, mahse China hmasa lama politics dinhmun tak tak chu a buaithlak zawk tih hriat a ni. Chuvangin, China rama mithiam thenkhatin an sawi angin, Xia leh Shang te hian a ruala awm political entity te a kawk thei a, chutiang bawkin Zhou hmasa (Shang-ho ram thlaktu) te pawh Shang te nen an awm dun tih hriat a nih ang bawkin. Anyang-a ziak record hmuhchhuahte chuan Shang lalram awmna chu a nemnghet a ni. Mahse, khawthlang lam mithiamte chuan Anyang khawsak hunlaia awmte chu Shang lalram nena inzawm tir an hreh fo thin. Entirnan, Sanxingdui-a archaeological findings chuan Anyang ang lo takin technology lama hmasawnna civilization a awm tih a tilang. Shang lalram chu Anyang atanga eng chen nge a inzar pharh tih finfiahna kawngah hian evidence a awm lo. Hypothesis hmahruaitu chu official history-a Shang pakhatin a awp Anyang hi tuna China proper tia sawina hmuna culture hrang hranga chenna hmun dang tam tak nen an awm dun a, an sumdawnna a ni. ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ Xia hi Chinese lalram a ni a, Shang lalram hnung zuia Qin lalram hmaa lo awm tawh a ni. Zhou lalram hi China chanchina lalram dang zawng aiin a rei zawk (kum 790). Lal in, Ji tih hming puin China sipai thununna chu a tir lamah chuan kum 1046 atanga 771 BC thleng khan Western Zhou tia hriat hun chhung a ni a, a siam political sphere of influence chu Eastern Zhou hunlai thlengin kum 500 dang a la chhunzawm zel a ni. Zhou lalram lai khan Centralized power chu Spring leh Autumn hun chhung zawng khan a tlahniam a, Warring States hunlai thleng khan lalram kum zabi hnih hnuhnung berah khan a tlahniam a ni. Hun hnuhnung zawkah chuan Zhou court hian a dintu state, indona nei state-te chu thuneihna a nei tlem hle a, Qin state-in thuneihna a tihngheh a, BC 221-a Qin lalram a din hma loh chuan. Zhou lalram hi kum 35 kalta chauh khan formally a tlakchhiat tawh a, chutih lai chuan lalram hian nominal power chauh nei mah se. Chinese history-a he hun lai hian mi tam takin Chinese bronzeware siamna zenith anga an ngaih chu a siam chhuak a ni. Zhou lalram hun hnuhnung ber pawh hi Chinese philosophy lian pathum Confucianism, Taoism leh Legalism te intanna avang hian a hmingthang hle. Zhou lalram hian ziak script chu oracle script leh bronze script atanga seal script-a a lo inthlak chhoh hun lai pawh a huam tel a, a tawpah chuan Warring States hun tawp lama lo chhuak archaic clerical script hmanna hmangin tunlai ang maia a lo piang ta a ni . ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ Zhou Dynasty hian Shang lalram a zui a, Qin lalram hmaah a lo awm tawh bawk. Zhou lalram hi China chanchina lalram dang zawng aiin a rei zawk (kum 790). Lal in, Ji tih hming puin China sipai thununna chu a tir lamah chuan kum 1046 atanga 771 BC thleng khan Western Zhou tia hriat hun chhung a ni a, a siam political sphere of influence chu Eastern Zhou hunlai thlengin kum 500 dang a la chhunzawm zel a ni. Zhou lalram lai khan Centralized power chu Spring leh Autumn hun chhung zawng khan a tlahniam a, Warring States hunlai thleng khan lalram kum zabi hnih hnuhnung berah khan a tlahniam a ni. Hun hnuhnung zawkah chuan Zhou court hian a dintu state, indona nei state-te chu thuneihna a nei tlem hle a, Qin state-in thuneihna a tihngheh a, BC 221-a Qin lalram a din hma loh chuan. Zhou lalram hi kum 35 kalta chauh khan formally a tlakchhiat tawh a, chutih lai chuan lalram hian nominal power chauh nei mah se. Chinese history-a he hun lai hian mi tam takin Chinese bronzeware siamna sang ber nia an ngaih chu a siam chhuak a ni. Zhou lalram hun hnuhnung ber pawh hi Chinese philosophy lian pathum Confucianism, Taoism leh Legalism te intanna avang hian a hmingthang hle. Zhou lalram hian ziak script chu oracle script leh bronze script atanga seal script-a a lo inthlak chhoh hun lai pawh a huam tel a, a tawpah chuan Warring States hun tawp lama lo chhuak archaic clerical script hmanna hmangin tunlai ang maia a lo piang ta a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ – ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ Historian-te chuan Qin Dynasty atanga Qing Dynasty tawp thleng khan Imperial China tiin an sawi fo thin. Qin Emperor-a lalna inpumkhatna chu kum sawm leh pahnih chauh ni mah se, Han Chinese ram chhungril ber siamtu hmun tam tak chu a thunun thei a, Xianyan-a thut (tunlai Xiโan-a)-a thut, Legalist sorkar nghet tak hnuaiah a inzawm khawm thei a ni. Qin-ho kaihruaitu legalism thurin chuan dan kalphung (legal code) khauh taka zawm leh lalber thuneihna famkim chu a ngaih pawimawh hle a ni. He Legalism philosophy hi sipai lam hawia empire tihzauh nan a tangkai hle a, mahse remna hun laia rorelna atan chuan a thawk thei lo tih a chiang hle. Qin hian political opposition-te chu rapthlak takin a ti ngawih ngawih a, mithiamte hal leh phum tia hriat thil thleng pawh a kaihruai a ni. Hei hi a hnu lama Han Synthesis-a political governance school moderate zawkte telh tura chรชttรฎrtu a ni ang. Qin Dynasty hi China kulhpui lian tak din a nih avangin hriat hlawh tak a ni a, a hnuah Ming Dynasty lai khan tihpun leh tihchangtlun a ni. Qin-ho thawhhlawk ber dangte chu centralized government concept, legal code inpumkhatna, thuziak tawng, tehna, leh China ram Spring leh Autumn leh Warring States Period-a harsatna a tawh hnua pawisa hman dan te a ni. Empire pumpuiah sumdawnna kalphung \ha tak a awm theih nan cart-te tana axle sei zawng ang chi thil bulpui tak pawh chu inang tlang taka siam a ngai a ni. ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ Han Dynasty hi BC 206-ah a lo chhuak a. Confucianism philosophy pawmtu lalram hmasa ber a ni a, chu chu lalram China tawp thlenga sawrkar zawng zawng ngaihdan (ideological underpinning) a lo ni ta a ni. Han Dynasty hnuaiah khan China hian arts leh sciences lamah hmasawnna nasa tak a nei a. Emperor Wu Han Wudi chuan Chinese empire chu a tichak a, a tizau a, Xiongnu (a chang chuan Hun-ho nena inzawm) te chu tunlai Inner Mongolia steppe-ah a nawr kir leh a, an hnen atangin tunlai hmun Gansu, Ningxia leh Qinghai te chu a la ta a ni. Hei hian China leh khawthlang ramte sumdawnna inzawmna hmasa ber, Silk Road hawn theihna a siamsak a ni. Chuti chung pawh chuan chhungkaw ropui tak takte ram an lakna chuan chhiah lakna chu a tichhe zauh zauh a ni. AD 9 khan usurper Wang Mang chuan hun rei lote chhunga awm Xin (“New”) Dynasty a din a, ram leh economic reform dang programme zau tak a tan a. Mahse, heng programme-te hi ram neitu chhungkua-te chuan an thlawp ngai lo va, loneitu leh mi lian lo zawkte an duhsak avangin, an siam chhuah inrem lohna chuan buaina leh helna a thlen a ni. Emperor Guangwu chuan Xiโan khawchhak lam Luoyang-a ram neitu leh sumdawng chhungkawte puihnain Han Dynasty chu a din leh ta a ni. He hun thar hi Eastern Han Dynasty tia koh a ni ang. Ram lakluh, invauna leh consort clan leh eunuch inkara inhnialna karah Han thuneihna chu a tlahniam leh ta a ni. Yellow Turban Rebellion hi kum 184 khan a lo chhuak a, indona hotute hunlai a rawn thlen ta a ni. Chumi hnua buaina chhuakah chuan State pathum chuan Lalram Pathum Hun (Period of the Three Kingdoms)-ah thuneihna chang turin an bei a. He hun chhung hi Romance of the Three Kingdoms ang chi thawnthuah pawh nasa takin romanticized a ni. ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ Kum 278 khan Jin Dynasty-in lalram pathumte hi hun eng emaw chen atan inzawmkhawm leh mah se, chutih laia Han Chinese ni lo (Wu Hu) hnamte chuan kum zabi 4-na tir lamah khan ram chhung hmun tam zawk chu an thunun a, Chang Jiang khawthlang lam hawia Han Chinese mi tam tak an pem chhuah tir a ni . Kum 303 khan Di mite chu an hel a, a hnuah Chengdu chu an la a, Cheng Han state an din ta a ni. Liu Yuan-a hnuaiah khan Xiongnu ho chu tunlai Linfen County bulah an hel a, Han Zhao state an din ta a ni. A thlaktu Liu Cong chuan Western Jin lal hnuhnung pahnihte chu a man a, a that ta a ni. Lalram 16 chu kum zabi 4-na leh 5-naah China hmar lam pum emaw, a hmun thenkhat emaw awptu, hun rei lote chhunga China ni lo lalram tam tak an ni. Hnam tam tak an inrawlh a–Turk, Mongolia leh Tibetan thlahtute pawh an tel. Heng nomadic hnam tam zawk hi thuneihna an chan hma lawk khan eng emaw chen chu “Sinicized” an ni tawh a ni. Dik tak chuan, an zinga แนญhenkhat, a bik takin Chโiang leh Xiong-nu-te chu Han hun tawp lam aแนญang tawhin Great Wall chhunga ramri biala awm phalsak an ni tawh a ni. ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ Kum 420-a East Jin Dynasty tlakchhiatna chhinchhiahna angin China chu Southern leh Northern Dynasties hunlai a lut ta a ni. Han mite chuan hmarchhak hnam pem chhuak, Xian Bei-ho te sipai beihna chu an tuar chhuak thei a, an civilization pawh a lo thang zel a ni. China hmar lama nomadic mi pung zel chuan Confucianism chu mimal nun kaihhruaina leh state ideology atan an hmang a, chutih rualin Han Chinese civilization-ah chuan zawi zawiin an inzawm khawm ta a ni. He China hmar leh hmar lam inelnaah hian Buddhism hian a vawi khat nan China ram pumah a darh a, Taoist zuitute dodalna a tawk chung pawhin. Taoist ringtu rinawm tak leh Northern Wei Dynasty (Hmarchhak Dynasties zinga mi) lalber Tuo Ba Tao chuan Buddhism ram atanga paih bo turin thupek a chhuah a. China khawthlang lamah chuan Buddhism awm phal leh phal loh chungchangah inhnialna nasa tak chu lal in leh mi ropuiten an nei fo thin. A tawpah chuan Southern leh Northern Dynasties hun tawp dawn hnaihah Buddhist leh Taoist zuitute pawhin inremna an siam a, an inngaihtlawm chho ta a ni. Kum 589 khan Sui chuan sipai chakna hmangin Southern Dynasty hnuhnung ber Chen chu a la a, Southern leh Northern Dynasties hunlai chu a titawp ta a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ Sui Dynasty hi China ram lalram hun rei lote chhunga awm, thil pawimawh tak a ni. Sui-ho chuan hmarchhak leh khawthlang lalramte chu an inzawm khawm a, China ram pum puiah hnam Han-te thuneihna chu an dah leh a, chubakah a ram chhunga hnam tlem zawk (Five Barbarians) hluite chu sinicization-in an siam leh bawk. A hnuah Tang lalram a lo awm a, a bulpui ber chu a rochun a ni. Sui lal Wen-a din, Sui lalram khawpui chu kum 581-605 chhung khan Changโan (chu chu Daxing, tunlai Xiโan, Shaanxi tia thlak a ni) a ni a, a hnuah Luoyang (605-618) a ni. Emperor Wen leh a thlaktu Yang-a te chuan centralized reform hrang hrang an nei a, a langsar ber chu equal-field system a ni a, chu chu economic inequality tihziaawmna leh agriculture productivity tihsan tumna a ni a Department pathum leh Ministri paruk system hmaa awm, Department panga leh Board paruk system din a nih thu; leh pawisa lem siam dan standardization leh re-unification te a ni. Empire pumpuiah Buddhism an thehdarh a, an fuih bawk. Lalram laihawl velah chuan lalram inpumkhat thar chuan mihring pun chakna thlawptu loneih surplus tam tak nen hausakna hun rangkachak takah a lut ta a ni. Sui lalram ro hlu tak chu Grand Canal a ni. Khawchhak lam khawpui Luoyang chu network lai takah a awm avangin chhim lam khawpui Changโan chu khawchhak lama economic leh agricultural center-te nen Jiangdu (tuna Yangzhou, Jiangsu) leh Yuhang (tuna Hangzhou, Zhejiang) lam hawiin a thlunzawm a, to tunlai Beijing bula hmar lam ramri a ni. A tir lama thil tum pawimawh tak chu khawpuiah buhfai thawn chhuah te, sipaite phurh chhuah te, leh sipai logistics te a nih laiin, inland shipment link rintlak tak chuan kum zabi tam tak chhung chu ram chhunga sumdawnna, mipui kal dan leh nunphung inthlengna a ti awlsam ang. Great Wall tihzauh a nih bakah, hmar lam khawpui Luoyang sak a nih rual hian, heng mega project-te hi centralized bureaucracy tha takin a kaihruai a, mipui tam tak awmna hmun aแนญangin hnathawk maktaduai tam tak sipaiah an lalut khawm dawn a, mihring nunna nasa tak a seng dawn a ni. Korea Lalram Pathum zinga mi Goguryeo laka sipai beihpui thlakna man to tak leh chhiatna rapthlak tak tak, kum 614-a hnehna a chan hnuah, mipui helna hrang hrang hnuaiah lalram chu a inthen darh a, kum 618 khan Emperor Yang-a chu a minister, Yuwen Huaji-aโn a that ta a ni. Kum sawmthum leh pasarih chauh awh lalram chu indona leh in sakna project lian tham tak takte chuan a tichhe a, chu chuan a sum leh pai a tichhe nasa hle a ni. A bik takin, Emperor Yang-a hun lai khan chhiah rit tak tak leh hnathawk tura tih ngei ngei tur (compulsory labour duties) chuan a tawpah chuan lalram tlu hnua helna zau tak leh tualchhung indona rei vak lo a thlen dawn a ni. He lalram hi hun rei tak chhung inthen darh hnua China inpumkhatna atan Qin lalram hmasa nen tehkhin a ni fo. Ram inpumkhat thar chu tihngheh nan siamthatna leh sak hna zau tak tak an kalpui a, an lalram hun rei lote chhunga nghawng rei tak an nei a ni. ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ Tang Dynasty emaw Tang Empire, hi China lalram, kum 618 atanga 907 thlenga lalram a ni a, kum 690 leh 705 inkar khan interregnum a nei a, a hmain Sui lalram a lo awm a, a hnuah Five Dynasties leh Ten Kingdoms hunlai a lo awm leh a ni. Historian-te chuan Tang hi Chinese civilization-a hmun sang takah an ngai tlangpui a, cosmopolitan culture-a rangkachak hunlai angin an ngai bawk. Tang ram, a lal hmasa berte sipai beihna hmanga an neih chu Han lalram ram nen a inel a ni. Li Chhungkua hian lalram hi an din a, Sui Empire tlahniam leh tlakchhiat lai khan thuneihna an la a, lalram rorelna chanve hmasa berah hmasawnna leh nghetna hun an hawng a ni. Kum 690-705 chhung khan lalram hi formal takin tihtawp a ni a, Empress Wu Zetian-i chuan lalแนญhutthleng a luah a, Wu Zhou lalram a puang a, Chinese lalram dan anga lal awmchhun a ni ta a ni. An Lushan Rebellion (755ร763) rapthlak tak chuan hnam a ti nghing a, lalram hnuhnung berah chuan central authority a tlahniam ta a ni. Sui lalram hmasa ang bawkin Tang-ho hian civil-service system an vawng reng a, standardized examination leh office-a recommendation hmangin scholar-official-te an la lut a ni. Kum zabi 9-na laia jiedushi tia hriat regional military governor lo chhuahna chuan he civil order hi a tichhe ta a ni. Kum zabi 9-na tawp lamah chuan lalram leh sorkar laipui chu a tlahniam ta a; agrarian helnate chuan mipui tam tak an hloh leh insawn chhuahna a thlen a, retheihna nasa tak a thlen a, sorkar hnathawh a tichhe zual a, a tawpah chuan kum 907 khan lalram chu a titawp ta a ni. Chutih lai chuan Tang khawpui Changโan (tuna Xiโan) chu khawvela khawpui mihring tamna ber a ni. Kum zabi 7-na leh 8-na chhiarpui pahnih chuan he empire-a mihring awm zat hi maktaduai 50 vel an ni tih an chhut a, chu chu lalram tawp lamah chuan maktaduai 80 velin an pung nia chhut a ni sipai sรขng tam tak awmna sipai rualte chu Inner Asia leh Silk Road-a sumdรขwnna kawng hlawk tak takte thunun tรปra pem chhuak ramte nรชna inbei tรปrin a ni. Ram hla tak tak leh state hrang hrangte chuan Tang court-ah hian chhiah an pe a, Tang-ho pawhin indirect-in protectorate system hmangin bial eng emaw zat an thunun bawk. Tang lal Taizong-a’n Khan of Heaven tih hming a puan kha Asia hmar lam “simultaneous kingship” hmasa ber a ni. Political hegemony a neih bakah hian Tang hian East Asian ram แนญhenawm Japan leh Korea te chungah culture influence nasa tak a nei a ni. Chinese culture chu Tang hunlai khan a lo thang lian a, a puitling zual sauh bawk. Thuthlung hluiah chuan Chinese poetry-a kum ropui ber nia ngaih a ni. China rama hla phuah thiam lar tak tak pahnih Li Bai leh Du Fu te hi he hun laia mi an ni a, chutiang bawkin lemziak thiam lar tam tak Han Gan, Zhang Xuan, leh Zhou Fang te pawh an tel ve bawk. Tang scholar-te chuan historical literature chi hrang hrang hautak tak tak an khawlkhawm a, chubakah encyclopedia leh geographical works te pawh an khawlkhawm bawk. Thil thar langsar tak takte chu woodblock printing siam chhuah a ni. Buddhism chu Chinese culture-ah nghawng lian tak a ni a, native Chinese sect-te chuan an lar chho ta hle a ni. Mahse, kum 840 chhoah khan Emperor Wuzong chuan Buddhism tihtawp tumin policy a siam a, chumi hnuah chuan Buddhism chu a thununna a tlahniam ta a ni. ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ Kum 960 khan Song Dynasty (960-1279) chuan China ram tam zawk chungah thuneihna a chang a, Kaifeng-ah a khawpui a din a, sum leh pai lama hausakna hun a tan a, Khitan Liao Dynasty chuan Manchuria leh Mongolia hmar lam a awp thung. Kum 1115 khan Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) chu a langsar hle a, kum 10 chhungin Liao Dynasty chu a tichhe vek a ni. Chutih lai chuan tuna China chhim thlang lam bial Gansu, Shaanxi leh Ningxia-ah te chuan kum 1032 atanga kum 1227 thleng khan Western Xia Dynasty a lo piang a, chu chu Tangut hnamte chuan an din a ni. Song Dynasty aแนญangin China hmar lam leh Kaifeng-ah thuneihna a la bawk a, chu chuan a khawpui chu Hangzhou-ah a sawn a ni. Southern Song Dynasty pawhin Jin Dynasty chu formal overlords anga pawm a ngaih avangin mualphona an tawk bawk. Kum a lo kal zel a, China chu Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty leh Tangut Western Xia te inkarah a inthen ta a ni. Southern Song hian technology lama hmasawnna nasa tak hun a tawng a, chu chu hmar lam atanga sipai nawrna a hriat avang hian a then chu sawifiah theih a ni. Hei hian 1161 AD-a Tangdao indonaah leh Yangtze luia Caishi indonaah Song Dynasty tuipui hmanga Jin-ho hnehnaah hmun pawimawh tak a chang a, silai mu hmanraw hman a ni. Chu bรขkah, China rama permanent standing navy hmasa berte chu an khawm a, Dinghai-ah Admiral office an pe a, kum 1132 AD-ah, Emperor Renzong of Song-a lal lai a ni. Song Dynasty hi mi tam tak chuan classical China-a science leh technology lama high point-ah an ngai a, thil thar siamtu Su Song (1020-1101 AD) leh Shen Kuo (1031-1095 AD) te an ni. Reformers leh Conservatives-te political lama inelna nei, chancellor Wang Anshi leh Sima Guang-te kaihhruaite nen court inrawlhna a awm a ni. Kum zabi 13-na laihawl atanga a tawp thleng khan Chinese-ho chuan Zhu Xi-a siam Neo-Confucian philosophy dogma chu an hmang ta a ni. Song Dynasty hunlai khan literary work lian tak tak an khawlkhawm a, chu chu Zizhi Tongjian-a chanchin ziak te pawh a ni. Culture leh arts chu a lo thang lian a, Along the River During Qingming Festival leh Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute te ang chi artwork ropui tak tak a awm a, chutih laiin Buddhist painter ropui tak tak Lin Tinggui te pawh an awm bawk. Genghis Khan chu Mongol Empire dintu leh Great Khan (Emperor) hmasa ber a nih avangin a thih hnua history-a empire inzawm lian ber a ni ta a ni. Asia hmarchhak lama pem chhuak hnam tam tak inzawmkhawmin thuneihna a chang a, Mongol-ho, a nih loh leh Genghis Khan-a ram pum huapa rorรชltu anga puan a nih hnuah, Mongol-ho beihna a kalpui a, a tawpah chuan Eurasia ram tam zawk chu a la ta a, Poland chhim lam thlengin a thleng ta a ni leh Aigupta khawthlang lam thlengin. A beihpui thlakna lian ber berte chu Qara Khitai, Khwarezmia, leh Western Xia leh Jin lalramte dodalna te, medieval Georgia, Kievan Rusโ leh Volga Bulgaria te beihpui thlakna te a ni. Genghis Khan-a hnehna chu a hmaa a la awm ngai loh khawpa wholesale-a tihchhiat a ni a, mipui tam tak tihboralna leh riltam avanga mihring pun chakna nasa tak a thlen a ni. Conservative-te chhut dan chuan civil mi maktaduai li vel (a dang erawh chu maktaduai sawmli atanga maktaduai sawmruk vel a ni) Genghis Khan-a sipai beihna avanga nunna chan an ni. Chumi nรชna inkalh takin, Qocho lalram Buddhist Uyghur-ho, duhsak taka Qara Khitai lalram chhuahsan a, Mongol hnuaia awmte chuan zalรชnna petu angin an ngai a ni. Genghis Khan hi Mongol Empire hnuaia culture, technology leh ideas darh zau tak zahna avang hian Renaissance hmasa lam source-te pawhin a tha zawngin an tarlang bawk. Great Khan dam chhung tawp lamah chuan Mongol Empire chuan Central Asia leh China ram hmun zau tak chu a luah ta a ni. Sipai lama hlawhtlinna danglam tak a neih avangin Genghis Khan hi hun zawng zawnga hnehtu ropui ber pawla ngaih a ni fo. Sipai lama a hlawhtlinna piah lamah Genghis Khan hian kawng dangin Mongol Empire a ti hmasawn bawk. Mongol Empire-a ziak dan atan Uyghur script hman turin thupek a chhuah a ni. Meritocracy a kalpui bawk a, Mongol Empire-ah sakhaw lama inngaihtlawmna a fuih a, Asia hmarchhak lama pem chhuak hnamte chu a inpumkhat tir a ni. Tunlai Mongolia mite chuan Mongolia dintu pa angin an ngai a ni. Silk Road chu politics boruak inzawmkhawm pakhat hnuaia a hruai luh avangin chawimawi a ni bawk. Hei hian Asia hmarchhak, Muslim Southwest Asia leh Kristian Europe inkara inbiakpawhna leh sumdawnna awlsam tak a thlen a, chu chuan hmun pathumte nunphung thlirna chu a tizau vek a ni. Kublai Khan (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294) a temple hminga Emperor Shizu of Yuan tia hriat bawk, Mongol Empire-a khagan-emperor pangana a ni a, kum 1260 atanga 1294 thleng a lal a, mahse empire insem hnuah hei hi a lal a ni chu nominal position a ni. Kum 1271 khan China rama Yuan lalram a din bawk a, kum 1294-a a thih thlengin Yuan lal hmasa ber a ni. Kublai hi Tolui fapa palina (Sorghaghtani Beki nena an fapa pahnihna) a ni a, Genghis Khan-a pafa a ni bawk. Kum 12 mi lek a ni tawh a, Genghis Khan a thih khan kum 1260 khan a u Mลกngke aiawhin Khagan hna a chelh tawh a, mahse kum 1264 thlenga Toluid Civil War-ah a unaupa naupang zawk Ariq Bลกke chu a hneh a ngai a, he episode hian kum 1264 thleng khan a inthen darh tanna a ni empire chu a ni.[2] Kublai-a thiltihtheihna tak tak chu Yuan Empire-ah chauh a innghat a, Khagan a nih angin Ilkhanate-ah leh, a tlem berah chuan Golden Horde-ah pawh thuneihna a la nei tho nachungin. Chutih laia Mongol Empire pum pui ngaihtuah chuan a lalram chu Pacific tuipui atanga Black Sea thlengin, Siberia atanga tuna Afghanistan thlengin a thleng a ni. Kum 1271-ah Kublai-a chuan Yuan lalram a din a, tunlai China, Mongolia, Korea leh a chhehvel hmun thenkhatah ro a rel a; Khagan angin Middle East leh Europe-ah pawh thuneihna a khawlkhawm bawk. China Emperor hna a chelh ta a ni. Kum 1279-ah chuan Mongol-hoin Song lalram an hnehna chu a zo ta a, Kublai chu Han ni lo lalber zingah China ram pum huap inpumkhat hmasa ber a ni ta a ni. Kublai-a lalram thlalak hi Yuan lal leh lalnute thlalak album-a tel a ni a, tunah chuan Taipei-a National Palace Museum-ah a awm tawh a ni. Kublai lal incheina rawng dum chu Yuan lalram lalram rawng a ni. ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ Yuan Dynasty hun rei lote chhung zawng khan, mipui zingah, ramdang mite thuneihna dodalna rilru nasa tak a awm a, chu chuan a tawpah chuan loneitute helna a thlen ta a ni. Mongolian-ho chu steppe-ah an nawr kir leh a, kum 1368 khan Ming Dynasty-in an thlak ta a ni. Mipui an pun chhoh zel avang leh hnathawh insem dan pawh a buaithlak chhoh zel avangin khawpui nun a lo pung ta a ni. Khawpui lian tak tak, Nanjing leh Beijing te pawhin private industry tihhmasawn nan an pui bawk. A bรฎk takin, industry tenau tak takte chu an lo แนญhang lian a, paper, silk, cotton, leh porcelain thil siamte chu an specialise fo แนญhรฎn. Mahse, a tam zawkah chuan khawpui lian lo tak tak, market nei te chu ram pum huapin a lo pung zel a ni. Khawpui bazar-ah chuan ei tur an hralh ber a, thil siamna tul แนญhenkhat, pin emaw oil emaw an hralh แนญhin. Neo-Confucianism sikul thar lar chho zel zingah hian xenophobia leh intellectual introspection characteristic ni mah se, Ming Dynasty hmasa lama China chu a inhlat lo hle. Ramdang sumdawnna leh pawn lam, a bik takin Japan nena inzawmna dangte chu nasa takin a pung a ni. Chinese sumdawngte chuan Indian Ocean zawng zawng an dap chhuak a, East Africa thlengin Zheng He, a hming hmasa Ma Sanbao-a zin chhuahna hmangin an thleng a ni. Zhu Yuanzhang emaw (Hong-wu,), lalram dintu chuan sumdawnna lama ngaihven tlem zawk leh agriculture sector atanga sum lakluh tam zawk state dinna tur lungphum a phum a ni. Emperor-a chu loneitu a nih vang pawh a ni mai thei, Ming economic system chuan loneih lam a ngaih pawimawh ber a, Song leh Mongolian Dynasties-te ang lo takin sumdawng leh sumdawngte chu sum lakluhna atan an innghat a ni. Song leh Mongol hunlaia Neo-feudal ram neihte chu Ming lalte chuan an la chhuak ta a ni. Ram lian tak takte chu sorkarin a la a, a แนญhen darh a, rent-in a pe chhuak ta a ni. Mimal saltanna chu khap a ni. Chuvangin, Emperor Yong-le thih hnuah chuan Chinese agriculture-ah hian independent peasant landholders-te an tam zawk a ni. Heng dante hian sawrkar hmasa lama retheihna rapthlak ber berte tihbo theihna kawng a hawnsak mai thei. Sumdawngte dodalna dan leh kut hnathawktute hnathawh khapna chu a bul berah chuan Song hnuaia an awm ang khan a awm reng a, mahse tunah chuan ram dang sumdawng pawl hlui zawk la awmte pawh heng Ming dan thar hnuaiah hian an tla ta a ni. An nghawng chu a tlahniam nghal vat a. Lalram chuan sorkar laipui chak tak leh buaithlak tak a nei a, chu chuan empire chu a tipung a, a thunun a ni. Emperor chanvo chu autocratic zawk a ni ta a, mahse Zhu Yuanzhang chuan a “Grand Secretaries” tia a sawi chu a hmang chhunzawm zel a ngai a, chu chu bureaucracy-te paperwork lian tak tak, hriatrengna (petition leh lalแนญhutthlenga rawtna), imperial edicts in reply, reports of chi hrang hrang, leh chhiah record te. He bureaucracy vek hian a hnuah Ming sorkar chu khawtlang nun inthlak danglamna nena inmil thei lo turin a tikhawlo a, a tawpah chuan a tlahniam ta a ni. Emperor Yong-le chuan China thuneihna chu a ramri kaltlanga tihzauh tumin nasa takin a bei a, roreltu dangte chu China rama ambassador tir turin chhiah hlan turin a phut a ni. Navy lian tak siam a ni a, chutah chuan lawng lian pali nei, ton 1,500 zeta rit an sawn chhuak a ni. Sipai maktaduai khat (thenkhat chuan maktaduai 1.9 vel nia chhut) awmna sipai ding (standing army) siam a ni. Chinese sipaite chuan Annam an hneh laiin Chinese lawng rual chuan China tuipui leh Indian Ocean-ah an kal a, Africa hmar lam tuipui kamah an lawng a ni. Chinese ho chuan Eastern Turkestan-ah thuneihna an chang ta a ni. Tuipui lama Asia ram eng emaw zatin China lalber chawimawina tur palai an tir a. Ram chhungah chuan Grand Canal chu tihzauh a ni a, ram chhunga sumdawnna tichaktu a ni tih a chiang hle. Kum khatah thir ton 100,000 chuang siam chhuah a ni. Lehkhabu tam tak chu movable type hmanga print a ni. Beijing khawpui Forbidden City-a imperial palace chuan tuna a ropuina chu a thleng ta a ni. Ming hunlai kha China ram hausa ber pawl niin a lang. Heng kum zabi tam tak chhung hian China khawthlang lam thiltihtheihna chu a taka hman tangkai theih a ni bawk. Thlai thar an chin nasa hle a, porcelain leh puan siamna industry te pawh a lo thang lian hle. Mahse, he hun chhung hian China chu technology leh sipai chakna lamah Europe ram aiin nasa takin a tlahniam bawk a, hei hi “Great Divergence” tia hriat a ni. Ming lalram lai khan Great Wall sak hnuhnung ber chu ramdang invauna laka China venhimna atan an thawk a ni. Great Wall hi hun hmasa lama sak a nih laiin, tuna kan hmuh tam zawk hi Ming-ho siam emaw, siam that emaw a ni. Brick leh granite hnathawh chu tihzauh a ni a, watch tower-te chu siam thar a ni a, a sei zawng zawngah meipui dah a ni bawk. ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) hi Han Chinese lalram hnuhnung ber Ming-ho chu Manchus-hoin an hneh hnuah an din a ni. Manchus ho hi tun hma chuan Jurchen tia hriat an ni a, kum zabi sawm leh pasarihna tawp lam khan hmar lam atangin an rawn bei a. Manchu-hoin Ming Dynasty (1616-1644) an hneh lai khan mi maktaduai 25 vel an thi nia chhut a ni. Manchus-ho hi alien conqueror anga bul tan mah se, Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government chu an hmang nghal vat a ni. A tawpah chuan traditional native dynasties angin an lal ta a ni. Manchu-ho chuan โqueue orderโ an kalpui a, hei vang hian Han Chinese-te chuan Manchu queue leh Manchu-style thawmhnaw chu an hmang ta a ni. Manchus te hian sam style bik an nei a: “queue” tih hi. An lu hmalam atang chuan sam an tan a, a sam la awm chu pigtail sei takah an siam ta a ni. Chinese hnam lam thawmhnaw, a nih loh leh Hanfu tih pawh hi Manchu-style thawmhnaw hmanga thlak a ni bawk. Tunlai Chinese hnam dan anga ngaih thin Qipao (bannermen dress leh Tangzhuang) hi a takah chuan Manchu-style thawmhnaw a ni. A zawm loh avanga hremna chu thihna a ni. Emperor Kangxi chuan chutih laia Chinese character siam khawm tawh zawng zawng dictionary kimchang ber siam turin thupek a chhuah a. Emperor Qianlong-a hnuaiah khan Chinese culture chungchanga thil pawimawh tak takte catalog siam a ni. Manchus-ho hian Chinese society-a an inzawm loh nan “Eight Banners” system hi an din a ni. “Eight Banners” te hi sipai institution an ni a, Manchu “bannermen” te inhriatthiamna tur structure siam tura din a ni. Banner membership hi Manchu hnam dan thiamna, archery, sakawr khalh, leh sum khawlkhawm thiamna atanga innghat tur a ni. Chu bakah, Chinese tawng hmang lovin, Manchu tawng hmang turin an fuih bawk. China khawpuiah chuan bannermen-te chu economic leh legal privilege pek an ni. Kum zabi chanve hnuah chuan Manchus-ho chuan a tir lama Ming-a hnuaia awm hmun แนญhenkhat chu an thunun nghet ta a, Yunnan pawh a tel. Xinjiang, Tibet leh Mongolia-ah te pawh an thuneihna an zauh bawk. Kum zabi sawm leh kua chhung khan Qing control chu a chak lo hle a. China chuan khawtlang buaina nasa tak a tawk a, sum leh pai lama harsatna nasa tak a tawk a, khawthlang ramte inrawlhna a tipung a, chutah chuan opium sumdawnna tichhe thei tak leh missionary hnathawhnain nghawng thar a neih te pawh a tel a ni. Britain-in China nena opium sumdawnna chhunzawm zel a duhna chu ruihhlo ruihhlo khapna lalram thupek nen a inkalh a, kum 1840 khan Opium War hmasa ber a lo chhuak ta a, chumi hnuah chuan Britain leh khawthlang ram dang, United States, France, Russia leh Germany te pawhin “concession” chu tharum hmangin an luah ta a ni. leh sumdawnna lama chanvo bik a nei bawk. Hong Kong hi kum 1842 khan Treaty of Nanjing hnuaiah Britain kutah hlan a ni a. Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) kha China rama tualchhung indona lian ber a ni. Chu bakah, mihring nun leh economics lama helna man to zawkte chu Taiping Rebellion hnuah Punti-Hakka Clan Wars, Nien Rebellion, Muslim Rebellion, Panthay Rebellion leh Boxer Rebellion te ang chite a lo awm ta a ni. Kawng tam takah chuan helna leh Qing-hoin imperialist ramte nena inremna an ziah tir hi kum zabi sawm leh kua-a China-in a hmachhawn tur dinhmun khirh tak takte chu China sorkarin a chhanlet theih lohna chhinchhiahna a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ Opium indona pahnih leh opium sumdawnna chu Qing lalram leh Chinese mipuite tan chuan thil man to tak a ni. Qing imperial treasury chu Opium indonaa indemnities an neih leh opium sumdawnna avanga tangkarua tam tak chhuak (ounces tluklehdingawn sawm tam tak) avanga lo awm chu vawi hnih bankrupt-ah puan a ni. China hian kum 1860 leh 1880 chhoa opium indona neih apiangin kum sawmhnih chiah a liam hnuah riltam na tak pahnih a tawk a, Qing lalram chuan mipui tanpui kawngah a hlawhtling lo hle. Khawtlang lamah chuan heng thil thlengte hian nghawng thui tak a nei a, kum zabi tam tak chhung Asia rama Chinese-hoin an lo neih tawh hegemony chu a dodal a ni. Chumi avang chuan ram chu a buai ta hle a ni. Helna lian tak, Taiping Rebellion-ah hian China ram hmun thuma แนญhena hmun khat vel chu “Van Lal” Hong Xiuquan kaihhruai Kristian ang chi sakhaw pawl Taiping Tianguo thununna hnuaiah a tla a ni. Kum sawm leh pali hnuah chauh a tawpah Taiping-ho chu an tikehsawm ta a ni – Taiping sipaite chu kum 1864-a Nanking indona vawi thumnaah an tichhia a, a vaiin mi maktaduai sawmhnih leh maktaduai sawmnga inkar nunna an chan a, mihring chanchina indona thahnemngai ber pahnihna a ni. Qing official-te hian tunlai thil hi an hmang ngam lo va, China chunga an thuneihna famkim atana hlauhawm anga an ngaih khawtlang leh technology lama hmasawnna chu an ringhlel hle. Chuvangin, lalram chu khawthlang ramte rawn luhchilhna hmachhawn turin an inpeih lo hle a ni. Khawthlang ramte chuan ram chhunga buaina tihtawp tumin sipai lamah an inrawlh tak zet a, chu chu Taiping Rebellion leh anti-imperialist Boxer Rebellion te hi a ni. A hnua Sudan khawpui Khartoum beihpui thlaknaa thi General Gordon-a chu Taiping helho hneh tura Qing lalram pui tura inrawlh nia sawi a ni fo. Kum 1860 chhoah chuan Qing Dynasty chuan helho chu nasa takin a titawp a, nunna pawh a hloh nasa hle. Hei hian Qing sawrkar rintlakna a tichhe a, provincial hruaitu leh mi ropui tak takte tualchhung hmalaknate kaihhruaina hnuaiah China rama warlordism lo chhuahnaah a pui bawk. Emperor Guangxu-a hnuaia Qing Dynasty chuan Self-Strengthening Movemen hmangin modernization buaina chu a hmachhawn ta a ni. Mahse, kum 1898 leh 1908 inkar khan Empress Dowager Cixi chuan reformist Guangxu chu โrilru lama harsatna neiโ a nih avangin lung inah a khung tir ta a ni. Empress Dowager chuan conservative-te puihnain sipai sorkar paihthlakna a siam a, Emperor naupang tak chu a takin thuneihna atangin a paih chhuak a, siamthatna nasa zawk tam zawk chu a titawp ta a ni. Empress Dowager thih hma ni khatah a thi a (mi thenkhat chuan Guangxu hi Cixi-aโn rulhut a ei niin an ngai-Official eirukna, cynicism, leh lal chhungkaw inhnialna te chuan sipai siamthatna tam zawk chu a tangkai lo hle a ni. Chuvang chuan Qing-ho “New Armies” te chu Sino-French War (1883-1885) leh Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) ah te nasa takin an hneh ta a ni. Kum zabi 20-na tir lamah khan Boxer Rebellion chuan China hmar lam chu a ti hlauhawm hle a. Hei hi conservative anti-imperialist movement a ni a, China chu nun hluiah hruai kir leh tum a ni. Empress Dowager hian thuneihna a chelh chhunzawm zel theih nan a bei a nih hmel hle a, Beijing an hmachhawn แนญumin Boxers lam a hawi a ni. Chumi chhanna atan chuan Eight-Nation Alliance chuan China chu an rawn bei ta a ni. British, Japanese, Russian, Italian, German, French, US leh Austrian sipaite awmna pawl hian Boxer-te chu hnehin Qing sorkar hnenah concession dang an phut a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ Qing court-in siamthatna a dodalna leh China chak lohna avanga lungawi lo takin, official แนญhalai, sipai officer leh zirlai – Sun Yat-sen-a revolutionary ngaihtuahna aแนญanga infuih tharte chuan Qing Dynasty paihthlak a, republic siam chu an rawt แนญan ta a ni. Revolutionary military uprising, Wuchang Uprising chu October 10, 1911 khan Wuhan khawpuiah a intan a. Republic of China sorkar provisional sorkar chu March 12, 1912 khan Nanjing-ah Sun Yat-sen President atan din a ni a, mahse Sun hian New Army hotu leh Qing sorkar hnuaia Prime Minister ni bawk Yuan Shikai kutah thuneihna a hlan a ngai ta a ni , Qing lal hnuhnung ber chu thuneihna chantir tura inremna siama tel angin (a hnua a inchhir leh tur thutlukna a ni. Yuan Shikai chuan kum engemaw zat hnuah national leh provincial assembly tihtawp tumin hma a la a, kum 1915 khan lalberah a inpuang ta a, Yuan-a lalram thil tum chu a hnuaia thawkte chuan nasa takin an dodal a, helna tur beiseina a hmachhawn a, Yuan hian a lalna chu a chhuahsan a, a hnu rei vak lovah kum 1916 khan a thi ta a, a chhuahsan ta a ni China ramah power vacuum a awm. A thihna hian republican sorkar chu a tichhe vek a, China chu inelna nei provincial sipai hruaitute thawhhona inthlak danglamin an awp lai “warlords” hunlai a rawn thlen ta a ni. Kum 1919-a thil thleng tlemte (khawvel ram dangte tana) hriat hlawh tak chuan kum zabi 20-na China chanchin dang zawng zawngah hun rei tak chhung nghawng a nei dawn a ni. Hei hi May Fourth Movement a ni. He movement hi Indopui I-na tawpna Treaty of Versailles-in China a tihchhiat chhanna atan a intan a, mahse China ram chhung dinhmun chungchangah nawrh huaihawt a ni ta a ni. Chinese mi fingte zingah liberal Western philosophy tihchhiat a nih hnu hian ngaihtuahna kalphung (radical lines of thought) zawk an hmang ta a ni. Hei hian China rama vei leh ding inkara buaina inrem theih loh tur chi a phun a, chu chuan kum zabi khat chhung chu Chinese history a thunun dawn a ni. Kum 1920 chhoah khan Sun Yat-Sen chuan China khawthlang lamah revolutionary base a din a, hnam in\hen darh tawhte chu inpumkhat tir tumin hma a la ta a ni. Soviet puihnain China Communist Party thar nen inzawmna an siam ta a ni. Kum 1925-a Sun-a cancer natna avanga a thih hnuah a protลฝgลฝs zinga mi Chiang Kai-shek -a chuan Kuomintang (Nationalist Party emaw KMT,) chu a thunun a, China khawthlang leh khawthlang lam tam zawk chu a thuneihna hnuaiah a hruai hlawhtling ta a, sipai beihpui thlakna, the Khawchhak lam Expedition. China khawthlang leh khawthlang lama indona neitute chu sipai chakna hmanga hneh tawh Chiang hian hmarchhak lama indona hotute nominal allegiance chu a humhim thei ta a ni. Kum 1927 khan Chiang hian CPC chu a rawn hawi let a, China khawthlang leh hmar lama an awmna hmun atang chuan CPC sipaite leh a hruaitute chu beidawng lovin a lo um zui ta a ni. Kum 1934 khan Chinese Soviet Republic ang chi an tlang hmunpui aแนญanga hnawhchhuah an nih hnuah, CPC sipaite chuan China ram chhim thlang lama hmun hring berte paltlangin Long March an kalpui a, Shanxi Province-a Yanโan-ah guerrilla base an din a ni. Long March lai khan communist-te chu hruaitu thar Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) hnuaiah an insiam thar leh a, KMT leh CPC inkara indona nasa tak chu, a langsar emaw, a rukin emaw, kum 14 chhung zet Japanese invasion (1931-1945) kaltlangin a chhunzawm zel a, mahse, party pahnihte hian hming anga Japanese invaders dodal turin united front an din a, 1937, Sino hunlai khan -Japanese War (1937-1945) Indopui II-na laia a then. Kum 1945-a Japan an hneh loh hnuah party pahnih indona chu a intan leh a, kum 1949 thleng khan CPC chuan ram hmun tam zawk chu an luah ta a ni. Chiang Kai-shek hi kum 1949 khan a sorkar la awmte nen Taiwan-ah a tlanchhia a, a Nationalist Party chuan kum 1990 chho tir lama democracy inthlanpui neih hma chuan he thliarkar bakah hian a แนญhenawm thliarkar tlemte pawh an thunun dawn a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan Taiwan ram politics dinhmun hi sawisel a hlawh fo tawh a ni.
Introduction : The Chin Hills Regulation (Regulation IV) passed on August 13, 1896, had authorized the Superintendent or Deputy Commissioner (of the Lushai Hills) to order an undesirable outsider to leave the area and to tax the residents, permanent or temporary, clans and villages. On October 9, 1911, the Regulation was extended to the North Cachar Hills, the Garo Hills, the Khasi and Jaintya Hills (excluding the Shillong municipal and cantonement area where only the provision for taxation would apply), the Naga Hills and Mikir Hills.
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY
1. 1) This Regulation may be called the Chin Hills Regulation, 1896. 2) It shall come into force on such date as the Local Government may, by notification in the Burma Gazette appoint. 3) The Section and Section 3 shall extend to the whole of the Chin Hills. The rest of this Regulation shall extend only to such tracts in the Chin Hills as the Local Government, with the previous sanction of the Governor General in Council, may by notification in the Burma Gazette, direct.
2. 1) In this Regulation, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context the expression โ โSuperintendentโ includes any officer whom the Local Government may invest with the powers of a Superintendent under this Regulation. 2) โAssistant Superintendentโ includes any officer whom the Local Government may invest with the powers of an Assistant Superintendent under this Regulation. 3) โChinsโ includes (a) Lushais, (b) Kukis, (c) Burman domiciled in the Chin Hills; and (d) any person who had adopted the customs and language of the Chins and are habitually resident in the Chin Hills; 4) โClanโ means any sub-division or section of Chins, and includes a group of clans. 5) โVillagesโ includes โ (a) a village โ community. (b) village lands, (c) rivers passing through or by village land; and (d) a group of villages; and 6) โHeadmanโ means the chief or head of any clan or village inhabited by Chins, and includes a council of chiefs or elders.
CHAPTER II LAW APPLICABLE IN THE CHIN HILLS
3. 1) This Regulation and the enactment in the schedule, to the extent and with the modifications there in set forth, shall be deemed to be the only enactment which apply to any tract in the Chin Hills to which Section 2 and Section 4 to 41 (both inclusive) may be extended by a notification under Section 1, sub-section (3). 2) No other enactment shall be deemed to apply to Chins in the Chin Hills: Provided that the Local Government, (subject to the control) of the Governor General in Council, may by notification in the Burma Gazette, declare any other enactment to be applicable wholly or to the extent or with the modification which may be set forth in the notification.
4. 1) so far as regards persons other than Chins, the law in force in the Chin Hills shall subject to the provision of sub-section (4) and (5), be the law for the time being in force in Upper Burma exclusive of the town of Mandalay: 2) For the purposes of any enactment in force in the Chin Hills in persuance of the provisions of sub-section (1), the Superintendent shall be deemed to be the Deputy Commissioner or the District Magistrate and Collector, and an Assistant Superintendent and Assistant Commissioner in charge of a sub-division or an Assistant Collector of the first class, as the case may be. 3) The Local Government shall exercise the powers of the Financial Commissioner and of a commissioner under any such enactment as aforesaid. 4) This section and section 9, 16, 22, 23, 33 and 34 shall apply to person within the Chin Hills. 5) Section 12 shall apply to all parties to a suit or other proceeding of a civil nature in which any of the parties in a Chin.
CHAPTER III HEADMEN AND THEIR POWERS
5. 1) Subject to any general or special orders of the Local Government the Superintendent may appoint and remove any headman, and may define the local limits of his jurisdiction and declare what clan, or village, or both shall be subject to him. 2) Where a headman is appointed for a group of villages or clans, the Superintendent may declare the extent to, and the manner in, which the headman of the villages or clans composing such group shall be subordinate to the headman of the group. 3) In making a declaration under this section the Superintendent shall be guided as far as practicable by local custom.
6. 1) Every headman shall within the local limits of his jurisdiction have general control, according to local custom, over the clan, or village, or both , declared subject to him. 2) He may levy from such clan or village any customary dues and may impose on them such punishments as are authorised by local custom: Provided that no barbarous, excessive or unusual punishment shall be imposed. 3) He shall be bound to keep the peace within the tract under his general control; to comply with all lawful orders, received from the Superintendent or Assistant Superintendent; and to furnish on the requisition of the Superintendent or an Assistant Superintendent, on receipt of payment at rates to be fixed by the Superintendent, supplies of food or labour required by any public servant.
7. 1) A headman may try, according to local custom, any person subject to his general control who may be charged with any offence other than and offence punishable under section 121 to 130, section 302 to 308, section 341 to 348, section 363 to 440 (all inclusive) of the Indian Penal Code or with abetment of, or attempt to commit, any of these offences, and may punish with fine in money or goods any person found guilty by him of any such offence as aforesaid. 2) Nothing in the Indian Penal Code or in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882, shall apply to any proceedings of a headman acting in exercise of the powers conferred by this section.
8. A headman may try and decide according to local custom any dispute of a civil nature between persons subject to his general control, and may enforce his decision in accordance with such custom.
CHAPTER IV JURISDICTION AND SPECIAL POWERS OF OFFICERS
9. 1) The Chin Hills shall constitute a sessions division and a district for criminal, civil, revenue and general purposes, and the Superintendent shall be the Sessions Judge. 2) As Sessions Judge the Superintendent may take cognizance of any offence as a court of original jurisdiction without the accused being committed to him by a magistrate for trial, and, when so taking cognizance shall follow the procedure prescribed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882, for the trial of warrant cases by Magistrate.
10. For the purpose of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882, the Local Government shall exercise the powers of a High Court.
11. The Local Government may, by notification in the Burma Gazette, invest any Assistant Superintendent with all or any of the powers of a Superintendent under this Regulation, and define the local limits of his jurisdiction.
12. 1) The Superintendent and every Assistant Superintendents exercising jurisdiction within the Chin Hills may try any suit or other proceeding of a civil nature between parties, any one of whom is a Chin, according to such procedure as the Local Government may, by notification in the Burma Gazette prescribed; and 2) In the trial of any such suit or proceeding, may exercise all or any of the powers which he might exercise in a suit or proceeding in which none of the parties is a Chin, and 3) In deciding any such suit or proceeding shall have regard to local custom and to justice, equity and good conscience.
13. The Superintendent may withdraw any civil or criminal case pending before a headman or an Assistant Superintendent and may other try if himself or refer it for trial to an Assistant Superintendent. Subject to the control of the Local Government, the Superintendent may take hostages from, or impose fines in money or goods on any clan or village or any part thereof, if after enquiry he find that any of the persons belonging to such clan or village have โ
14. 1) Subject to the control of the Local Government, the Superintendent may take hostages from, or impose fines in money or goods on any clan or village or any part thereof, if after enquiry he find that any of the persons belonging to such clan or village have โ 2) The Superintendent may order the whole or any part of fine imposed under this section to be given as compensation to any person to whom damage or injury has been caused, directly or indirectly, by the act in respect of which the fine is imposed. 3) When in pursuance of an order passed under this section a person has received compensation for injury out of the proceeds of a fine, all right of such person to compensation based on the same injury shall be barred.
15. When within the area occupied by any clan or village a person is dangerously or fatally wounded by unlawful attack, or the body of a person reasonably believed to have been unlawfully killed is found, the members of such clan or village shall be deemed to have committed an offence under the last foregoing section unless they can show that โ
16. In the event of any clan or village acting in a manner hostile or unfriendly to the Government, the Superintendent may subject to the control of the Local Government, detain all or any members of such clan or village, deport them from the Chin Hills for life or for any shorted term, detain or confiscate their property, debar them from access into territory outside the Chin Hills and prohibit all or any other persons from entering the area occupied by such clan or village.
17. Every Headman who abused any of the power conferred upon him by this Regulation, or neglect to obey any reasonable order of the Superintendent, shall be liable by order of the Superintendent to pay a fine not exceeding fifty rupees, or to be suspended or dismissed from office.
18. When the Superintendent is satisfied that a dispute likely to cause a feud, breach of the peace or any offence affecting the human body or against property exists, he may enquire into the dispute and pass such order as he may thick fit, having regard to local custom and to justice, equity and good conscience.
19. No new village shall be formed without the consent of the Superintendent, who may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, prohibit the formation thereof.
20. Whenever it seems to the Superintendent to be expedient on military or other grounds, he may, by order in writing, direct the removal of any village to any other site, and with the sanction of the Local Government, may award to the inhabitants thereof such compensation for any loss which may have been occasioned to them by such removal as in his opinion, shall be just.
21. 1) When any person is known or believed to have a feud, or has occasioned any cause of quarrel likely to lead to bloodshed, dacoity or robbery, the Superintendent may require such person to reside beyond the limits of the Chin Hills or within those limits at such place as the Superintendent may deem desirable. 2) No order requiring a person to reside beyond the limits of the Chin Hills shall be made without the previous sanction of the Local Government.
22. When the Superintendent is satisfied that the presence of any person (not being a public servant or a Chin) is injurious to the peace or god administration of the Chin Hills, he may, for reason to be recorded in writing, order such person to leave the Chin Hills within a given time.
23. Whenever contravenes the provisions of section 19, or disobeys an order under section 20 or a requisition under section 21, or an order under section 22, may, on conviction by a Magistrate, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to one thousand rupees.
24. When the Superintendent is of opinion that it is necessary for the purpose of the preventing culpable homicide (whether a mounting to murder or not), grievous hurt, dacoity or robbery to require any person to execute a bond, for his good behaviour, he may order such person to execute a bond with or without sureties, for his good behaviour during such period not exceeding three years as the Superintendent may fix.
25. When a feud or other cause of quarrel likely to lead bloodshed or violence exists, or is, in the opinion of the Superintendent likely to arise between two clans, villages or families of Chins, the Superintendent may order all or any of the persons belonging to such clans, villages or families, or of either of such clans, villages or families, to execute a bound, with or without sureties, for their good behaviour during such period not exceeding three years as he may fix.
26. When an Assistant Superintendent duly authorised under Section 11 passes an order section 24 or section 25, he shall at once submit a report of his proceedings to the Superintendent.
27. 1) The commission or attempted commission, or the abetment by a person who has executed a bond for his good behaviour under section 24, of any offence affecting the human body or against property shall be deemed to be a breach of such bond. 2) If, while a bond executed under section 25 is in force, the life of any person belonging to any clan, village or family concerned is unlawfully taken or attempted to be taken, or the property of any such person is unlawfully taken or attempted to be taken, by or with the abetment of any person or persons belonging to the other clan, village or family, and of their sureties (if any) to be forfeited.
28. 1) If any person ordered to execute a bond for his good behaviour under section 24 or section 25 does not give the security required on or before the date on which the period for which the security to be given begins, he shall be committed to prison, or, if he is already in prison, be detained there until such period expires, or until within such period he gives the security to the officer who made the order requiring it, or to the officer in charge of the jail in which he is detained, in which case he shall be forthwith discharged from prison. 2) Imprisonment for failure to give security under section 24, or section 25 may be rigorous or simple as the officer requiring the security directs in each case.
29. When any person has suffered imprisonment for three years for failure to give security for his good behaviour under section 24 or section 25 he shall be released and shall not again be required to give security unless a fresh order is passed in accordance with the provisions of this Regulation.
30. 1) Any person who has, under the provisions of section 24 or section 25, given security, or been imprisoned for failure to give security, may be brought before the Superintendent if, on the expiry of the period for which security was required to be given, the Superintendent so directs. 2) When the Superintendent thinks if necessary, for the purpose of preventing the commission of any offence affecting the human body or against property, to require security for a further period form any person so brought before him, he shall record a proceeding to that effect. 3) The proceeding may be founded on the facts on which the original order to give security was founded, and it shall not be necessary to prove any fresh facts to justify an order to give security for a further period; under this section and such subsequent order, if passed, shall have the same effect be enforced in the same manner as an order to give security under section 24 or section 25. 4) Not withstanding anything in this section, no person shall suffer for failure to give security under this chapter, imprisonment for more than six years or without the sanction of the Local Government, for more than three years.
CHAPTER V SPECIAL RULES AS TO ARMS, AMMUNITION, OPIUM AND FOREST
31. 1) The Superintendent may fix the number of firearms and the quantity and description of ammunition which may be possessed by any clan or village, and may issue licenses, either to such clan or village collectively, or to any of the persons belonging there to individually to possess the firearms and ammunitions specified in the licenses. 2) All firearms for which licenses have been issued shall be stamped and entered in a register. 3) The Superintendent may grant a license to any clan or village for the manufacture of gun powder. 4) Any person who, not being licensed or not belonging to any clan or village licensed in that behalf, possessed any firearms or ammunition, or who manufactures gun powder, shall be punished, on conviction by a Magistrate, with imprisonment which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both. 5) With the previous sanction of the Local Government, the Superintendent may direct that the foregoing sub-section shall not apply to any tract or part of the Chin Hills, and may with the like sanction cancel any direction so made. 6) The Superintendent may, by order in writing, prohibit all or any of the persons belonging to any clan or village from carrying das, spears, and bows and arrows, or any of those weapons, in any tract, to be defined in the order, if he is of opinion that such prohibition is necessary to the peace of such tract. Such order shall specify the length of time during which it shall remain in force. 7) Whoever disobeys a prohibition under sub-section (6) shall, on conviction by a Magistrate, be punished with imprisonment which may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both.
32. No prosecution under the Upper Burma Forest Regulation, 1887, or any rule there under, under be instituted against any Chin except with the sanction in writing of the Superintendent.
33. Whoever imports, cultivates, manufactures, possesses, sells or exports opium, ganja, bhang, or charas in the Chin Hills shall be punished, on conviction by a Magistrate, with imprisonment which may extend to one y ear, or with fine, or with both.
34. Whoever sells foreign fermented liquor or spirit to any Chin shall be punished on conviction by a Magistrate, with imprisonment which may extend to three months, or fine, or with both.
CHAPTER VI RULES REGARDING TAXES AND REALIZATION OF FINES, ETC.
35. Taxes shall be levied on all clans and villages at such rates and in such manner as the Local Government may prescribe.
36. An order for the payment of any fine or tax or for the delivery of any property, or for the performance of any act may be enforced โ
CHAPTER VII CONTROL
37. No appeal shall lie against any order passed by a headman or by an officer acting under this Regulation.
38. 1) All Headmen and all officers in the Chin Hills shall be sub-ordinate to the Superintendent, who may revise any order passed by any such headman or officers, including an Assistant Superintendent specially empowered under section 11. 2) The Local Government may revise any order passed under this Regulation.
39. Subject to the control of the Governor General in Council, the Local Government may make rules consistent with this Regulation โ
40. Except as provided in this Regulation, a decision passed act done or order made under this Regulation shall not be called in question in any Civil or Criminal Court.
41. 1) The Local Government may, by notification in the Burma Gazette, delegate to the Commissioner of any Division in Upper Burma all or any of the power conferred upon the Local Government by this Regulation, except the powers conferred by this section and by sections 1, 3, 5.11, 12, 31, 35 and 39, and may, from time to time by a like notification, rescind or vary any such notification. 2) When all or any of the powers of the Local Government have been delegated to the Commissioner of the division, the Local Government may revise any order passed by such Commissioner except an order passed under Section 10. credit
(Colonial period, British period) The people of the west end up with the Brahmaputra river and pronounce it Bamar. China and Southeast Asian countries pronounce it Myanmar. Pyu is a characteristic name of Burmese (Myanmar). The meaning of Pyu is the first, East, There is a meaning in the city. The country and people east of the Brahmaputra River are called Burma, especially the Indian subcontinent. Nepal People from Bangladesh According to their language, the countries called people from the east as Pyu. To their east is Burma, a country called Burma. Pyu is the name of the Burmese nation and the Burmese brothers. Kachin itch Chin Burma, Father Arakan It refers to the ruling class, which includes the Karen, and especially the ruling class who use royal letters. The ancient Burmese dynasty and the country, To people and Those who lived in the city at that time were literate. The ruling class can be referred to as Pu. As the east of the Brahmaputra River is called the Burmese region, in the 1st century AD, there was the Varman Dynasty on the east bank of the Brahmaputra River. It is called the physical state. They are yellow skinned people who are different from India. At one time, Burma was ruled by the Varman (Burma) and Vikrama (Burma) dynasties. The peculiarity is that those kings are called Tadaban (Dutapaumin). (Teacher) Thank you. I have not been to the Brahmaputra River many times. We are in the province of Athan. Every time I go from New Delhi to the Burma border, I have to cross it by road and rail. Supplement – Judson’s English Burmese Dictionary, first published in 1877
Dr. Tint Swe I give creditMizo tawng
Hmanlai map-ah chuan Myanmar hming hi hetiang hian an ziak a 1561/1580 VERMA (Burma)-ah a lo piang a. (Lal Bing Naung lal lai khan Rome-ah tihchhuah a ni) 1598 Berma (Burma) ah a piang a.
(Lal Nanda lal lai khan Venice-ah tihchhuah a ni) Kum 1688 khan Brema a ni
(Nyang Ran hunlai, Min Ye Kyaw Tin hunlai) Kum 1713 khan Bramas a ni
(Nyang Ran hun lai, San Min lalram) Kum 1717 khan Brama ani
(Nyaongran hunlai, Lalram Lal lal lai) 1806 Burma
(Gonpao hunlai, Vadong Min lal lai) Kum 1830-ah Birman-a a ni
(Konpao hunlai, Sagaing Lalber hunlai) 1904 Burma ramah a piang (Colonial hunlai, British hunlai) Chhim lam mite chuan Brahmaputra luiah an tawp a, Bamar tiin an lam thin. China leh Southeast Asia ramte chuan Myanmar tiin an lam thin. Pyu hi Burmese (Myanmar) hming ziarang a ni. Pyu awmzia hi a hmasa ber a ni a,. Khawchhak, Khawpuiah hian awmzia a awm a. Brahmaputra lui chhak lam ram leh mite chu Burma tia koh an ni a, a bikin India khawmualpuiah an ti a. Nepal ram a ni Bangladesh atanga lo kalte An tawng ang chuan ram hrang hrangin khawchhak lam atanga lo kalte chu Pyu tiin an ko thin. An hmar lamah Burma ram a awm a, chu chu Burma ram tih ani. Pyu tih hi Burma hnam leh Burma unau hming a ni. Kachin leh Chin tih a ni Khabe Burma ram, 1999 a ni. Pa Arakan chuan Roreltu pawl a kawk a, chutah chuan Karen-ho pawh an tel a, a bik takin lal lehkha hmang roreltu pawl a kawk a ni. Hmanlai Burma lalram leh ram, . Mite hnenah leh Khatih laia khawpuia chengte chu lehkha lehkha an thiam hle a. Ruling class chu Pu tia sawi theih a ni. Brahmaputra lui chhak lam chu Burma bial an tih angin, kum zabi 1-na AD vel khan Brahmaputra lui chhak lam kamah Varman Dynasty a awm a. Taksa dinhmun (physical state) an ti a. India ram nena danglam tak, vun sen (yellow skinned) an ni. Hun khat chu Burma ram hi Varman (Burma) leh Vikrama (Burma) lalram ten an awp a. A danglamna chu chu lalte chu Tadaban (Dutapaumin) tia koh an ni. (Zirtirtu) Ka lawm e. Brahmaputra luiah hian vawi tam tak ka la kal lo. Athan province-ah kan awm a. New Delhi atanga Burma ramri thlenga ka kal apiangin kawngpui leh rel hmangin ka paltlang a ngai thin. Supplement – 1000 a ni. Judson-a English Burmese Dictionary, kum 1877-a tihchhuah hmasak ber a ni Dr. Tint Swe chuan a rawn ti a
Chin mite oral history-ah chuan Chin leh Kachin te hi unau an ni Hugong Valley atanga China kaltlangin Burma a luh chuan zai a duh a A chhuah dawn chuan a u Chin chuan a naupang zawk chu a nghak lo A zin chhunzawm zel a, kalkawngah chuan ramhuai banana kung pakhat chu a tikehsawm a. Ka unaupain a cut banana core tam tak Thil lo chhuak chu a hmuh chuan, “Ka thleng thei tawh lo ang che,” a ti a. Kachin-ah a insawn ta a. A u kephah chu a en a, Khang (ke hnuhma) a ti a. Kachin ho hian in an sa a nih chuan hmalam pindanah pindan hran an nei a An lo insiam ta a ni. A awmzia chu a upa zawk a lo kir leh chuan nun hi a ni is for khawngaihin like & share ve dawn nia aw โฆ photo credit โฆ.
In the oral history of the Chin people Chin and Kachin are siblings From Hugong Valley through China When he entered Burma, he wanted to dance When he was about to leave, his elder brother Chin didn’t wait for his younger brother He continued to travel and cut down a wild banana tree on the way. A large amount of banana core that my brother cut When he saw what was coming out, he said, “I will not be able to reach you anymore.” He settled in Kachin. He looked at his older brother’s footprints and called them Khang (footprint). If the Kachins build a house, they have a separate room in the front room They were formed. The meaning is to live if the older brother returns is for please like & share ..
THU KHEN DAN LE CAWH KUAN ๐ Longi Tawn Dun Thu Khen Dan Longi tawn dun um ta le a thu nei tu pan, tang inn ah zubel khat tuah in, tual thang zuput haw hi. Khuabawi pan tangsuak samin nason sak haw hi. A longi atawn nak mi, Alongi thei tupa tetti sam in nazo haw in, A thei tu tei muhnak bang in, thu nason sak haw hi. Pule pai danah cun lotawn cu sa talh na ti haw in, vok sumthum in nacawh haw hi. Pule patei khanlaih ahcun sum um ngawl tak, vok sum (3) sum (4) tin, lung khen in na cawh haw hi. Tuah Mawh Dun In Mi Thi Kha Ten Thu Khen Dan Pu le pai san ah tuah mawh dun in, mi thi kha ta le, a thi tu ten, khua bawi in ah, tual thang zu put (zu bel khat) in, khuabawi pan tang suak te sam khawm in, thu na son sak haw hi. Tuah mawh dun in mi thi tik kha ta le, a thi tik tu pan, a bo hem poh kuan in, sial pi in mai na ken tik haw hi. Sial pi tuah in, na lei ceng dun thei haw hi. Khua bawi in pen thu a son haw ten, bai buk ngeh pen na son haw hi Ngu Ca Nawn Dun Thu Khen Dan Thu nei tu pan khua bawi in leng ah, tual thang zu put in, mah ten, khua bawi pan tang suak te sam khawm in thu na son sak haw hi. A ngu ca not pan a el lo ta le, thu siam kam in, thu sia tui na in tik haw hi. Siat tui a in haw tuk ten, khua bawi in pen in tik ngawl in, khuang tang pen, in tik haw hi. Nou Ca Thu Khen Dan Pu le pai dan ah a thu nei tu in khua bawi in ah tual thang zu na put haw hi. Khua bawi pan tang suak te sam khawm in, na son sak haw hi. Cang ngui khat sik in ngu kha, nga ngap khat ngu kha, vai nim ngap khat bal in ngu kha ta le ni dang pu le pa ten, cang ngui nga ngap Kheng, vai nim nga ngap kheng tin ti in sa talh sawm (30) ngeh in na cawh haw hi. Sa talh sawm (30) cu vok sum (3) luang khat tuah bang ve hi. Sa talh sawm (30) cu lung khen cawh tin na ti haw hi. Cang Nguingui (1) Khat, nga ngap (I) Khat, vai nim ngap (1) khat, nangu kha zong in lung khen ngch in cawh haw hi. Mah tak pu le pa tei, san ah, kua man ngu ca ngam haw ma hi. Nu Le Pa Sual Thu Khen Dan A numei ten khua bawi in ah tual thang zu put in, khua bawi pan tang suak te sam in thu na son haw hi. Pu le pa ten mi ca nu sual pih cu sawn sawt tin ti in, huai ma ta le sial khau vat cat tin ti in, deih vang deih ngawl vang, sial Khat na kuan tik haw hi. Aca a pai ta le a ca cu a tei tian a nu mei in vak sak in, a tei ten a pa no ten na la haw hi. Ca pai tik nung sang, huai vang, huai ngawl vang, sial tei na khum tik haw hi. Ni dang in pu le pa te cun sawn pai cu, mi tawn thei ti in, a hin ten na that haw hi. A hek in, that ngam ngawl in, a lai ngui khih ngawl in, a mah no na thi tik haw hi. Mi tam saw in khawih nuam haw ma hi. Pa khat pa nih cu a khawih um haw hi. Nu le pa sual cu, huai vang, huai nuam ngawl vang sial khat kuan tik haw hiโฆ. Credit DR AiZaLen
A brief history of U (P) Pu Chin’s clan identification
In the 9th century AD, Burmese tribesmen entered Kyaukseng At that time, the existing Thet people moved down to the south side of the Irrawaddy River and began to live together with the Tibetan Burmese tribe Winpu. They moved to Ray Kyi Ram Mye Nura and established and lived in Yang Phey City (now Yang Bre City). Those people are described as West Thet people in Rakhine records. Due to the frequent invasions and attacks of Da Ke Win, Prince Po Khao and his wife were in the West They had to flee and live around the Roma Mountains. In the future, Tanu Mountain was called Po Khaong Mountain Now a corner of this mountain They called it “Mahura Mountain” again. “Kun Sai” and “Kun Ra”, the sons of Prince Po Khao and his wife, will no longer live in Mahura Mountain, so they moved to Ba Be Wei Mountain and established a village in the place of “Ku Bar” Ao “Ao Bar”. The two brothers didn’t want to live together, and the older brother moved to Inbu village near Long Long, over San Poro Mountain in Kuon Sai. While living in that village, he got into an argument with an Inbu villager about a fish hook, so he didn’t want to live there anymore. Arriving in Slin, he married Slin’s sisters Mapali and Mapa Dong. Those sisters and children flourished——– 1. Shop 2. Same shop 3. Twice 4. Ko shift 5. With the captain 6. There were 6 sons born. In the second volume of the records of the rule of Burmese rulers, the description of “Slin Tik Chin” refers to the U (P) Pu Chin clan that originated from Kuon Sai. His younger brother, Kuon Raya, continued to live in Bue Mountain and married Mapa Thui and Mapaeng from the village of Longyi in Setuttara District, and had 6 children. They are—– 1. familiar 2. Dera 3. Shamra 4. Pumra 5. Place 6. They are Umra His older brother, Kuonra, did not continue to live in Silin, but crossed the Moan River and went upstream to the Thui Long, a tributary of the Moan Choi River, and reached West Roma. Then again From To Chaung to Sin Mhu Taung (West Roma) and from there, he arrived at Go Oi Village in Vwe Taung, where he lived together with his younger brother Ku Ra. When the two brothers came to live together, they had difficulty with social issues such as the issue of giving birth to a daughter. The conditions are already there. Siblings and children may not marry Sisters and children are not allowed to marry A brother’s son may not marry a sister’s daughter A sister’s son must only marry his brother’s daughter If brother If a brother’s son marries his sister’s daughter, he is a moral transgressor. The fact that he gave up being a descendant. Due to these issues, they have been trying to improve social life and improve social relations by setting clan names. And based on a case, the name of the swallow tribe is determined. They have established strong social relations by demarcating territories according to clans. The definition of clans is to define a clan according to the type of work involved in rearing an elephant and assisting in the killing of that elephant. Before getting the elephants, they asked for a tree called khodang, which only grows near the creek, from the tribe of the Gungsoo Arahin tribe, and planted it in Mwe Mountain first. When the tree grew, they began to plan a victory celebration. The elephant is tied to the tree and killed. The 6 sons of Kun Sai and 3 sons of Kwan Ra participated in the elephant slaughtering victory. Elephant washer Roasted elephant meat People who pack elephants, etc., define their clans. In the beginning, only 9 clans were defined, but in the future, they built strong social relations with many clans. This is just a brief description. In the future, the traditional customs of the Puchin people will continue to be described in the Puchin literature. For those who don’t know, I’m sharing it again. ๐๐. U (P) Pu Chin แ แแปแญแฏแธแแฝแแบแ แฏ แแฑแฌแบแแฏแแบแแผแแบแธแ แแแญแฏแแบแธแกแแปแแบแธ
Salai and Mai Salai is a Chin word meaning a good man full of courage. Mai is a Chin term meaning the divine woman who gives birth to good sons and jewels. In the east, the names of young Chin men are Salai, Young Chin women add Mai to the front of their names and use it as a symbol of Chin men and women. Source: Wikipediaแแแญแฏแแบแธ-แแญแฏแแบ แแแญแฏแแบแธ แแฐแแแบแแพแฌ แแปแแบแธแแฑแซแแฌแแแ แบแแฏแแผแ แบแแผแฎแธ แแฒแ แฝแแบแธแแแนแแญแแพแแทแบ แแผแแทแบแ แฏแถแแฑแฌ แแฌแธแแฑแฌแแบแธแแฑแฌแแบแปแฌแธ แแฏ แกแแญแแนแแฌแแบแแแแบแ แแญแฏแแบ แแญแฏแแแบแแพแฌ แแปแแบแธแแฑแซแแฌแแแ แบแแฏแแผแ แบแแฌ แแฌแธแแฑแฌแแบแธ แแแแฌแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแฝแฑแธแแฝแฌแธแแฑแธแแแทแบ แแฝแฑแธแแฝแฌแธแแฑแธแแฑแฌ แแญแแบแธแแแผแแบ แแฏ แกแแญแแนแแฌแแบแแแแบแ แแปแแบแธแแฐแแแบ แกแแปแญแฏแธแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแแกแแแบแแฌแ แกแแพแฑแทแแฝแแบ แแแญแฏแแบแธแ แแปแแบแธแแฐแแแบ แกแแปแญแฏแธแแแฎแธแแปแฌแธแ แกแแแบแแฌแแกแแพแฑแทแแฝแแบ แแญแฏแแบ แแญแฏ แแแทแบแแฝแแบแธแแฌ แแปแแบแธ แกแแปแญแฏแธแแฌแธ แกแแปแญแฏแธแแแฎแธ แกแแพแแบแแแบแนแแฑแแกแแผแ แบ แแฏแถแธแ แฝแฒแแผแแแบแ Source: WikipediaSalai & Mai Salai tih hi Chin tawng a ni a, mi tha huaisenna khat tihna a ni. Mai tih hi Chin tawng a ni a, Fapa tha leh lunghlu tha tak tak nei tur Pathian hmeichhia tihna a ni. Khawchhak lamah chuan Chin tlangval hming chu Salai, Chin hmeichhe naupangte chuan an hming hma lamah Mai an belh a, Chin mipa leh hmeichhia chhinchhiahna atan an hmang thin. Thu lakna: Wikipedia
A brief history of the origin of the Ngawn Chin people. The Ngawn Chin people are people who were captured as slaves from the Middle East during the growth of the Persian Empire. In the Persian Empire, when they were enslaved, they cut cin kung trees from the forest, peeled the bark, and obtained yarn. The yarn was woven into blankets and jackets. Since they were sold to other countries, in order to recognize each other’s people, the threads in the blankets and jackets were left uncut and the threads were tied. They were called Qin-Cin Mi Phun because they used cotton from the Cin Mi Phun to weave clothes. When the Persian Empire collapsed, they left the Silk Road and arrived in the Tibet Mountains. I have not been told by a Chin older than me that I have become a Chin because it is called chin with the ch sound. The origin of the Ngawn Chin people is that according to the words of our ancestors, they were among the people who invaded Pappa from Yunnan and lost the war to King Inwa. They were captured and forced to serve as slaves in the construction of the Mandalay Palace. Then they were taken to build the palace of King Shwe Jo, O Pyu, and escaped again. He is making a living by working as a lawyer. Falang Township There are 19 villages and there are 9 villages in Kalay Township. They are moving to different parts of Myanmar. One is India, Australia, Canada, America, Norway, New Zealand. From Kale City to Chin Taung, they are divided into two groups. The descendants of NgaihTho and Teilol , LolSot and Teilol went to the Kawlni area along the Manipur River, and from there, the descendants of NgahTho came to Sihtui Village. The Teilol Lolsot Munzo lineages came to (Ngawn hang ta). One group is the Sising Hupbiang, Hauhup Zawnggil ,Zasuang, Lente, Haizang whose lineages descend from children to plums. The ancient people said that they arrived in the cimnuai area and from there to the Sezang region and from there to the Colony region and from there to the Vazang village. It is known according to the word While dancing in the shop. Freedom from slavery It is a dance of joy and victory for coming north.
Ngan Chin hnam lo chhuahna chanchin tawi te. Ngawn Chin ho hi Persia Empire lo thang chhoh laia Middle East atanga sal anga man an ni a, Persia Empire-ah chuan sal an nih lai khan ramngaw atanga cin kung thing an tan a, a hnah te an hrual a, yarn an hmu thin. Chu hrui chu puan leh jacket-ah an hrual a, ram danga hralh a nih a\angin mite inhriat chian nan puan leh jacket-a hrui chu hrual lohvin an dah a, hrui chu an khih a, an hman avangin Cin Mi Phun tia koh an ni cotton atanga Cin Mi Phun atanga thawmhnaw puan tur. Persia Empire a chim chuan Silk Road chhuahsanin Tibet tlang an thleng ta a, ka aia upa zawk Chin pakhatin Chin an tih a nih avangin Chin kannih thu min hrilh . Ngawn Chin hnam lo chhuahna chu kan pi leh pute thusawi ang chuan Yunnan atanga Pupa rawn beitu leh Lal Inwa laka indonaa chak lote zinga mi an ni a, an man a, Mandalay saknaah sal hna thawk tura nawr luih an ni Palace. Tichuan Lal Shwe Jo, O Pyu lal inn sa turin an hruai a, an tlanchhuak leh ta a, ukil hna thawkin eizawnna a siam mek a ni. Falam Township Kalay Township-ah hian khaw 19 awmin khaw 9 a awm a, Myanmar ram hmun hrang hrangah an insawn mek a, pakhat chu India, Australia, Canada, America, Norway, New Zealand a ni. Kale City atanga Chin Taung thlengin pawl hnih ah an inthen a, NgaihThoTeilol thlahte, Lolsot leh Munzo thlahte chu Manipur lui kamahKawlni bialah an kal a, chuta tang chuan Ngaito thlahte chu Situi-ah an lo kal ta a ni. Lolsot Munzo thlahte chu (Ngawn hangar ah ani). Tichuan Pawl pakhat chu Sising Hupbiang,Hauhup Zawnggil , Zasuang, Lente, Haizang te an ni a, an thlah hi naupang atanga plum thlengin an thlah a ni. Hmanlai mite chuan Cimnuai biak le Kaelni biak ahte an thleng a, chuta tang chuan Sezang bial an thleng a, chuta tang chuan Vahui bialah an thleng a, chuta tang chuan Vazang khuaah an thleng a ni. Thumal ang zelin hriat a ni Dawr chhunga zai laiin.Saltanna atanga zalenna Hmarchhak lama lo kal tur chuan lawmna leh hnehna lam a ni.
We are Chin people Burma-India independence In 1947-1948, the ancestral lands of the Chin people were divided into two parts and given to India. And from India to Bangladesh At the time of independence, the territory of the Chin people was divided into 3 parts, Bangladesh, India Separated from the country again So The areas of the Chin people (Chin State) in Myanmar (Mizoram from India Bawm ram from Bangladesh. The country of Bangladesh (Bangladesh). Where the Bawm people live, Boga (Boga Lake khua) A photo of the view of the lake village. Photo – Boga Lake Khua, Bangladesh Orchid land Orchid landแแปแแแญแฏแท แแปแแบแธแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแฝแฑแแฌ แแผแแบแแฌ-แกแญแแนแแญแ แแฝแแบแแแบแแฑแธ แแแผแฎแธ แแแแ-แแแแ แแฏแแพแ แบแแฏแแบแธแ แแปแแบแธแแฐแแปแญแฏแธ แแฝแฑแแฒแท แแญแฏแธแแฝแฌแธแแญแฏแแบ แแแบแแผแฑแแฝแฑแแญแฏ แแพแ แบแแผแแบแธแแฝแฒแแถแแแผแฎแธ แกแญแแนแแญแ แแญแฏ แแฑแธแแญแฏแแบแแแซแแแบ.. แแผแฎแธแแฑแฌแท แกแญแแนแแญแ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแฒแแแฑ แแแบแนแแแฌแธแแฑแทแแบ แแญแฏ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบ แแฎแธแแผแฌแธ แแฝแแบแแแบแแฑแธ แแแพแญแแปแญแแบแแพแฌแแแบแธ แแปแแบแธแแฐแแปแญแฏแธ แแปแฌแธแแฒแท แแแบแแผแฑแแฑแแแฌ แ แแญแฏแแบแธแแผแ แบแแผแฎแธ แแแบแนแแแฌแธแแฑแทแแบแแญแฏ แ แกแญแแนแแญแ แแญแฏแแบแแถ แแฒแแแฑ แแฝแฒแแฑแธแแญแฏแแบแ แแผแแบแแซแแแบแ แแซแแผแฑแฌแแบแทโฆ แแปแแบแธแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธ แแฒแท แแแบแแผแฑแแฝแฑแแฌ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถ แกแแฝแแบแธแแพแญ (Chin State) แกแญแแนแแญแแแญแฏแแบแแถ แแพ (Mizoram) แแพแแบแท แแแบแนแแแฌแธแแฑแทแแบแแญแฏแแบแแถ แแพ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบ(Bawn ram)แแญแฏแท แแผแ แบแแซแแแบแ แแแบแนแแแฌแธแแฑแทแแบแแญแฏแแบแแถ(Bangladesh)แแญแฏแแบแแถ แแปแแบแธแแฝแแบแแฑแฌแแบ(Bawn)แแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแฝแฑ แแฑแแญแฏแแบแแผแแฒแท แ แแญแฏแแฌ (Boga Lake khua) แแฑแแแบ แแฝแฌแแฑแธแแฒแท แแผแแบแแฝแแบแธ แแฌแแบแแฏแถแแฑแธ แแซแ แแฌแแบแแฏแถ -Boga Lake khua,Bangladesh แแ แบแแฝแแผแฑ แแ แบแแฝแแผแฑChin mi kan ni Burma leh India zalenna Kum 1947-1948 khan Chin hnam pi leh pute ram chu hmun hnih-ah แนญhenin India ramah an pe ta a ni. Tin, India atanga Bangladesh thlengin Independence hun lai khan Chin hnam ram chu hmun 3-ah then a ni a, Bangladesh, . India Ram atanga inthen leh ta. Chuvanginโฆ Chin mite awmna hmunte (Chin State) ah Myanmar ramah a awm a (Mizoram) atanga lo kal a ni Bangladesh atanga lo kal Bawn ram. Bangladesh ram (Bangladesh) a ni. Bawn mite chenna hmun, . Boga (Boga Lake khua) a ni. Lake khua thlir dan thlalak. Thlalak – Boga Lake Khua, Bangladesh Orchid ram a ni Orchid ram a ni
The town of Thipaw, where the Shan Sow Baw were enthroned ========================================================= == Located 120 miles away from Mandalay, Thipau is a beautiful town with a strong history and tradition as it was the seat of the Shan dynasty. During the time of the ancient rulers, Thepaun was only known as the land of palm trees, and later the name of the palm tree disappeared and only the name “Thepau” remained. The town of Thipaw, which has a royal throne as it was the seat of the royal family, has become famous among foreigners and local tourists not only because of the book Twilight Over Burma, which is based on the love story between the Shan royal family and the Austrian Mahadevi, but also because of the movie released in 2015. Filled with such historical information, Thibaut City is full of other interesting things, so you can explore for a moment with story Z-Lann. The good programs presented by Story-Z Lann can be viewed and listened to on YouTube of Story-Z Lann, or those who want to listen to the audio file exclusively can access and listen to it through the link below. โจ YouTube โค: https://www.youtube.com ZLann #ZLann_Podcast #Thipaw. แแพแแบแธแ แฑแฌแบแแฝแฌแธแแญแฏแทแแฎแธแแแบแธแ แญแฏแแบแแฌ แแฎแแฑแซแแผแญแฏแท ==================================================== แแแนแแแฑแธแแผแญแฏแทแแฒแท แแญแฏแแบ แแแ แแฝแฌแแฑแธแแฒแทแแฑแแฌแแพแฌแแแบแแพแญแแฑแแฒแท แแฎแแฑแซแแผแญแฏแทแแฌแแญแฏแแแบ แแพแแบแธแ แฑแฌแบแแฝแฌแธแแญแฏแท แแแบแธแ แญแฏแแบแแฌแแฑแแแ แบแแฏแแผแ แบแแฒแทแแฌแแผแฑแฌแแทแบ แแญแฏแแบแแฌแแฒแทแแแญแฏแแบแธแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแกแ แแบแกแแฌแแฝแฑแแพแญแแฒแทแกแแผแแบ แ แญแแบแธแแแบแธแแฒแทแแฑแฌแแฑแฌแแบแแฑแแผแฑแแแฌแแกแแพแแฝแฑแแฒแทแแแบแธ แแแทแบแแแบแแพแแแฑแแฒแทแแผแญแฏแทแแฑแธแแ แบแแผแญแฏแทแแผแ แบแแซแแแบแ แแพแฑแธแแฑแแบแแแบแธแแฝแฑแแแบแแแบแแฌแแแฏแแบแธแแแฑแฌแท แแฎแแฑแซแแแบแแญแฏแแฌแ แกแฏแแบแธแแฑแซแแบแแผแแบแแญแฏแทแแฌแแแบแแพแฌแธแแฒแทแแฌแแผแ แบแแผแฎแธ แแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแพ แกแฏแแบแธแแฑแซแแบแแญแฏแแฒแท แแฌแแแบแแปแฑแฌแแบแแฌ “แแฎแแฑแซ” แแญแฏแท แกแแแบแแฌแแฝแแบแแปแแบแแ แบแแฒแทแแฌแแซแ แ แฑแฌแบแแฝแฌแธแแฝแฑ แแฎแธแแแบแธแ แญแฏแแบแแฌแแผแญแฏแทแแผแ แบแแฒแทแแฒแทแกแแปแฑแฌแแบ แแฎแธแแแบแแแบแธแแแบแแฑแแฒแท แแฎแแฑแซแแผแญแฏแทแแฑแธแแฌ แแฎแแแบแแฑแแบแแพแฌแแฑแฌแท แแพแแบแธแ แฑแฌแบแแฝแฌแธ แ แแบแแผแฌแแญแฏแแบ แแฒแท แแผแ แแผแฎแธแแฌแธแแฐ แแแฌแแฑแแฎแแญแฏแทแแฒแท แกแแปแ แบแแฌแแบแแแบแธแแญแฏ แกแแผแฑแแถแแฌแธแแฒแท Twilight Over Burma แ แฌแกแฏแแบแแผแฑแฌแแทแบแแฌแแ แแแแ แแฏแแพแ แบแแพแฌแแฝแแบแแพแญแแฒแทแแฒแท แแฏแแบแแพแแบแแผแฑแฌแแทแบแแแบแธ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแผแฌแธแแฌแธแแฝแฑแแฒแท แแผแแบแแฝแแบแธแแแฎแธแแฝแฌแธแงแแทแบแแแบแแฝแฑแกแแผแฌแธแแพแฌแแซ แแฌแแแบแแปแฑแฌแบแแผแฌแธแแฌแแฒแทแแซแแแบแ แแฎแแญแฏแแปแญแฏแธแแแญแฏแแบแธแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแฌแกแแปแแบแกแแแบแแฝแฑแแฒแท แแผแแทแบแแพแแบแแฑแแฒแท แแฎแแฑแซแแผแญแฏแทแแฑแธแแพแฌ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแแบแแญแฏแ แญแแบแแแบแ แฌแธแ แแฌแแฑแฌแแบแธแแฒแทแกแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแกแแฌแแฝแฑแแปแฌแธ แแพแญแแญแฏแทแแฑแฆแธแแแฒแแญแฏแแฌแแญแฏแแฑแฌแท แแฎแแญแฏ แแฌแแบแแแบแธ Z-Lann แแฒแทแกแแฐแแแแบแนแแแญแฏแแบแแซแ แฎแธแแปแฑแฌแแฑแทแแฌแแผแแทแบแแญแฏแแบแแซแแแบแ แแฌแแบแแแบแธ-Z Lann แแพแแแบแแแบแแฑแธแแปแแบแแพแญแแฒแท แกแ แฎแกแ แแบแแฑแฌแแบแธแแฝแฑแแญแฏแแฑแฌแท แแฌแแบแแแบแธ-Z Lann แแฒแท YouTube แแแฑแแแบแธ แแพแฏแ แฌแธแแฌแธแแแบแแญแฏแแบแแแญแฏ แกแแถแแญแฏแแบแแฎแธแแแทแบแแฌแธแแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแผแแฐแแฝแฑแแแฑแฌแท แกแฑแฌแแบแแซแแแทแบแแบแแแฑ แแ แบแแแทแบแแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแธแแแบแแถแ แฌแธแแญแฏแแบแแซแแแบแ โจ YouTube โค: https://www.youtube.com ZLann #ZLann_Podcast #แแฎแแฑแซ.. Thipaw khua, Shan Sow Baw lalแนญhutthleng anthut na tihhi a ni Mandalay atanga mel 120 vela hlaa awm Thipau hi Shan lalram hmunpui a nih avangin khawpui mawi tak, history leh tradition nghet tak nei a ni. Hmanlai roreltute hun lai khan Thepaun hi palm kung ram tia hriat chauh a ni a, a hnuah chuan palm kung hming chu a bo ta a, “Thepau” tih hming chauh a awm ta a ni. Thipaw khawpui hi lal chhungkaw awmna hmun a nih avangin lal lalแนญhutthleng a nei a, ramdang mite leh tualchhung khualzinte zingah pawh a lar chho hle a, hei hi Shan lal chhungkua inhmangaihna chanchin aแนญanga siam, Twilight Over Burma tih lehkhabu vang chauh ni lovin leh Austrian Mahadevi te pawh a ni a, mahse kum 2015-a movie tihchhuah vang pawh a ni. Chutiang historical information-a khat Thibaut City hi thil ngaihnawm dangin a khat a, chuvangin story Z-Lann hmangin rei lo te chhung chu i chhui thei ang. Story-Z Lann-in programme tha tak tak a rawn present te hi Story-Z Lann YouTube-ah en leh ngaihthlak theih a ni a, a nih loh leh audio file chauh ngaihthlak duh tan a hnuaia link hmang hian access leh ngaihthlak theih a ni bawk. โจ tih a ni YouTube โค: https://www.youtube.com ah hian a awm a ZLann #ZLann_Podcast #Thipaw..
Defeat of Alexander The Great World famous for many centuries It’s interesting how people defeated the Greek general Alexander the Greatโฆ As nothing is permanent, success is one day we will have to face failure. The way a great general who was able to establish a great Greek empire without losing a war for 15 years is a genius. Around 326 BC, the Greek army, which defeated the Persian Empire in just a few days, came to conquer northern India, where King Porus was reigning. I waited while giving the ultimatum On the other side is a large field, and King Porus is surrounded by forests on the other side. The Indian King Porus’s country was also very worried as it would have to face a huge Greek army. They accused me of asking them to help the big army that was in control, but it was already captured and everyone was going to die.. But the king asked a question that he wanted to know and announced that he would not surrender as he said, and he would go to war, and he was waiting on this sideโฆ At that time, according to his military strategy, Alexander the Great divided his army into 2 front and rear groups and started with a strong army and attacked across the river.. He placed elephants in the middle and surrounded the cavalry as the left wing and the right wing. (Operation of the cow) He himself attacked with horse warriors on the right wing.. King Porus started to fight with horse warriors in the middle and more than 200 elephant warriors on the left and right wings.. There, Alexander the Great was surrounded by his army and captured alive before he could even order his army to fight. However, because they were leaders with dignity and integrity, they did not kill and declared defeat, so they let them go. Some of the tips from this great professor behind such a win are the life of this gameโฆ The advantage of the Greek army is the cavalry. Their horses are strong and carefully trained, so it’s not easy for us to competeโฆ The weapon they use to fight against enemies is 9-foot long spears compared to bowsโฆThe normal spears are only 6-7 feet long, so they used those long spears to cut off previous wars, so they must be able to avoid that weapon. Horses naturally take a nap after drinking water. They don’t go easy while running That’s why the horses crossing the river are like drinking water, and when they get to the shore, they will be sleepy. Because of the river water you drink while crossing the river, your bladder will be heavy and you will feel nauseous. That’s why they can’t do jumping, running and galloping anymore We must take advantage of this weakness and attack with elephants Since their side was surrounded by a thick forest, the elephant army had to be placed in three lines and hidden in the jungle The cavalry, unable to move from the battle stock, must be trampled down one by one by the elephants. Their 9-foot-long spears had little chance of reaching the soldiers sitting on the elephants. It is a lesson that in war, it is not the superiority of power that is important, but the quality of resourcefulness.
CHIN MI PHUN SUNG IN BIBLE DEGREE NGAH HMAI SA BIK PAWL Pastor Lun Cung Nung le 2 Pastor Kam Khua Thang an si. Pastor Lun Cung Nung cu Falam peng Vazang khua ih Pu Tial Cuai le Pi Kulh Lem ih fa pa a si ih, Ngawn mi phun a si. 1951 ah Ngawn Chin in NT Mark a let ih ca uk khal a suah a si. Insein Seminary Hill ih Bible tlawng Diploma tlawng ih sin B.Th course an phuan kum ah 1.Lun Cung Nung Falam 2.Kam Khua Thang Teddim 3.Lal Hnin Hakha , hi pawl hi Chin mi lak in B.Th course kai hmai sa bik an si. Pastor Lun Cung Nung cu ca a thiam tuk ruang ah B.Th degree cu kum khat in sui ta sik an pek ih an theh ter a si, ti in a pu pa Rev Cio Lian le a nau pa pu Ceu Ling le a tu le pawl nih in sim a si. 1951 kum Insein Seminary ih sin B.Th a theh a si . Lun Cung Nung le Kam Khua Thang cu Teddim Bible School ah lecturer thla an tuan a si. Thantlang peng Saikah ci vui pi ah thla ABM hmin ring ring cu a tha lo ding an ti ih NELSON pawl nih a hmin an thleng ter. Pastor Lun Cung Nung nih Chin Baptist Convention asuatui ih Saza Hau Go nih Zomi Baptist Convention asuatui ih Vote an lak tik ah Zomi Baptist Convention nih a neh ih ZBC ti mi a suah nak a si. Teddim Bible tlawng kha Halkha ah an thawn. A hmai kum Khua sak kum 50 Jubillee ah Saza Hau Go cu ZBC Secretary ah an hnem hnget. Zum tu cu Teddim,Falam, Halkha lawng kan si tik ah Saza Hau Go nih a lai ah a ti tih Falam Cinmual ah lei ram a lei ih ZBC zung a phuan ih, Bible tlawng khal Halkha ih si Falam ah a thawn. Pastor Lung Cung Nung cu 1955 September thla ah Kalay myo lam Pathian thu sim a feh ih a tlun sal lam Thei zang coffee hmuan sak lam kham sang zet ih sin mawtor accident in a nun nak cu Pathian nih a lak sal a si. Posted by Rev Dr Joshua Ai Za Len
Table of Tribes of the Falam Subdivision. PAWI :- Means those who wear their hair in a top knot and includes also many southhern Chin tribes. MAR :- Means those who wear their hair in a bun at the nape of the neck, and includes the Lushei-Kuki clans, and the Sukte/Tedim Chin and Sihzang Chin. ” The Economics of The Centeral Chin Tribes, 1931, PP.13, H.N.C.STEVENSON laibu sungah record mi hi. Centeral Chin Hills sungah tribes cu group nih in kheen haw hi. PAWI le MAR tin group nih in koih haw hi. PAWI = Malam Tuktum(mailam samtum) miphun tih nak hi. MAR = Nunglam Tuktum( nunglam samtum) miphun tih nak hi. Oh NGAWN pu le pa te cu Malam Tuktum haw hi. PAWI group sungah koih haw hi. Ngawn miphun cu PAWI loli hi tih nak kha ngawl in Culture cun / bangve tih nak hi. Samtum/tuktum dan bangve hang hi. Muhdan, theih dan bangve ngawl tazongin, Source: -H.N.C.STEVENSON.Pp.13.The Centeral Chin Tribes ,1931. Keimah pakhat hi research mi hi.
You are King Zakap Huaisen, the brave governor (Zakapa Awards Ceremony) (Newspaper Article 28th Aug 2023) Lalnunแนญawma Fanai Free Mp3 Download Sir, brave Zakap, can you open your ears again today? Once upon a time, 130 years ago, Governor C.S. Singh, who tried to rule everything, even your daughters and mothers, was defeated. Murray, do you remember the one who chose you and your people? Because of this incident, we are proclaiming that you are a valuable person for your descendants. Sir, get up, we are calling your name again. You live in peace in your kingdom, with your people and your people. The sun and the moon were upon thee, and thou didst rule in freedom in this land. But sir, in 1891, when your governor, C.S. Murray and his men visited your village Khawhri. Because you are a friendly king, you slaughtered a goat for a good guest. Not only that, you cooked Zo artui and served buhpui zu. I Mizos have done good to them, and you have loved them with all your might. I think you, the inhabitants of the small villages, will be pleased with the arrival of so many good guests and their companions. When you were so excited about the good guests, with a humiliating attitude, with a sense of humility, with a sense of eating and doing whatever you wanted, he sent Dara Ralte and Panjiham Tipperrah to arrange for two women to sleep with him at night he gave it to you. You are a king, and I think you were surprised and angry when you heard that! But even if it was the Governor’s word, you took his words to you as a stone wall, and you sent all the young women and girls of your village away, not to mention the girls you gave them. I’ll tiแนญha tehlul em! I think the Governor came to your village and thought about how to turn his idea into reality. But if he knew that you were ‘Zakap huaisena’ in front of him, wouldn’t he have told you these things? for ignorance maketh a man foolish: what is the matter with him? He was accompanied by fifty (50) Frontier Police, two (2) Sygnallers (Darthlalangpu), ten (10) servants, fifty (50) Coolies from Lungleng Lal Dokapa village and cash of cheng On February 8, 1891, they arrived with Rs. 2,0 When he came to your house, the brave Governor sat on the Darkhuang and said, “Zakap, where are our women to sleep with?” tiin a han zawt che a nih kha. If the other king were, “Kha le ka pu,” you would give the two Mizo women, and they would know that it was impossible to deny the king’s words they will sell it without consent! But you, Zakapa, are a brave king, and you dare to say, “Sir, there is no woman in my village to sleep with. The next night he said the same thing, โZakap, have you seen the woman we are going to sleep with?โ he asked again a ni,” i ti leh a, “I’m a king, if you want, you can give it to me. There are two virgins besides two virgins who have been thrown away. “Sir, there is no girl in my village who can sleep with you like that,” you said. “If you can’t find a girl with us, give me your wife and your brother Pazika’s wife tur a ni,” he said, pointing to your pregnant wife, saying the most terrible things, and daring to ask you to take care of your pregnant wife “If you don’t sleep with my wife, I’ll shoot you dead, you’re not a human being!” tiin i silai dawtin Bawrhsap huaisena hmaiah i tin ta hial a nih kha . Not only do we understand your anger, but 100 years later, the youth are on your side! I khawnbawl upaten, “Lord, respect, respect; respect, please,” an tih avรขnga i kap ta lo erawh i insum thei ngawt mai. Zakap, in other cities kings never refuse my words, they give me whatever I say, you are very stubborn, I will announce you here, I will cut you down and burn you all Mizo hmeichhe zahawmna i hum tlat avรขngin terrible suffering came upon you, your community’s food storehouse Chhek In was burnt down, Zawlbuk was burnt down immediately, and you were in turmoil is that. The governor’s courage and his men followed the burning of the house, and after it was burnt, you fought. “Marlian, king and king, stand up, you haven’t slept with my wife yet,” tite-in Governor CS Murray’s escape from the woman au-el a, i pasalแนญhaten, “Lord, he has not dared you, he has fled, do not be with him,” tiin an au ding thei che kha i insum thei ngawt mai! You have bravely faced what has happened to you and what has happened to your people. Then, my lord, after such a great trouble, even the rulers of the land cannot be dared. I was arrested and imprisoned for four years. But the story is not over. The British authorities have considered your case and returned the brave Governor who tried to abuse your girls and women to the Bengal Police Department that’s it. But you have been convicted after the judges have heard the truth. I courage and dedication for Mizo women is not forgotten by the younger generation. In 2023, the 109th anniversary of your death, we are proudly presenting the ‘ZAKAPA AWARD’ to honor those who have contributed to Mizo women. I’m sorry you don’t get the respect you deserve! But now, we are proudly speaking of your glorious name, and we are rising from the mountain of glory.
๐๐๐๐
MiZo
Nang Lal Zakap Huaisen, Bawrhsap huaisena tukdawltu (Zakapa Award Pual) (Vanglaini Article 28th Aug 2023) Lalnunแนญawma Fanai Ka pu, Zakap huaisen, vawiinah hian i beng i lo chhi leh thei em? Hmanah kum 130 liam tawhah khan, an dai chin apiang awp a, in nula leh nute thlenga tihluihnaa hnehchhuh tumtu Bawrhsap C.S. Murray-a, nang leh i khua leh tuite cho sualtu kha i la hria em? Kha thil thleng avรขnga i thlah kal zelte tana mi hlu i nihna hi kan rawn aupui thar leh mek a nia. Ka pu, lo tho rawh le, i hming kan lam thar leh mek a nia. I lalna ram chhungah, i khua leh tuite nen thlamuang takin in awm a. I chungah ni leh thla a awm a, zalen takin he ramah hian ro i rel แนญhin a nih kha. Mahse maw ka pu, kum 1891-a a lo her chhuak a, nangmahni awptu bawrhsap C.S. Murray leh a hote chuan in khua Khawhri an rawn tlawh a nih kha. Lal hawihhawm tak i nih avangin khual แนญha lokal ta chu tiin Kel i lo talhsak a. Chumai a ni lo, Zo artui i lo chhum a, buhpui zu i lo hlui bawk a nih kha. An lakah Mizo takin แนญhat i chhuah a, an nawm loh hlau takin i thiam tinrengin i lo duat a nih kha. Khati zat khual แนญha leh a hote lokal ta chu, nangni khaw te reuh tรชa chengte khan pui in ti ve ngawtin ka ring. Khati taka khual แนญhate duata i rilru i sen lai khan, hnuaichhiahna rilru nen, duh duh laa ei a, duh duh ti theia inngaihna rilru puin, Dara Ralte leh Panjiham Tipperrah-te rawn tirin, zana a mutpui tur hmeichhe pahnih lo ngaihtuahsak turin thu a rawn pe che a nih kha. Lal i ni a, kha thu i hriat khan mak i tiin, i thin a tiur nghal hlein ka ring! Mahse, Bawrhsap thu meuh pawh ni se, i hnena a thil sawi chu lung bang sut ang maiah ngaiin, nula pรชk chu sawi loh, i khuaa nula leh hmeichhe tlawngawl zawng zawng chu hmun dangah i tir bo vek a nih kha. I va tiแนญha tehlul em! Kha Bawrhsap rawva tak khan i khua a lo lut a, a suangtuahna chu a tak rama chantir dan tur pawh a ngaihtuah ve nasa hlein ka ring. Mahse, a hmaah ‘Zakap huaisena’ i awm tih hre sa se, heng thute hi a rawn sawi tir lo tur? hriat lohna hian mihring a ti รข miau si a, eng nge lo thleng zel ta le! Ani chu Lal takin, amah zuitu Frontier Police sawmnga (50), Sygnaller (Darthlalangpu) pahnih (2), chhiahhlawh (chaw chhum) sawm (10), Lungleng lal Dokapa khua aแนญangin puakphur (Coolies) sawmnga (50) leh sum fai cheng sanghnih (Rs. 2,000) chuang kengin ni February ni 8, 1891 ah an lo thleng a nih kha. I inah lokalin, Bawrhsap huaisena chuan Darkhuang chunga แนญhuin, “Zakap, khawiah nge kan hmeichhe mutpui turte chu?” tiin chhun pachangah zawhna khal tak a han zawt che a nih kha. Lal dang chu ni se, “Kha le ka pu,” tiin, Mizo hmeichhe awmnem pahnih chu i pe ang a, anni lahin Lal thu hnial chu ngam rual a ni lo tih an hriatsa dawn si avรขngin kimki chawih chawihin an hmeichhe zahawmna chu an remtihna tel miah loin an hralh dawn tihna a ni! Mahse, nang chu Zakapa, Lal huaisen i lo ni si, “Ka pu, ka khuaah hian hmeichhe han mutpui mai tur an awm lo,” i ti ngam a nih kha. A tรปk zanah thu ngai bawk sawiin, โZakap, kan hmeichhe mutpui tur chu i hmu tawh em?” a ti leh ta khur khur a, nang chuan, “Ka pu, ka khuaah hian hmeichhe han mutpui mai tur ka zawng hmu ngang lo a ni,” i ti leh a, “Lal i ni a, i duh chuan min pe thei, saw lai lawkah pawh nula puantah pahnih bรขkah paihte nula pahnih pawh an awm bawk,” tiin na takin a kar che a, nang chuan, “Ka pu, chutianga in mutpui mai tur chu ka khuaah hian tumah nula an awm lo a ni,” i ti leh ngat a, “Kan mutpui tur nula i hmu zo lo a nih chuan i nupui leh i nau Pazika nupui hi min pe tur a ni,” tia i nupui raipuar luah chu kawk a, thu thinแนญhawng rapthlak tawpkhawk sawi a, duat taka i nupui rai puar i enkawl mek pawh a dil ngam che khan, i thin a tiur hle a, แนญhangtharte hian Bawrhsap chetdan kha rapthlak kan ti teh a nia! Bang laia i Silai chuhin, “Ka nupui i mutpui ai chuan nangmah hi ka kap hlum ang che, mihring pawh i nih nek loh hi!” tiin i silai dawtin Bawrhsap huaisena hmaiah i tin ta hial a nih kha. I thinurna hi kan hrethiam mai a ni lo, kum 100 liam tawhah pawh hian แนญhangtharte hi i lamah kan แนญang tlat a nia! I khawnbawl upaten, “Lalpa, zah ngai, zah ngai; zah ngai hram rawh,” an tih avรขnga i kap ta lo erawh i insum thei ngawt mai. “Zakap, khaw dangah chuan lalten ka thu an hnial ngai lo a, ka sawi apiang min pe a, nang chu i luhlul hle mai, helah ka puang ang che’ng a, i chhek in ka hal vek ang,” tiin a chhuahsan ta che a nih kha. Mizo hmeichhe zahawmna i hum tlat avรขngin tawrhna rapthlak tak a lo thleng a, in khawtlangin ei tur in dah khawmna Chhek In chu an halsak lehzel che a, Zawlbuk pawh hal nghal a ni a, in phek buai zui ta a nih kha. Bawrhsap huaisena leh a hoten chhek in an hal tur chu in zui ru a, hal a nih hnuah in inkap zui a, Bawrhsapa huaisena chu, a kaw tawpah zawng, a lo huaisen lo a ni ang, baklรชngin a tlanchhe ta a nih kha. Vahchapah i รปm lut a, lui thlengin i รปm a, “Marlian, lal leh lal chu kan intum ang chu lo ding rawh, ka nupui pawh i la mutpui hleinem,” tite-in hmeichhe laka Bawrhsap huaisen C.S Murray-a tlanchhia chu i au-el a, i pasalแนญhaten, “Lalpa, a ngam lo che a, a tlanchhe tawh a lawm, um tawh lo mai rawh,” tiin an au ding thei che kha i insum thei ngawt mai! Nang zawng, i chunga thil thleng leh i khua leh tuite chunga thil thlengte chu huaisen takin i hmachhawn a, แนญhangtharte hian kan chhuang teh mai che a nia. Tichuan maw ka pu, khatia buaina nasa tak in neih hnu khan, ram ni tla seng loa roreltute meuh chu ngam rual ni hek lo le! Lal ni mah la, manin i awm a, Jail-ah dah luhin i awm a, kum li zet i zu tang a nih kha. Mahse, thu a la tawp hauh lo. Bristish roreltute chuan in thubuai hi ngaihtuahin, i nulate leh hmeichhiate laka mawi lo taka chet tum, hmeichhe laka Bawrhsap huaisen, i laka dawl zawra zawr leh si kha, a hmaa a hna lo thawh tawhna Bengal Police Deptt-ah an kir tir leh ta a nih kha. Nang erawh roreltuten thu dik an hriat hnuah thiam chantir i ni ta a, hriat a nuam teh e! Heti taka Mizo hmeichhiate tana i huaisenna leh an tana i inpekna hi, แนญhangthar ten kan hai hauh lo. Lei daia i zรขl aแนญanga kum 109 na chiah, kum 2023-ah hian, i thiltih leh i hming chhuang takin ‘ZAKAPA AWARD’ tiin, Mizo hmeichhiate tana thawh hlawkte chawimawi turin kan inkau ta ut mai. I phu angin แนญhangtharte chawimawi i hlawh tรขwk lo erawh a pawi ka ti! Mahse, tunah zawng, i hming zahawm tak hi chhuang takin kan sawi thar leh mek a, chawimawina tlรขngah kan hung chhuak thar ta a nih hi.
Ears of Ancient Chinese Terra-Cotta Warriors Offer Clues to Their Creation National Geographic – November 18, 2014 New clues about Terra-Cotta Warriors – In 246 B.C. the adolescent ruler commissioned a massive tomb furnished with everything he’d need for the next life, including an entire army of life-size terra-cotta warriors, from mighty generals to humble infantrymen. Arranged in battle formation in pits near the emperor’s tomb, the clay army stood watch for more than 2,000 years. Then, in 1974, local farmers rediscovered the site while digging a well. Since then, archaeologists have puzzled over how ancient artisans produced the estimated 7,000 lifelike clay soldiers, right down to their stylish goatees and plaits of braided hair. Some have suggested that the statues were modeled after real, individual soldiers; others think they were assembled from standard clay ears, noses, and mouths, similar to the Mr. Potato Head toy. The Terracotta Army (literally “soldier and horse funerary statues”) are the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shi Huang the First Emperor of China. The terracotta figures, dating from 210 BCE, were discovered in 1974 by several local farmers near Xi’an, Shanxi province, China near the Mausouleum of the First Qin Emperor. The figures vary in height (183-195 cm – 6ft-6ft 5in), according to their role, the tallest being the generals. The figures include warriors, chariots, horses, officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians. Current estimates are that in the three pits containing the Terracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which are still buried in the pits. The Terracotta Army was discovered in eastern outer suburbs of Xi’an, Shaanxi Province by local farmers drilling a water well 1.5 miles east of Lishan (a mountain). This discovery prompted archaeologists to proceed to Shaanxi Province, China to investigate. The Terracotta Army is a form of funerary art buried with the First Emperor of Qin (Qin Shi Huang, Shi Huang means the first emperor) in 210-209 BCE (he declared himself the first emperor of China in 221 BCE to the end of his life in 210 BCE). Their purpose was to help rule another empire with Shi Huang Di in the afterlife. Consequently, they are also sometimes referred to as “Qin’s Armies.” Mount Lishan is also where the material to make the terracotta warriors originated. In addition to the warriors, an entire man-made necropolis for the emperor has been excavated. According to the historian Sima Qian (145-90 BCE) construction of this mausoleum began in 246 BCE and involved 700,000 workers. Qin Shi Huang was thirteen when construction began. Sima Qian, in his most famous history of China, Shiji, completed a century after the mausoleum completion, wrote that the First Emperor was buried with palaces, scenic towers, officials, valuable utensils and ‘wonderful objects,’ with 100 rivers fashioned in mercury and above this heavenly bodies below which he wrote were ‘the features of the earth.’ Some translations of this passage refer to ‘models’ or ‘imitations’ but in fact he does not use those words. Recent scientific work at the site has shown high levels of mercury in the soil of Mount Lishan, appearing to add credence to the writing of ancient historian Sima Qian. The tomb of Shi Huang Di is near an earthen pyramid 76 meters tall and nearly 350 square meters. The tomb remains unopened, in the hope that it will remain intact. Only a portion of the site is presently excavated. Qin Shi Huang’s necropolis complex was constructed to serve as an imperial compound or palace. It comprises several offices, halls and other structures and is surrounded by a wall with gateway entrances. The remains of the craftsmen working in the tomb have also been found within its confines, and it is believed they were sealed inside alive to prevent them from divulging information about the tombs. It was also said as a legend that the Terracotta Warriors were real soldiers, buried with Emperor Qin so that they can guard him in the nex life .
The terracotta figures were manufactured both in workshops by government laborers and also by local craftsmen. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features. Once assembled, intricate features such as facial expressions were added. It is believed that their legs were made in much the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were manufactured at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece of terracotta and subsequently firing it. In those days, each workshop was required to inscribe its name on items produced to ensure quality control. This has aided modern historians in verifying that workshops that once made tiles and other mundane items were commandeered to work on the terracotta army. Upon completion, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty. The terracotta figures are life-like and life-sized. They vary in height, uniform and hairstyle in accordance with rank. The colored lacquer finish, individual facial features, and actual weapons and armor from battle were used in manufacturing these figures created a realistic appearance. The original weapons were stolen shortly after the creation of the army and the coloring has faded greatly. However, their existence serves as a testament to the amount of labour and skill involved in their construction. It also reveals the power the First Emperor possessed, enabling him to command such a monumental undertaking as this.The four pits associated with the dig are about 1.5 km east of the burial ground and are about 7 meters deep. The outside walls of the tomb complex are as if placed there to protect the tomb from the east, where all the conquered states lay. They are solidly built with rammed earth walls and ground layers as hard as concrete. Pit one, 230 meters long, contains the main army, estimated at 8,000 figures. Pit One has 11 corridors, most of which are over 3 meters wide, and paved with small bricks with a wooden ceiling supported by large beams and posts. This design was also used for the tombs of noblemen and would have resembled palace hallways. The wooden ceilings were covered with reed mats and layers of clay for waterproofing, and then mounded with more soil making them, when built about 2 to 3 meters higher than ground level. Pit two has cavalry and infantry units as well as war chariots, and is thought to represent a military guard. Pit three is the command post, with high ranking officers and a war chariot. Pit four is empty, seemingly left unfinished by its builders.
There is evidence of a large fire that burned the wooden structures that once housed the Terracotta Army. It was described by Sima Qian, who said that the fire was a consequence of a raid on the tomb by General Xiang Yu less than five years after the death of the First Emperor. According to Sima Qian, General Xiang’s army looted the tomb and the structures holding the Terracotta Army, as well as setting fire to the necropolis and starting a blaze that allegedly lasted three months. Because of this, only one statue has survived intact: a statue of a kneeling archer. Despite the fire, however, much of the remains of the Terracotta Army still survives in various stages of preservation, surrounded by remnants of the burnt wooden structures. In 1999, it was reported that the warriors were suffering from “nine different kinds of mold,” caused by raised temperatures and humidity in the building which houses the soldiers, and by the breath of tourists. In addition, the South China Morning Post reported that the figures have become oxidized grey from being exposed to the air, which may cause arms to fall off, and noses and hairstyles to disappear. However, officials have dismissed these claims. In Daily Planet Goes to China TV Series, the Terracotta Warriors segment reported that the Chinese scientists found soot on the surface of the statues, concluding that the pollution introduced from coal burning plants was responsible for the decaying of the terracotta statues. The 2008 Sichuan earthquake caused some slight damages to several soldiers. One soldier in Pit #2 tilted to the right at 5 degrees. Several small cracks appeared on two soldiers and one horse statue in Pit #3. But overall the damage was minimal. Recently, officials have begun to bury sections of the pits, to preserve the figures. Google Images Terracotta Army Wikipedia
In the News …
20 ‘Terracotta Warriors’ discovered in pit around secret tomb of China’s 1st emperor Live Science – February 9, 2022
Chinese historical texts say nothing about the Terracotta army or why it was built. The army could have been a way to elevate the emperorรขโฌโขs status, particularly because after Qin Shi Huangรขโฌโขs death in 210 B.C., his family was overthrown by a rebellion led by what would become the Han Dynasty; that dynasty likely did not want to highlight the first emperorรขโฌโขs achievements. In addition, modern-day archaeologists often interpret the army as being created to serve Qin Shi Huang in the afterlife.
Chinese archaeologist who ‘discovered and restored’ Terracotta Warriors dies at the age of 82 Daily Mail – May 22, 2018 Zhao Kangmin was largely recognized as the first archaeologist to identify fragments of terracotta which had been found by local farmers digging a well in spring, 1974. He glued together the first two clay soldiers in 1974. He also named the figures ‘Terracotta Warriors’ while speaking to a journalist The army were crafted around 250 BC for the tomb of China’s first emperor.
Umberto I (1844-1900), King Italy, receiving Burmese ambassadors Download and buy this stock image: Umberto I (1844-1900), King Italy, receiving Burmese ambassadors
แกแฎแแแฎแแฏแแแบ Umberto I (1844-1900) แแแบแแผแแบแแฌแแถแกแแแบแแปแฌแธแแญแฏแแแบแแถแแแฐแแแบแ แคแ แแฑแฌแทแแบแแฏแถแแญแฏแแฑแซแแบแธแแฏแแบแแฏแแบแแผแฎแธแแแบแแซ– Umberto I (1844-1900) แกแฎแแแฎแแฏแแแบแแแผแแบแแฌแแถแแแแบแแปแฌแธแแญแฏแแแบแแถแแผแแบแธ
Chin miphun pawl cu kan pupa tuanbia ah Hlan liopi ahcun ca kan rak ngei ve nain saphaw cungah rak tial hna kaw, uico nih a tlik pi i a rak ei dih caah ca kan ngei kho ti lo tiah an ti tawn. Cucaah Mirang cozah nih Chin Land (Lairam) an kan uk i a bikin, Baptist missionary pawl kan ram an phak hnu lawngah ca an kan serpiak chom i ca hi kan ngei ve. Cuti i Chin miphun kan hram thawknak asiloah a tu kan umnak ChinLand (Lairam) kan phak hramthawk in ca kan rak ngeih lo caah kan thawhkehnak, pakhat le pakhat, pengkhat le pengkhat, asiloah phunkhat le phunkhat (clan)kan i pehtlaihning kha, Chin mi vialte cu pumkhat hrimhrim kan si ko tiah kan zumh i kan chim cio nain, a fiang tein a hngal khomi le a chim kho mi kan um ti lo. Mirang pawl nih A.D.1885 kum i kawlram vialte cu kan lak dih cang an rak ti lio ahhin (Lairam) ChinLand cu aa rak i tel ve lo. Cucaah kawl pawl nih an chimh hna ningin kawlram nitlak chaklei India le Bangadesh ramri ah Chin miphun pawl an um ti cu an rak hngalh. Cun Mirang nih Bengal an lak tikah nan pawng ahhin zei miphun dah an um tiah an rak hal ve hna i, Kuki pawl an um an ti hna. Anmah Bengal holh in Kuki timi cu mihrut phun asiloah saram bantuk in a ummi tlangcung minung (savage and wild hill people) tinak a si. Dr.Vumson tialmi Zo History, p.1. Sihmanhsehlaw 1871-72 kum i Mirang nih Lushai expedition an vun tuah i, anmah he an i ton taktak tikah zei miphun dah nan si tiah an hal tik hna ahcun Lushai kan si, an rak ti hna. Cun Mirang cozah nih A.D.1892 kum i Chinland an hun tuk ve i an lak tik ahcun an phanhnak kip i minung pawl kha ‘Zei miphun dah nan si?’ i ‘khuazei in dah nan chuah?’ tiah an hal cio tik hna ahcun, Tidim peng i a ummi hna nih, ‘Zo kan si i Cimnuai in kan chuak,’ an rak ti. Cucaah Tuck and Carey nih, “Chin miphun Eden dum cu Cimnuai a si,” an rak ti phah. The Chin Hills by Carey and Tuck, Vol.1, p.127. Falam le Hakha peng i a ummi hna nihcun “Laimi kan si i Lailun in kan chuak,” an rak ti ve. Sihmanhsehlaw Mirang nihcun hi miphun hna hi pakhat an si ko nain zeicadah an chimmi an i khah hnga lo tiah an khuaruah a rak har i anmah nih tha tein an dothlat. Cuti i an dothlatnak vialte le kanmah Chin miphun lak zongin A.D.1950 kum hnu i kan mifim deuh pawl nih an hlathlai ve i an tialmi cauk tampi kan relnak thawngin, Chin asiloah Laimi pawl cu B.C.kum zabu pariatnak in khan Tuluk ramah miphun nganpi pakhat in kan rak um cang ti le B.C.770 – A.D.24 tiang Chin Dynasty (Chin pennak) tiin Tuluk ramah uktu saupi a rak tuan kho mi miphun kan si tiah zumhnak a um. ===================================================================== F.K.Lehman tialmi The Structure of Chin Society, p.11; Dr.Vumson tialmi Zo History, p.27; Thla Tin Thang tialmi Laimi Suahkehnak (Chin History), pp.3,4; China Today No.6,1985, Released by the Chinese Embassy Rgn. chungin a lak i Pu Chawn Kio tialmi Chin Miphun Thawhkehnak(Origin of the Chins) timi pp.1, 2. ========================================================
CHIN BIAFANG UMTUNING
Kawl(Burmans) pawl nih A.D.kum zabu hleikhatnak asiloah hleihnihnak lio i Irrawaddy tivapi a sumlei an rak hrawng i, Irrawaddy le Chindwin tivapi pahnih karlak ah Chin miphun pawl an rak hmuh hmasat bik lio hna ahhin CHIN tiah an rak auh cang hna. Dr.Vumson tialmi Zo History, pp.3,4. Mi tampi an chimning ahcun Chin mipa pakhat nih Bawm pakhat(Chin in Burmese) a rak phorh caah kawl nih Chin miphun pawl cu Chin tiah an auh hna an ti. Cu ruahnak cu 1975 kum ahkhan B.Lal Thang Liana nih Mandalay University i M.A. degree a laknak Thesis caah History of Mizo in Burma tiah a tialmi chungah a hnatlakpi ve. Sihmanhsehlaw hi cu a si kho lomi, zumh awk tlak lomi bia a si tiah ruah khawh a si. Zeicatiah Kawl pawl he an i hmuh hlan le an i ton hlan ahhin kan pupa pawl cu phun min ngei lo i maw an rak um hnga? Anmah tein an phun min hi i sak thiam lo in maw miphun dang nih zuamtiah-nehsawhnak in an auhnak hna cu an miphun min ahcun an rak i lak hnga? Chindwin tivapi cu cu hlan vialtepi cu min ngei loin a rak um lai i maw mah hnu lawng cun Chin (Bawm) phur pawl an tikhor tiah cun min cu a ngeih chom lai? Cun Chin(Lai) miphun pawl nih Bawm an phorhmi hi a tu kan umnak tlang cung ram kan phanh hnu lawng in a thawkmi a si tiah tuanbia thiammi tampi nih an ti fawn. Thla Tin Thang tialmi Chin History, p.8. Culengah Chin miphun kawlram kan luhnak cu A.D.hramthawk kain a si cang i Irrawaddy le Chindwin tivapi pahnih karlak an phanh hi cu A.D.kum zabu pariatnak hlan deuh ah a si cang. Kawl pawl cu Chin miphun Kawlram kan luh hnupi A.D.kum zabu pakuanak hrawng lawngah Kawlram chungah a lutmi an si i Irrawaddy le Chindwin karlak an phanh hi cu cu hnu lawngah a si. Cucaah Bawm phorh ruangah Chin timi min kan ngei timi cu a hmaan lai lo i zumh awk tlak a si lo.Cun Professors G.H.Luce le F.K.Lehman nihcun “CHIN” timi min cu Kawl holh in ‘Hawikom’asiloah’ mah le mah kan si’ tinak in a ra mi a si lai tiah an ruah. Zeicahtiah Kawl le (Chin)Laimi cu an rak i ral in an rak i do bal lo i an i bawm i an i hawikom zungzal tiah an ti. ========================================= Professor Luce tialmi Note on the People of Burma in the 12th-13th century A.D.Census of India, 1931,11,1; F.K.Lehman tialmi Anthropology in the Chin Hills, Guardian, Vol. 104, pp 39-40, Rangon, 1963. Dr.Vumson tialmi Zo History, p.4. ========================================= Hi ti i an ruahmi hi anmah kawl pawl tialmi lungca cherhchan in an ti mi a si ko. Sihmanhsehlaw cu an cherhchanmi lungca lila ahcun Chin pawl Chindwin tivapi pawngkam hrawng an rak um lio ah Kawl le Chin karlak i sal i tlaihnak le i zorhnak kong a tial than ve lila tik ahhin mah le mah asiloah hawikom timi sullam ngeiin Kawl he i hmuh hnu le i ton hnu i ngeihchommi min cu si khawh dawh a si hrimhrim lo. Cucaah hi cu nainganzi bia sawhsawh maw asiloah kanmah Chin miphun lakin hi sullam ngeiin Chin timi min a ra an ti a si ahcun Kawl pawl sin in mithmai tha duh ruang sawhsawh i chim mi a si lai tiah ruah tlak a si. Angaingai ti ahcun CHIN timi min cu Asho, Cho, Khumi, Kuki, Laimi, Meithei, Mizo, Naga, Zomi, Bawm, Tlanglau le Leitak tiah kanmah le kanmah a auh mi miphun vialte zapi fonh in kan hramthawk tein kan rak ngeih mi min le Tuluk ram chung kan rak um lio tein kan hram thawknak min a si ko tiah zumhnak a um. Zeitindah hitin kan chim khawh ti cu World History kan zoh tik ah – Chinna ram in a kekmi miphun vialte hna khi an holh umtuning in miphunpi 4 ah an um hna. Cu miphun 4 hna cu 1.Altaic, 2.Austro-Asiatic, 3.Indo-European le 4.Sino-Tibetan an si. Sino-Tibetan chung ahhin-1.Han-Chinese, 2.Hui-Chinese, 3.Miao-Yao, 4.Tai le 5.Tibeto-Burman tiah an i then than. Cun Tibeto-Burman timi chungin-1.Rakhaing, 2.Burma(Kawl), 3.Chin, 4.Kachin, 5.Lahu, 6.Lolo-Moso le 7.Naga hi an i sem. Chin timi chung ahhin-1.Asho, 2.Cho, 3.Khumi, 4.Kuki, 5.Laimi, 6.Meithei, 7.Mizo, 8.Zomi, 9.Bawm, 10.Naga tiin phun (10) ah kan i then than. Cun Laimi chungin:- 1.Lakher, asiloah Miram, 2.Lautu, 3.Zotung, 4.Zophei, 5.Senthang, 6.Mi-E, 7.Thawr, 8.Zokhua, 9.Hakha, 10.Thantlang, 11.Hlawn Ceu, 12.Zahau, 13.Tlaisun, 14.Zangiat, 15.Sim, 16.Khualsim, 17.Lente, 18.Ngawn, tiah miphun tampi ah kan i then than. Hi a cunglei kan tialmi chung ahhin 1.Hautheng, 2.Tlanglau le 3.Leitak phun timi zong an i tel rih lo. Cu hna zong cu hi Laimi timi phun chung in aa then chinmi an si ve theu lai tiah zumhnak a um. Kawl siangpahrang uknak tuanbia hi A.D.1044 in a thawk i, hmasa bik siangpahrang Anawratha hnu chan hnihnak (2nd generation), kum zabu 11 (hleikhatnak) hrawngah Alawngsitthu siangpahrang a hung kai i, Alawngsitthu chan hrawngah Pagan lungca cu tial an si. Cu Alawngsitthu siangpahrang nihcun a pawngkam i a ummi miphun hna cu a auh khawh tawk kha a rak auh hna i, “Nannih zei miphun dah nan si?” tiah a rak hal hna. Anmah nih an chimning tein lungca chung ahcun an tial hna i, CHIN miphun min cu ‘Chin miphun’ tiah an rak tial. Cun Sir Author P.Phayer nih, History of Burma timi cauk ah Chindwin tiva cu ‘Khyengdweng’ tiah a rak tial. History of Burma, 1883,p.6. Cun Maj.W. Gwynne nih, “Ch’in, Ch’iang, Khiang, Khyeng Khang, timi vialte cu Chin tinak an si dih,” tiah a ti ve. Linguistic Survey of India,p.57. Culengah Kenneth Scott Latourette nihcun, Ch’i, Ch’in, Ch’u le Ch’iang timi vialte hi Chin in a kekkuaimi miphun hmetete an si ko tiah a rak ti ve. Encyclopedia Britainica ah, “Ch’i le Ch’in timi hi Tuluk minsak a si i, Ch’iang ti hi Tibet minsak a si, “tiah a tial. Cucaah Ch’i, Ch’in, Chin, Ch’u le Chiang timi vialte hi aa khatmi an si dih i Chin tinak an si dih ko. Hi a cunglei i ka tialmi vialte nihhin kan hramthawknak min cu Chin a si i atu zongah kan min taktak cu Chin a si ko ti kha a fianter ko rua tiah ka ruah.
CHIN MIPHUN KAWLRAM CHUNG LUHNAK Tuluk ram chung an rak um lioah miphun nganpi le siangpahrang pennak nganpi a rak ngeimi an rak si. Anmah nih pennak an lak hlan Shang Dynasty (Shang Pennak) chan lio hmanhah Kansu le Shensi tlang Nitlak thlanglei ah an rak um i Shang pennak pawl he hin a doh zong an rak i do lengmang ti a si. Chou siangpahrang chan (B.C.722-481) ahcun Yangtsi tiva le Wai tiva kar tlang rawn (plateau) ah an rak um. Hi miphun hna hi a hmasa bik Tuluk record lio in (B.C.2,000) ‘Ch’iang tiah an rak ti cang hna, tiah D.G.H.Hall nih ‘A History of South-East Asia’ timi cauk ah a tial. Zo History by Dr.Vumson,pp.27-29. Chou pennak adih hnuin Chin pennak cu aa thawk ve i (B.C.221 -24 A.D.) tiang a rak si. Cu Chin pennak i minthang bik le hmasa bik cu Shi Huang ti a rak si. (B.C.221-206) The Angel Chinese History, Newyork p.3 ahcun Chou le Chin pennak cu Chinlung tlangkulh in a si a ti. Hi Chinlung tlang hi Yantsi le Wai tiva karlak tlangrawn(plateau or table land) khi a si. Hi Chinlung hi anmah Tuluk zong nih ‘Mi semnak hmun’ tiah an ti. Siangpahrang Shi Huang Ti hi Tuluk ram kulhnak ralhau(Great Wall) a rak saktertu hna a si. Hi ralhau an sak lio ahhin an rak hrem tuk hna i ralkap nih ahohmanh tlizam kho hna hlah seh tiah an rak congh peng hna i lo zong an rak thlo thiam ti lo i ei awk zong an rak ngei lo. Cucaah mikip nih Shi Huang Ti siangpahrang cu an sam an riam chiat an serh i a chan hmanh sau loin 206 B.C.ah a rak thi. Amah hnu in uktu siangpahrang a tuanmi pawl cu a mah tlukin an rak thawng ti lo i duhsah tein an nawlngeihnak a zorchuk. Adonghnak ah Han pennak (Han Dynasty) nih an hun tei hna i Han uknak cu A.D.25 kum in a thawk i A.D.220 tiang a hmun. Han pennak tangah an hrem tuk hna caah cu an umnak Chinlung in cun thlanglei an rung zam i a hmasa ah Tibet ram ah an um rua ti ruahnak a um. Zeicahtiah, Marcopolo diary ah hi tin a um: “Han siangpahrang nih Chin miphun a hrem lio hna ahhin Chawn Ching Ling nih a hruai hna i, nitlak lei ah an zam i ram pakhat an ser,” tiah a tial. The Seven Headed Trans Himmalaya. Cu ram an sermi cu a tu i Tibet ram hi si dawh ngai a si ti a si. Zeicahtiah Tibet miphun nihhin tuanbia pakhat an ngei ve i hi tin an ti: “Tibet miphun a kan hringsortu cu Chawng Ching Ling tiah min a ngeimi zawng pakhat a rak si. Cu zawng cu Yallung tiva pawng i a ummi Zotlang ah a ummi Demonese he an i um i, cu hna hrinsor cu kan si.” tiah an ti. R.A.Stein tialmi Tibetan Civilization 1972 p.28. Hi a cunglei i Marcopolo a tialmi le Tibet tuanbia hi kan ruah tikah Tibet pawl le Chin pawl nihhin Tibet ram hi rak tla ti hna sehlaw a dawh ngaingai. Cu lawng si loin Laimi tampi nih Zotlang in kan chuak an ti tik ahhin Tibet ram i Chin pawl an rak umnak hmun hi Zotlang tiah an timi hi a si lai tiah ruahnak a um. Laimi(Chin) pawl nih ‘Chawng Ching Mang Ling’ tuanbia kan ngei ve. Kan pupa pawl nih an chimnak ah Laimi a kan hringsortu hi Chawn Ching Mang Ling a si tiah an ti. Asinain a hnuah cun Cong Cin Mang Lian tiah an ti. A.D1902 kum i Chinram a rak phan mi Siangbawi Dr.East nih,”Marcopolo nih a tialmi Chawng Ching Ling hi Laimi nih a kan hringsortu an timi Chawng Ching Mang Ling he hin aa khat mi an si, tiah a tial.
========================================== Dr.E.H.East, M.D.: The Burma Manuscript (East Diary) Reproduce by ZBC,p.111. Captain Sing Khaw Khai; The Theological Concept of Zo in the Chin Tradition and Culture. ==================================== Captain Sing Khaw Khai tialmi cauk chung zongah hi Chawng Ching Mang Ling a hrinsor kan si tiah Tidim peng ummi Chin pawl zong nih an ti ve ti kan hmuh rih. Tibet ram i kum 200 hrawng an um hnu ah A.D.300 hrawng ahhin Buddhism (Kawl biaknak) hi Tuluk le Tibet ram ah a rak lut. Mi tampi cu cu biaknak ahcun an rak lut. Cu biaknak i a lut duhmi le a lut duhlomi pawl karlak ah hnahnawhnak fakpi a rak um caah Chin miphun pawl cu Buddhism biaknak duh lo ruangah Tibet ram in an chuak i Hukawng tlang fiangin Kawlram(a tu Kachin ram) lei hi an rung zam. Zo History by Dr.Vumson, p.28. Professor G.H.Luce nihcun Chin miphun pawl Hukawng tlang an phanh hi A.D.400 hrawng a si tiah a tial. Journal of Burma Research Society 1954. Cun Kawlram ah Siangbawi a phan hmasa bikmi Roman Catholic Missionary Father Sangermo cu A.D.1783 kum ah Kawlram a rak phan i, Kawlram a rat hlanah Tibet ram siangbawi a tuan mi a si i, cu pa nihcun, A Descristion of The Burmese Empire timi cauk p.33 ah “Kawlram chaklei Latitude degree 20:30 – 21:30 ahhin ram dawh ngaimi pakhat a um i, cu ram cu’Jo ram’ an ti. Cuka ram i a ummi minung cu Chein miphun an si ve, tiah a rak tial. Cucu Chin miphun pawl Tibet ram in an chuah i Kachin ram an phanh hlan, Hukawng tlang fiang i an um lio si dawh a si ko. Dr. F.K.Lehman nih ‘The Structure of Chin Society’ timi cauk pp.12,13 chungah”Chin miphun Kawlram an phak cu A.D.750 hlan deuhte hrawngah a si,” a ti. Hihi hmaan dawh ngai a si ko. Annih cu duhsah tein aa thial lengmangmi an si caah A.D 300 hrawngah Hukawng tlang fiang an phan. Cuka incun duhsah tein an hung i thial than i, A.D. 750 hlan deuhte hrawngah Hukawng tlang fiang in Puta-u chaklei ahkhin Kachin ram ah an rak lut tinak a si. Cuticun Chindwin tiva hna ahkhin an hung phan i, Chindwin tiva hna ahcun an um i an tohmi le an dinmi a si caah cu tiva min zong cu Chindwin an ti. Chin tikhor tinak a si. Chin le Kachin cu unau an rak si i, Chin pawl cu tanglei an rung lan i Kachin pawl cu Kachin ramah an rak tang. Cu tanglei a rung lanmi Chin pawl cu Chindwin le Irrawaddy tivapi pahnih karlak an rung paan i cuka ahcun khua an to. Chindwin le Irrawaddy tivapi pahnih cu ralhau ah hmangin cuka ahcun caan sau nawn khua an rak sa. Zo History by Dr. Vumson, p.29. Hika an um lio ahhin Tuluk Nanchaos pawl nih A.D.835 kum ah an khualipi kha an rak hrawhpiak hna i, cu thawkin Kale, Kabaw, Myittha le Yaw peng pawl ah an hung vel chin. Southern Chin pawl tu cu Kale, Kabaw, Myittha le Yaw peng pawl ah phan hmasa loin atu an umnak thlanglei Chinram(Southern Chinland) ah an phan. Chin History by Pu Thla Tin Thang, p.21.
Asho asiloah Plains Chin pawl Cauk tampi chungah Asho pawl cu “Khyeng” asiloah “Plains Chin” tiah tial an si. ‘Khyeng’ ti cu hlan lio Kawl holh in ‘Chin’ timi ca i an hmanmi a si. Cucu atu zongah Arakan pawl nih an hman rih ko. Anmah Asho pawl tuanbia zongah, hlan lio ahhin Irrawaddy le Chindwin an i tonnak in nitlak lei deuh ah a ummi Pandaung tlang ah kan rak um hmasa an ti ve. Pagan siangpahrang chanah Irrawaddy in nichuah lei kan kal i Kawl pawl he zalong tein kan rak um ti an ti. Pagan siangpahrang chan lio i min thang ngaimi Pyu Saw Hti kha Asho miphun a si i anmah Asho min in a min cu Kha Sai Hlan a si an ti. Mandalay siangpahrang Mindon le Thibaw an chan ah Asho miphun Bu Lu le U Htwe cu kawl siangpahrang zungah min thangmi an rak si. Asho pawl nih Kawlram chung i a rak lut hmasa bikmi miphun lakah aa tel vemi Thet pawl kha Asho miphun hi an si tiah an zumh. Duhsah tein Pandaung area in nitlak lei i tlang pawl ah an rak i thial i kum zabu pahnih chung hrawng hi Khami pawl he an rak um ti. Mah hnu cun phu hnih ah an rak i then i phu khat kha Arakan tlangtluan ah an rak kal i a dang phu khat kha Paletwa le Chittagong Hill Tracts ah an tang. Mah a tangmi hna cu “Khyeng” timi min in atu tiang an um. An rak i thennak caan cu Loeffler nih an holh kalning a zohnak in A.D.kum zabu hleisarih le hleikua karlak ah a si lai tiah a ruah. Cu Asho(Plains Chin) pawl cu atu ah Arakan tlangtluan, Irrawaddy Tiva pawngkam, Prome ralkhat lei i Padaung, Thayet, Henzada, Kanaung, Bassein, Pegu tlangtluan hna ah an um. Zo History by Dr.Vumson, pp.43,44.
CHIN PAWL CHINLAND(LAIRAM) PHANHNAK Irrawaddy le Chindwin karlak an um lio i an khualipi kha Tuluk Nanchaos pawl nih an rak chiim hna i an hrawhpiak dih hna caah cuka incun Chin pawl cu Chindwin tivapi an hung hrawng than i, Kale, Kabaw, Myittha le Yaw peng lei tiang an hung phan. Kale-kabaw nelrawn hrawng an hung phanh tikah Kalemyo cu an khualipi bik a rak si. Innkhi 1,000 tiang an rak si. Hi Kale, Kabaw, Myittha le Yaw peng hrawng ahhin A.D.kum zabu pahra(10) in hleili (14) tiang Shan pawl he an rak um ti. A.D.kum zabu hleithumnak(13rd) ah Kawl pawl kha an sin an phan ve i an um ve. Chin miphun tampi nih cu Kawl pawl nunphung kha an i cawn i an i lakmi an hmuh tikah Chin miphun tampi nih an rak duh lo caah cu Kawl le an nawl aa cawnmi Chin miphun hna sinin khan an chuak i a bubu in A.D.hleilinak(14) hramthawk in khan a tu kan Chinland(Lairam) ah an hung kai. Cu Kalemyo an um lio ahcun Pennak pakhat an rak dirh. An siangpahrang inn cu ralhau thap hnih in an rak kulh. Cu ralhau a kauh cu yard 30 a si. Cu an siangpahrang inn le an ralhaupi cu atu Kalemyo in thlanglei meng hnih a hlatnak ah a rak si. Cu ralhau an sak lio i an kutdong an i tan sualmi cu a zapi in seikhat a khat an ti. Siangpahrang nih hramhram in a hnek hna i a sakter hna ruangah Chin mi a tampi cu a tu kan Chinland(Lairam) ahhin a phuphu in an hung vai tiah Lusei pawl le Sihzang pawl tuanbia ahcun a um. Capt. Ceu Vung tialmi Family History of Hlawn Tseu; Lai Mi Chin timi cauk p.7 ahcun hmanung bik Kalemyo i an bawi asiloah an hotu bik cu Pu Mang Sur asiloah Pu Lal Hau Tsem a si a ti. A nupi cu Pi Khum Cin a si a ti. Pu Thla Tin Thang tialmi Laimi Suahkehnak(Chin History) cauk p.24 ahcun Zahau ram-uk Pu Thang Tin Lian nih a tialmi tuanbia kha hitin a langhter. Khanti Shan sawbua pa cu inn 1,000 he khua a sa i sawbua in a mi pawl kha a uk hna. Cu sawbua pa nihcun fapa pakhat a ngei. (Pu Sat Zam tialmi Zanniat Thuanthu cauk pp.8,9 ahcun cu a fapa cu Zan Naing a si a ti.) Cu a fapa nihcun fapa panga a ngeih ve hna. A pa a thih hlanah a thih caah a fapale cu an pu sinah an um. Cu fapa panga hna nihcun an Pu a thih tikah sawbua(bawi) tuan ding kha an rak i cuh i unau pathum kha an tang ti i a dang pahnih kha an tang ti ve. Pahnih hna nih pathum pawl cu an tei hna caah cu unau pathum pawl cu Kalemyo in Thuma ah an rak tli. Unau pahnih hna nihkhan an va chiim than hna caah Natchaung Sentlung ah an rak zam than. Cuka zong ahcun an va chiim than hna caah Cehawng ram India ah an zam than. Unau pahnih hna cu an i then than i pakhat cu Kalemyo ah a um i a dang pakhat cu Angteng ah a rak um. Unau pathum pawl cu Laitlang lei an hung kai i atu Hmunli khua hmun an phanh hlanah Khuhlu an hmuh i an lo i an ei. Cu hnu tlawmpal ah Hmunli hmun cu hung phan hna kaw ti an hmuh i ti an din ahcun ti kha a thlum in an theih. Cucaah an upabik pa Phur Hlum cu cuka ahcun khua ka to lai a ti i a naule pahnih lawng khan a lanhter hna. Ti ruangah hika hmun ahhin khua ka to ti sullam ngeiin a khua min cu Tivang tiah a rak ti. A naule pahnih tu cu an hung lan i Runva ral an hung kai i atu Sunthla khua pawng Lailun an hung phan. Tivang khua i a tangmi Phur Hlum nihcun fapa pakhat a rak ngeih i Kalemyo in kan i thialnak in a hmunlinak a si a ti i a fapa min ah Hmunli a sak. A fapa cu a thi i a hnu ah an khua tu kha Hmunli an hun ti.
Cu Phur Hlum le a hawile pawl chungin a chuakmi vialte kha atu i Zanniat miphun kan timi hna hi an si. Phur Hlum a naule Hlawn Ceu le Thuam Khai cu atu Sunthla khua pawng Lailun an hung phanh tikah Lailun lungkua cu ral ngei sual u sihlaw i thuhnak ah a tha lai i, a pawng atu Sunthla khua hmun zong cu khua hmun caah aa rem tiah an ruah i cuka ahcun khua an to colhve. Thuam Khai nih fapa pathum 1. Tlai Sun, 2. Hau Hulh, le 3. Za Hau a hrin hna. Cu hna chung incun 1. Za Hau, 2. Tlai Sum, 3. Sim phun pawl cu an chuak. Lailun i an rak um lio ahhin Hlawn Ceu le Za Hau timi pawl hi khuangcawi an rak thawk cang. Cucaah an hla zongah:- 1. Conlam phuntling khuangcin cawinak hmun, Zing ciicial Hlawn Ceu Za Hau kan lennak, Lung tial Lailun cung thlai dar lemlu. 2. Khuang bual Sun thiang thiah tawn mang bawi, Chumtual rawn ah, Hlawn Ceu Za Hau bawi rual khuang iin cawi ni ah, Darchawn khuang len u. Hi hla nihhin Lailun an um lio in Khuangcawi puai hi Chin(Laimi) nih an rak hngalh cang ti a fianter. Hlawn Ceu cu fapa pakua(9) a rak ngei. Cucaah Phur Hlum chungin Zanniat, Thuam Khai chungin Tlaisun, Zahau, Sim le Hlawn Ceu chungin Laize le Hlawn Ceu pawl an chuak. Cun anmah he Lairam ah a hung kai timi dang tampi zong an um ve i cu lawng si loin anmah hnu in Gangaw peng Yaw ram in a si zong ah, Kale-Kabaw le Myittha nelrawn lei in a hung kaimi Chin miphun khat chung hrinthlak lawngte kan si dih ko. A hmasa deuh le a hmanung deuh ah a kai mi lawngte kan si dih. (Hi a cunglei i ka tialmi pawl hi Pu Thla Tin Thang Tialmi Chin History, Zahau ramuk bawi Pu Thang Tin Lian tialmi Thuanthu, Capt. Ceu Vung a tialmi Family History of Hlawn Ceu Laimi Chin, Pu Sat Zam tialmi Zanniat Thuanthu, Pu Ral Sai Lo tialmi Hau Hulh thlah Sim hrin thuanthu le Lairam thuanthu, le Pu Hrang Sin tialmi Pupa Nunphung le Mai Sung thu – timi cauk pawl chungin ka khawmh i ka tialmi a si.)
Kalemyo le a pawngkam hrawng ummi Chin pawl an si ah, Yaw peng lei i a kalmi hna an si ah, cun thlanglei Lairam (Southern Chin Hills) lei ah Chindwin le Irrawaddy karlak an umnak in a lan colh mi pawl an si ah, Kawlrawn lei i a tumchuk mi hna an si ah, kan dihlak in Chin miphun timi phunkhat hrimhrim kan si ko ti cu a fiang ko. Buanman khua mi Khip Za Thang nihcun atu kan Lairam(Chinland) i a um mi vialte hi Tuluk ram ah ZO an timi mipa pakhat a rak um i cupa hrinsor lawngte kan si dih a ti. Cupa thawk incun atu tiang chan(generations) 27 lawng a si rih a ti. Chan khat hi buaktlak in kum 25 in tuak sehlaw atu tiang ahhin kum 700 hrawng lawng a si rih lai caah hi cu a hmaan lai lo i zumh awk tlak a si lem lo. Zo History by Dr.Vumson, p.26. Zeicahtiah World History kan zoh tikah Chin miphun timi cu A.D.kum zabu pakhatnak hlanpi in khan kan hmuh cang.
ZOPHEI RAM A LUT HMASA MI PAWL Cu Chin miphun hna lak incun a cheu cu Lailun in Zotlang in Phailen zawl in Hakha in Marau(Thantlang) tlang in kanmah Zophei ram, Lautu ram, Miram(Lakher) ram le Zotung ram lei ah aa rak i thial chin lengmang mi an um. Hmasa bikah atu Leitak khua i a rak lut mi hna cu Tlanglau phun an si. Cu hna zong cu Lailun i a rak um mi CHIN lakin aa then chin mi an si ve ko. (Interview Pu Ro Thang – Member of Deputy Parliament, Hakha Sub-division) Mah hna nihcun atu Leitak (A) i Siapanglai tikhor zong hi an rak hmuh mi a si.
Siapanglai Tikhor An Hmuhnak Kong Tlanglau miphun pawl Leitak(A) i an rak um hmasa lio ahhin an khua chungah tikhor a rak um lo i an khua in nichuahlei i a ummi Tiva ah ti an rak than tawn ti a si. (Hi nichuahlei i Tiva timi cu atu i Hriangva kan timi hi a si lai tiah zumhnak a um.) Mah lio caan ahcun Mi-E peng i Keipaw khua ahhin Mikei lawngte an rak um. Cu mikei nihcun ti a than mi hna kha an rak bawh hna i an rak tlaih hna i an rak ei tawn hna ti a si. Voikhat cu Tial Vang an timi nu pakhat hi ti than ahcun amah lawngte in tiva lei cu ti than awkah a rak kal. Keipaw khua mi mikeipa Phu Sui an timi nih a rak tlaih i a rak kalpi. Tial Vang cu nungak dawh ngai le mi pumrua tha a rak si caah ei siang loin a nupi ah aa ser an ti. Cu Tial Vang cu tapa pakhatte a rak ngei i, a tapa nihcun a farnu hitiin ti a thannak in a loh ko kha a ruat kho lo i a farnu kawl awkah aa rak i thawh. A kal lengmang i Keipaw khua cu a donghnak ah a va phan. Cu lio cu Phu Sui cu ramlak ah a rak vah karte a rak si. A thlite in Tial Vang te umnak inn cu a ngiat lengmang i a hnu ah Tial Vang te inn cu a rak phan. Tial Vang le a tapate an i hmuh i an i ton ahcun an pahnih in an ngeih a chia ngaingai i an i kup i an i tah veve. Tial Vang nihcun Phu Sui inn a tlun hlanah tuante in zanriah a pek i, a ei dih in inncar lei ah nuphor pakhat a khuh i, ‘Phu Sui a tlun tikah bia pathum ka hal lai tha tein na rak ngaih lai, cawlcang lo tein na um lai i na khuh zong na khuh lai lo’ tiah a tapa kha a chimh. Zanlei mui chupchap ah Phu Sui cu inn ahcun a hung tlung i, “Humha !Humha! Laimi rim ka theih,” tiah a ti i a hna cu a tun. Cutikah a nupi Tial Vang nihcun, “Ai! cu ngaite cu, na nupi keimah hi Laimi ka si lo maw? A zei Laimi rim ka theih ti dah a si?” tiah uai hninghniang khin aa umter i a vun ti tik ahcun Phu Sui cu a hmai a chia, “Ka ngaithiam ko,” tiah a nawl i dai tein mei cu a to than. Zanriah an ei dih in an ih tikah Phu Sui cu bia pathum cu a vun hal taktak. “Kan khua Leitak khua chung ahkhin ti umnak a um el hnga maw? Tikhor cawh khawh a si hnga maw?” tiah a hal. Phu Sui nihcun, “An khua chung a laifang bak ahkhin tikhor cawh khawh a si ko lai. Lachon tomkhat kha vawlei ah chia hna sehlaw vawlei bel khuh hna sehlaw zan khua dei an chiah lai i a thaizing an zoh tikah tikhor cawh a thatnak ding hmun ahcun lachon kha a ciin dih ko lai,” tiah a rak leh. “Kan khua chung i thinghmui a ngeimi mi silopa khi a dam kho hnga maw? Zeitin tuah ah dah a dam khawh lai?” tiah a hal rih. Phu Sui nihcun, “An inn carlei i cinim kung khi an tappi tang tiang a hram a rak zam caah mah zawtnak khi a hmuhmi a si. Cucaah mah cinim kungpi kha a hram bakin hau hna sehlaw a hram vialte zong bongh dih in mei ah khangh hna sehlaw a dam ko lai,” tiah a chimh than. “Kan inn carlei i kan Arhli khawng rangpi hi zeicahdah hi tluk hin na dawt i na zohkhenh i rawl thawthaw na pek?” tiah a vun hal than rih Cutikah Phu Sui nihcun, “Hi kong hi cu kan chimh lo ah a tha deuh lai,” a vun ti tikah, Tial Vang nihcun “Nu le va karlak i chimh duh lo mi biate hna um cu,” a vun ti. Cu tikah Phu Sui nihcun,”Asi kun ahcun, aho sin hmanhah va chim chin hlah. A hmul pakhat a tlongh ahcun ka tha samfa ngaw a zor. A thla a kiah ahcun ka kut a kiak lai i, a ke a kiak ahcun ka ke a kiak ve lai. Cun a hngawng a kiah i a thih ahcun ka thi ve lai,” tiah a leh. Hi zon i Phu Sui nih an Arhli rangpi a nunnak le amah nunnak aa senghtlaih nak Tial Vang a chimhmi kan theih tik ahcun kan Baibal chung i Delilah nih Samson kha a thawnnak sullam le zeitin tuah ahdah a der lai ti a rak hal chih lengmang i a hnu ah celh loin Samson nih a sining vialte a rak phuan dih ruangah a donghnak ah amah thihnak i a can bantuk kha a si ko. (Biaceihtu 16:1-21) Tial Vang nihcun Phu Sui cu,” Zei dang sa vialte cu na ka eiter dih cang i, ka lung a tling ngaingai ko. Asinain thothe sa belte voikhat hmanh na ka eiter bal rih lo. Cucaah thaizing cu thothe sa na ka kawlpiak tuah lai,” tiah a ti. A thaizing khua a dei i thaithawh an ei dih incun Tahrang nganpi a timhpiak i thothe kawl awk ahcun Phu Sui cu aa thawh. Phu Sui a kal cangka cu a tapa cu nuphor a khuhmi kha a hunpiak i thaithawh a dangh. A ei dih in an Arhli rangpi cu an tlaih i Leitak lei ah an rung zam. Phu Sui cu thothe cu a kawl lengmang i chunnitlak ah zeizatpi khi a hmu kho lo. Cucaah a hnabei donghin zanlei nitlak hnuah inn lei cu a hung tlung. Inn a phanh tik ahcun Tial Vang cu a rak um ti lo. A lung a hring colh ve i, an inncarlei i an zuatmi an Arhli rangpi cu a va zoh zokzok i a rak um ve ti lo. Leitak ah a tli ti kha a vun hngalh colh ve i cu cangka incun a run dawi ve hna. Tial Vang le a tapa nihcun a hun kan dawi i a kan phanh deng cang ti an hngalh tik ahcun Arhli rangpi cu a thla an vun khiah. Cu tikah Phu Sui cu a kut a kiak ve, cuhnuah Arhli rangpi a ke cu an vun khiah i Phu Sui zong cu a ke a kiak ve i a kal kho ti lo. Cun a hngawng an vun merh i an Arhli rangpi a thih tik ahcun Phu Sui cu a rak thi ve. Tial Vang le a tapate cu an rung zam lengmang i Leitak khua cu dam tein an rung phan. Cutikah Phu Sui nih a chimmi vialte kha Leitak khua mi cu an chimh hna i Phu Sui a chim bantukte cun ti cu an kawl i, an khua laifang bak ahcun tikhor cu an rak cawh i lam hlapi ah kal in ti than hau ti loin an khua chungah tikhor cu an ngei i hnangam tein an rak hman. Hi a cunglei i Leitak tikhor an hmuhnak kong hi Leitak kan pupa pawl nih an hngalhmi a si lo. Kanmah Leitak kan pupa pawl nihcun Leitak Siapanglai tikhor cu Mikei tuah mi a si an ti tawn. 1973-74 kum i Vanhna khua i ka rak um lio ah Vanhna khua mi kum 100 hrawng a nungmi Pu Huat Kio nih a rak ka chimhmi a si. Hi Siapanglai tikhor tuahtu taktak a simi Tlanglau pawl cu an tio i atu ah Bangaladesh ram ah an um cang.
An Tionak Kong Hmasa bik Leitak khua mi an rak tionak sullam hi mi tampi nih phun hnih in an chim. A sullam pakhat cu Keipaw khua i a rak ummi Mikei pawl nih an rak tlaih hna i an rak thah i an ei lengmang hna ruang ahhin Mikei pawl tih ah Leitak khua hmun cu an zamtak tiah an ti. Cun a dang sullam pakhat cu a tanglei banntuk hin a si.
Leitak Sum Hreng A hlanah kan Lairam ahhin saram phunkip a rak um i Vui le Kuarang zong an rak um ve. An rak um ti a fiannak cu Khuabung in Lawngtlang khua an rak tlakka ahhin atu i Khuabung khua mi Pu Kio Nawn a pa Pu Ui Bu a pa Pu Za Kio nih Kuarang a rak kah. Cun Thantlang Farrawn khua mi Pu Hrang Mang a pa (Pu Lian Hrem)zong nih Mirang cozah kai hnu ah Vui a rak kah ti kan theih. Cu bantukin a hlanah Leitak Sumhreng timi bia a rak um i hmaan dawh ngai a si ko. Hi bia hi zeicahdah a chuah ti ahcun Vui nih Leitak pawl an lo rawl kha a rak ei dih i, lo chungah Vui keneh kha an hmuh tikah Sum nih kan lo rawl vialte hi a kan eipiak dih rua tiah an rak ruah, ti a si. Cucaah sum nih kan lo rawl vialte a kan eipiak dih caah nan sum vialte hi zanah nan hren dih lai tiah khua chung upa pawl nih khua mi vialte kha nawl an rak pek hna. Mah lio ahcun nuhmei nu pakhat hi a rak um ve i, sum nihcun zeitindah rawl cu a ei thiam lai a ti i a sum cu a rak hreng duh lo an ti. A thaizing ah lo ahcun an kal i an rawl cu Vui nihcun a rak ei thiamthiam ti a si. Leitak upa pawl nih kan khua chungah sum a hrenglomi an um ko lai an ti i khua ah an tlung i innkip ah sum a hrenglomi an um hnga maw tiah an chek ti a si. Cutikah nuhmeinu inn ah sum aa hrenlomi kha an hmuh i cu hnuhmeinu cu thalo in dan an tat ti a si. Cucaah atu tiang in minung tampi nih Leitak sum hreng tiah an ti tawnmi hi a si. Cuticun an lo rawl pawl kha Vui nih a rak eipiak dih hna i an pam lengmang ti a si. Vui cu le zeitin an tuah kho tung lo. Cucaah hitin cun khua kan sa kho lai lo an ti i khua thlanglei ah an i thial chin lengmang i a donghnak ah Bangaladesh an phan. Mah hna nihcun an phun min ah Leitak an i ti i Leitak tikhor hi kan pupa pawl nih an rak tuah mi a si an ti. 1970 hrawng ahkhan Leitak khua mi Pu Tial Kar le Pu Tial Mawng cu Bangaladesh ram ah an rak kal i cu Leitak khua mi pawl an um nak cu an rak phan. Cu hna nihcun cu Pu Tial Kar le Pu Tial Mawng cu Leitak khua mi Leitak miphun kan si i kanmah kan pupa pawl hi Leitak tikhor a tuahtu an si, tiah an rak chimh hna.
LEITAK KHUA AN TLAK THANNAK KONG Chin miphun chungin Laimi, Zomi, Mizo, Kuki, Asho, le a dang pawl cu an i then i, Laimi timi chung hin Lai, Miram(Lakher) Zotung, Zophei, Lautu, Sen thang pawl cu kan sem ve. Cu hna chung i aa tel vemi Thang Ngan chung pawl, a dang phun(clan) tampi zong cu kan chim hmasa bantukin Lailun – Zotlang – Phailen zawl – Marau tlang in khua thlang lei ah an rak lan i atu i India ram chung Lakher district Tongkalong khua pawng Salua(Pala lake) tipum an rak phan. Cuka ahcun kan pupa pawl cu siarem ngaiin an um lio ah Limpi pakhat nih an fale kha a rak eipiak lengmang tawn hna ti a si. Voikhat cu minu pakhat hi lo a kal lai ah, ka um lo karah ka fate hi rak tlau ve sual bang sehlaw zeidah a cang ti hngalhnak caah tiah a ti i, a fa te a ban ah lahri a rak khih ti a si. Angaingai ah cu ni ahcun cu minu a fate ngelcel cu limpi nihcun a rak lak ti a si. Minu cu zanlei a tlun tikah a fate cu a um ti taktak lo i, a lahri khihtakmi te cu a zoh i an khua laifang i lungnganpi tangah a luhpi ti a si. Khua mi kha a chimh hna i an khuapi tein cu lung nganpi tang i khor ahcun sio ngan nawnpi pakhat kha uico an tenh i an tlak Limpi nihcun uico cu a rak dolh i sio zong cu a rak dolh chih. Cun khua mi pawl nih an thawn khawh chungin rulpi cu lengah an hnuk dih kho lo. Cu khorka hram i lungpi kha vel nga tiang lawng rulpi cu an hnuh khawh i a mei le a pum cheubang cu lengah chuak lakin an hnuk kho lo ti a si. Cun cuka ahcun rulpi cu an tan i, cu rulpi a mei le a pum dang cu cu khor chung ahcun tihnung ngaimi awthawngpi he a pil than. Cu zan thawk incun rulpi kua chung incun ti a pot ciammam i an khua dihlak cu a rak khuh dih i atu i Salua tipum(Pala lake) timi hi a cangmi a si an ti. (The lakhers by N.E.Parry, p.561). Cu lio ahcun Thang Ngan chung pa le a hawile cheukhat hi ram an rak riak ti a si. An ram riahnak in an tlun tik ahcun an khua le an inn vialte cu ti nih a rak phum dih cang caah Tipi(Kalodyne river) kha a hnalei an hung hrawng i duhsah tein hmunkhat hnu hmunkhat an hun i thial chin lengmang. Caan sau nawn hnu ah Bawinu(Tipi) le Thanghawr va an i tonnak an hung phan. Mi zong an hung karh deuh cang i, Thang Ngan chung zong cu innchungkhar pahnih thum ah an hung cang cang. Cu Thanghawr le Bawinu a tonnak incun a cheu cu Bawinu va kha a hna lei an hung hrawng chin i atu Senthang ram hi an hung phan. A cheu cu Thanghawr va an hrawng ve i atu i Surngen ram hi an hung phan. Mi kha an tam deuh cang caah phuhnih ah an i then than i, La Hnin phun pa le a hawile kha Surngen ram AWHLI tlang ah an um i, Thang Ngan chung pa le a hawile kha Surngen ram thiamthiam BUNGTLANG ah an rak um. Mah lio ahcun La Hnin pa le Thang Ngan chung pa nihcun atu i TISEN khua hlun hmun khi khua hmun caah an rak ham veve. ‘Keimah nih ka ham hmasa, Keimah nih ka ham hmasa,’ tiah an rak i cuh caah ahodah a ham hmasa ti hngalhnak ah kan hamnak kan THAL kahmi kan zoh lai an rak ti. Kan Arbawm thlaimi le kan Thal kahmi a hlun deuh mi cu a ham hmasa mi kan si lai i mah nihcun kan co lai tiah bia an rak i kam. Thang Ngan chungpa nihcun mi hlonh ciami Arbawm kha a char i a thlai lengah cirik nih a ei ciami Thal kha a rak kah i, La Hnin pa nihcun amah sak thar mi Arbawm a rak thlai i thal a tharmi kha a rak kah caah Thang Ngan chungpa ta a hlun deuh an ti i cu hmun an i cuhmi cu Thang Ngan chungpa nih a rak co. Sihmanhsehlaw Thang Ngan chungpa hi a rak no deuh i La Hnin pa hi a rak tar deuh caah, La Hnin pa nih Thang Ngan chungpa sin ahkhan,” Ka naupa, keimah cu ka tar deuh cang i chaklei ka kai kho ti lai lo. Zeikhum a si ah nangmah tu hung kai law keimah tu hika hmun ahhin ka um ko lai.” tiah a rak nawl. Cutikah Thang Ngan chungpa nihcun,”A si ahcun zeidah na ka pek lai?” tiah a rak hal. La Hnin chungpa nihcun,”Kum khat ah voi khat in khuachiah na rak ka kholh lai,” tiah a rak leh. Khuachiah pek hnga dingmi cu 1.Vok fate pakhat,2. Ar pakhat,3. Pher zunkhat,4.Talawn zunkhat , 5. Nuphor pakhat, 6. Zo puanrang zunkhat le 7. Lachon tomkhat an rak si. Cucaah Thang Ngan chungpa le a hawile cu khua chaklei ah an hung lan i atu i AIBUR ram chung SAIKAI timi hmun an rak phan i cuka ahcun caan sau nawn an rak um. Hi SAIKAI i caan sau nawn an um hnu ah Facang an cin khawh lo caah Fongvoi le Ra lawng cun kan ei kho zungzal lai lo an ti i, Thang Ngan chungpa MANG SUI le a hawile cu an rak ratnak lei kha an kir than i, cu hrinsor pawl cu atu ahhin MIRAM le LAKHER ram chungah a tampi an um. Mah lio ahcun Thang Ngan chung inn khat cu an ARPI a rak tlumh lio a si caah hi Arpi a keuh hi kan hngak rih lai i a keuh hnuin kan rung ve te lai an ti hna i cu AR TLUM a hngakmi Thang Ngan chung pa le a hawile pawl cu an tang. Asinain an Arpi a keuh hnu zong khan kir duh theng lo in an rak tang ta than. Cu SAIKAI i sau nawn an um hnu ahcun chaklei an hung i thial deuh than i atu LEITAK ram chung LOZAWNG lopil ahkhin an rak um. Cu an umnak hmun cu SIAPALAI an ti. Siapalai i sau nawn an um hnu ah Thang Ngan chung pawl cu Thanghor va ral KHUAPI timi hmun ah an kal chin than. Mah lio ahcun SAWIBIA phun hringsortu hna an pu le a hawile cu SIAPALAI ahcun an um rih ko. Nikhat cu Sawibia phun pa Siapi kha cakei nih a rak seh i, a ruak cu a hnuh lengmang i SIAPANGLAI tikhor chungah a luhpi. Sawibia pa nih cun a neh in a hun zulh lengmang i Siapanglai tikhor chungah a luhpi kha a hmuh. Cu cakei cu Sawibia pa nihcun a rak thah i, tikhor umtuning le a pawngkam hmunhma kha a zoh lengmang tikah khua hmun ah a tha lai tiah a rak ruah. Cucaah a hawile sinah Siapalai khua ahcun a kir i, “Khua hmun ka hmuh, cuka ahcun i thial in um u sih law a tha lai,” arak ti hna. A hawile nihcun, “Kan mah lawng cun kan um ngam lai lo, Thang Ngan chung pawl kan vasawm hna lai i an kan umpi lawngah kan um ngam lai,” an rak ti. Cucaah Thanghawrva ral Khuapi hmun ahcun an rak kal i Thang Ngan chung pawl kha, “Siapanglai tikhor kan hmuh i cuka ahcun khua to u sih law a tha lai. Nanmah nih nan kan umpi lai i khuabawi nan kan tuanpiak lai,” an va ti hna. Cutikah Thang Ngan chung pawl cu an hna a tla ve i, khuapi in Thang Ngan chung pawl le an hawi le Siapalai in Sawibia le an hawi le pawl cu LEITAK khua cu an rak tla, Cuticun LEITAK khua cu a voihnihnak Thang Ngan chung le an hawile nih an run tla than. Cucu A.D.kum zabu 15 hrawng a rak si.
SIAPANGLAI TIKHOR Cahmai namber 8 chungah Siapanglai tikhor an hmuhnak le an tuahnak kong cu a fiang tein kan tial cang nain atu ah Siapanglai tikhor kong tiah a biatlangpi dang tar in ka hun tial than duhnak cu a tanglei bang hin a si. Hlan lio kan pupa chanah Siapanglai tikhor cu mi tampi nih a kong an theih i a thang ngaimi le khuaruahhar thawnnak ngei in an rak ruahmi tikhor a si. Lieutenant Mancnabb zong nih The Southern Chins timi cauk a tialmi chung zongah a sunlawi ning le khua ruahhar in Sualthiannak ca i mi vialte nih an rak hman tawn ning kha a rak tial ve. Cucu Bertram S. Carrey le H.N. Tuck zong nih The Chin Hills volume 1pp. 206, 207 ah an rak tial ve. Asinain cu an tialmi belte cu Leitak khua mi taktak nih dairek in chimhmi si lo in mi dang nih an hna theih balmi kha an chimh chinmi hna a si tikah a hmaan deuhlonak tlawmpal aum. Cucaah a sining taktak kha a fiang deuh in tlawmpal ka hun tial ve mi a si. Leitak khua a voihnihnak an rak tlak than lio ahhin Leitak khua chung i innhmun tha vialte kha Thang Ngan chung pa nih aa rak i ham dih. Sawibia pa nihcun Siapanglai tikhor kha keimah ka tikhor a si lai tiah aa rak i ham ve. Aihling pa nih Leitak khua in nitlak lei kalnak lam i tiva rekte khi keimah ka tiva a si lai tiah aa rak i ham i atu tiangah Aihling va ti a si. Bawitlai chungpa nih Leitak khua in nichuah lei kap ram vialte khi keimah ka ram a si lai tiah aa rak i ham ve atu i Dongva ram vialte khi Bawitlai chungpa ram ah a cang. Sawibia pa nihcun Siapanglai tikhor cu keimah ka tikhor a si lai a ti caah Leitak khua mi nih hi Siapanglai tikhor hi an rak biak ve tawn tikah Sawibia phun chung in a lu bik a simi nih thla an rak cam tawn. Kum fate vok rial in an rak dangh tawn i kum thum dan ah vokpi pakhat in an rak dangh tawn. Cun Chan khat (one generation) ah Siapi pakhat in an rak dangh tawn. Hi Siapanglai tikhor a min a than khunnak cu sual thenh khawhnak thawnnak a ngei tiah an rak zumh ruangah a si. Hlan lio chan ahcun mi a that lai a nawngmi hi an rak sawi hna i an hringsor pawl hi thit awk le vat awkah an rak hrial deuh tawn hna.Sihmanh sehlaw mi a that mi le lai a nawng mi paoh nih hi Siapanglai tikhor hi an purh i an kut an rak i tawl ahcun tikhor ti hi mithi tisen bantuk ah a cang dih i lainawngtupa cu a sualnak in a thiang tiah an rak ti tawn. Cutikah Siapi in tikhor cu an thianh than tawn i mah hnu lawng ahcun tikhor ti cu a fim than i din awk le hmah awk ah a tha than an ti. Cucaah cubantuk lainawng mi nih an purh sual lai tihi an phang i a si khawh chungin ralveng an rak i thiah i an congh tawn ti a si. Voikhat cu Zotung peng i Vauti khua mipa pakhat amin Thang Cem (Thang Ma Ceng) an ti mipa hi Senthang peng ah lai a nawn sual i, an khua mi nih lainawng a si caah an khua chungah luhter loin Leitak Siapanglai tikhor ah na kut vaa tawl hmasa tiah an rak dawi. Thang Cem nihcun a sual thiannak caah Leitak khua ah Leitak khua ah a thli tein a lut i Siapanglai tikhor chung i a kut aa tawl lio ah tikhor cawngtu hna nih an rak tlaih. Tikhor tawngnak caah Siapi an liamter lengah Leitak khua chungah an umter. Hmanung bik i Leitak Siapanglai tikhor a rak purtu cu Congthia khua mi LIAN CUNG pa a si. Ngal an dawinak ah a hawipa Sun Tang pa kha a rak kah sual i inn hlam loin ramlak incun Leitak ah a lan i Siapanglai tikhor cu a va purh. Mah lio ahcun Leitak khua mi U Hram Luai (Ngun Hei pu) kha Hakha ka tlawng lai tiah a rak kal i a sining kha a hngalh dih caah Leitak bawi le tlang nih U Hram Luai cu tehte (witness) ah an tlaih i Cawngthia khua mi nih Leitak cu Siapi in an rem hna. (Interviewed Pi Dar He on 5th May 1992).Cu Siapanglai hi a ning cangte le tha tein an dohdangh lo cun tefa kan ngei kho lai lo i, an inn zuat satil pawl zong an pungzam kho lo i an lo thlawh mi zong a vuipar kho lo tiah an ruah caah a hmaan tein an rak biak i an rak dohdangh zungzal.
LEISEN KHUA Thang Ngan chung le an hawile pawl nih Leitak khua a voihnihnak an rak tlakka a siloah an hnu tlawmpal ahhin Zephai le Leitak karlak LEISEN khua ah TLONGSAI miphun a simi SAIKO le SIAHA pawl an rak um. cu hna cu Leisen in Saro, cun Chakang ah an rak i thial. Cuhnuah Kaladyne tivapi an tan i Lushai ram an phan. Hmasa bikah AINAK le SIATA karlak PHUSANG tlang ah an um. Cuka incun a hnu ah TISI tiva kam KHUPI, cun THEIRI le a hnu ah BEUKHI ah an i thial than. Siaha Tlongsai pawl cu BEUKHI le a pawngkam khua hrawngah an um i, Saiko Tlongsai pawl cu SAIKOWKHITLANG, KHANGCHETLA, ZONGBU KHI, CHHOLUNG le KHIHLONG ah an um. A hnu ah A.D.1880 hlan deuhte ah khan SAIKO ah an phan i an um. Hi Tlongsai phun pawl hi zeicah khuathlang lei ah an i thial ti kan hngal lo. (the Lakhers by N.E. parry, p.2) Cuhnu kum saupi hnu ah Leitak bawi Hlawn Ceu phun Pu Mang Hnin I nih Hakha bawi fanu Mang Hluan a rak thit. Mang Hnin I a thih hnu ah Mang Hluan cu Mang Hnin I a nuchun fa Ngun Vung or Ni Vung he an rak i duh. Mang Hnin le Mang Hluan an fa pa Tial Khar a ngakchiat lio a si. Mah ti i an i duh tik ahcun Tial Khar a zat tikah a kan thah sual lai i an phang i Tial Khar an tih caah Tlongsai pawl nih an tio tak cangmi LEISEN khua cu an va tlak than. Mah lio ahcun Vauti khua mipa Thang Cem zong cu an rak kalpi ve.
Nuhmeinu khua Leitak bawi Mang Hnin le a pa Bawikhar an chan lio ahnin atu i Leitak ram chung Nuhmeinu lungpang timi tang ah khin inn 15 hrawngin khua a rak sami khua pakhat a um. Hakha Sangpi bawi THANDING hi kanmah Zo lei khual a rak tlawn tawn lio ah cuka khua ahcun a riak tawn i cuka khua i a um mi Vankhing phun an farnu Hlei Ser sinah a riak tawn i a nupi ah aa ser. Fapar pahnih an hrin hna i an min ah AL BIK le HLEI LIAN an si. Mang Hluan le Ngun Vung or Ni Vung nih Leisen khua an tlak tikah Hakha bawi Thang Ding sin ahcun na fapale pakhat nih kan umpi hna seh tiah an rak hal. Cutikah Thang Ding nih Nuhmeinu or Lungzarh khua i AL Bik le Hlei Lian kha vung la hna u law anmah nih rak in umpi hna seh a ti hna. Cucaah Leisen khua incun Al Bik le Hlei Lian cu Leisen khua incun an rak lak hna i an umpi hna.
CIRANG KHUA Culio caan ahcun CIRANG khua ahhin HAUTHENG pawl an rak um. Leisen khua mi nih Hakha Thang Ding sinah a fale an hal hna i Al Bik le Hlei Lian an lak mi hna zong hi Cirang khua i a um mi Hautheng pawl nih an rak doh pah lengmang hna i hna an hnawh tuk hna caah a rak si ti a si. Al Bik le Hlei Lian an put hnu hna zong hin Hautheng nih cun an rak doh rih hna caah Leitak bawi zong nih Hautheng pawl cu hitin do len hna hlah u. Zathang bawi cu nan tei kho hna lai lo tiah ralrin an rak pek hna. Sihmanhseh law Hautheng pawl nih ngai duh loin, ” Ramlak Zathang cu ka rua ka ram an si ko,” an rak ti. A sullam cu Hakha taktak i a um lo mi, khuate le ramlak i a um mi tham cu kan tih hlei hna lo, kan duh duh in kan tuah khawh ko hna, tinak a si. Voikhat cu Cirang khua mi Hautheng pawl nihcun Leisen khua mi pathum an rak tlaih hna i hreng an khenh hna ti a si. Cu hna cu Leisen khua mi nih an rak tlanh than hna. Hreng an khenhnak hna cu Al Bik nih a ngakchiat lio cu si kaw a sum a tah i sum ruk a si. Al Bik le Hlei Lian an hung upat tikah Leisen khua mi nihcun Cirang i Hautheng pawl cu an va doh than ve hna i Hautheng mi panga an tlaih ve hna. Al Bik nihcun a zat hnu patling a si hnu cu si cang kaw a sum a tah i sumh ruk hreng a khenh ve hna ti a si. Cirang khua mi nihcun kan tlanh than hna lai an ti i Leisen khua mi nih an rak tlanh ter duh hna lo. A hnu ah Leitak bawi an rak auh i, Leitak bawipa nihcun, ‘Al Bik te inn innleng lei chuahnak innka hram in inncarlei innki tiang, cu innthlanglei innki incun innvang chuak lak chaklei innki tiang, cun chaklei innki in chakchang hram tiang, buk kan hun lai i cu buk vialte khat lak in fatun nan rawn lai, cuti nan rawn dih lawngah Cirang khua mi Hautheng panga cu thlah an si lai,’ a rak ti hna. Cirang khua mi zong cu an hna a tla ve i cuticun fatun cu an rak rawn i cuhnu lawngah an tlanh hna i hreng an khenh mi hna cu an rak thlah hna ti a si. Cuhnu ah Hautheng pawl cu Zathang bawi pawl ral tih ah khua thlang lei an i thial chin lengmang i atu ahcun Niawtlang, Chuarlung, Lungbun, biapi bik cu Tisi ah an um. Cuka an phanhnak cu Cirang in Saro, Siata, Paimi le Nangotla in Tisi tiang an phan. A cheu cu Thantlang peng LUNG CAWIPI le LUNG CAWITE ah tlawmpal an tang. (Thelakhers by N.E. Pary, P.2.)
VUANGTU KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Leisen khua mi kha Thangaw nih an rak doh lengmang hna caah an khua run vennak a that deuhnak ah tiah Khuacariat ah an rak i thial. Cu Khuacariat ahcun Hautheng an ngalhmi Fatun incun Al Bik cu khuang a rak cawi ti a si. Khuacariat an um lio ah cun ram an riak i a tu VUANGTU khua hmun khi an rak phan. Mah hlan ahhin Vuangtu khua cu TEK-AU khua an rak ti i HLAWNCHING phun THANGKI le a hawile an rak um cang. Hautheng pawl nih an rak doh lengmang hna i hna an hnawh tuk hna caah THANGKI te nihcun an tiotak than mi a si. Cuka an phanh tik ahcun atu an umnak Khuacariat hmun nakin a zeilei paoh in a tha deuh tiah an ruah caah cuka ahcun i thial u sih law a tha lai tiah an ruah. Cuka ahcun khua to u sih law a tha hnga maw tha lo ti hngalhnak caah ARHLI pakhat an phorh i arkhuan a that le that lo an va zoh. An arkhuan a that caah i thial dingin an hna a tla dih. An khua min cu zei kan ti lai dah an ti tikah, VAUTI pa nihkhan, ”Ka duale keimah hi ka tar bik i, zeikhawm a si ah keimah ka khua min in kan auh ko lai,”tiah a rak ti hna i an zapi in an lung a tlin caah VAUTI an ti i a hnu ah VUANGTU a si. A sullam cu VAUTI timi hi anmah Zotung awchuah ning in chuah thiam loin kanmah Zophei aw chuah ningin Vawngtu an rak timi a si. Cuticun Vuangtu khua cu Leisen in Khuacariat in a hnu ah vun tlalk chin thanmi a si. Cu Vuangtu khua an rak tlakmi cu AL BIK chanah a rak si i Al Bik nih Za Bawi, Hniar Kham le Ui Mawng a hrin hna. Za Bawi nih Lian Kung le Ral Dun a hrin hna. Lian Kung nih Do Chum a hrin. Do Chum nih Lian Hrin a hrin. Lian Hrin nih Ral Hei a hrin. Cucaah 1.Al Bik, 2.Za Bawi, 3.Lian Kung, 4.Do Chum, 5. Lian Hrin, 6.Ral Hei an si i kan hnulei chan ruk (6 generations) ah khan Vuangtu khua cu an rak tlak, tinak a si.
KHUABUNG KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Leitak Hlawn Ceu bawi Mang Hnin I nak a fapa Tial Khar a naupa HMUNTLING nih a hruai hna i KHUABUNG cu Leitak mi nih an va tlak mi a si. Cu lio ahcun anmah Hlawn Ceu phun, Hrang Cem phun, Hrang Cem hrin Har Bawm, Thang Ngan chung phun Bawi Hniar hrin Ui Mang, Thang Ngan chung Thor Pa hrin cheu khat, Aihling phun cheukhat, le Tlu Mang chung phun cheukhat zong an rak kal ve. Vuangtu bawi Al Bik sinah Hmun Tling nihcun, ”Na fapale pathum lakah pakhat nih kanmah kan umpi hna seh law bawi kan tuanpiak hna seh,”tiah a va hal caah Al Bik nih a fapa a laipa HNIAR KHAM kha a rak pek hna. Hniar Kham cu Khuabung bawi a tuan i, Khuabung khua an tlaknak in atu tiang ah -1. Hniar Kham, 2.Lian Hei, 3.Ki Khar, 4.Lian Kung le 5.Lian Hei an si i chan 5(5 generation) a si cang. Vuangtu bawi cu Al Bik fapa Za Bawi, a fapa Ral Dun a fapa Chum Mang ah an chan a dongh caah Khuabung bawi Hniar Kham fapa upa bik LuL Ceu, a fapa Pa Cik nih Vuangtu bawiro cu a va co i Khuabung bawi cu Hniar Kham fapa a hniang bikpa Lian Hei a fapa Ki Khar nih a tuan. Pa Cik cu fapa ngei loin a thih than caah LuL Ceu a nutlai fa Ral Kung nih Vuangtu bawiro cu a va co than. Ral Kung fapa Za Bawi II a si. (Hi Khuabung le Vuangtu tlaknak kong ahhin Leitak khua mi Pu Chia Kam le Pu Van Kung, Khuabung khua mi Pu Chia Hup, Hriphi khua mi Pu Hram Kung le Pu Tial Cem an chim ningin ka tialmi a si.)
HRIPHI KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Vuangtu khua an tlak hnu caan sau nawn a rauh hnu ah Vuangtu bawi Al Bik naupa HLEI LIAN nih khua a ruat i hika Vuangtu khua i ka um peng ve ko a si ahcun keimah cu zeihmanh hmuh ding le co ding ka ngei ve tung lai lo i zeihmanh ka si te lai lo ti a rak hngalh. Cucaah a hawile kha ram kan riak lai tiah a sawm hna i khua toh a thatnak ding hmun a rak kawlpi hna. Thingtan tu Memu va ah an rak riak. Cuka i zankhat an riah hnu ah RINGLAWT phun an umnak MADE khua an rak phan. Cu lio i Ma-de bawi a simi Ringlawt phun pa kha, ‘Khuahmun a that deuhnak kan kawl lai i, cuka ahcun hmunkhat in kan um ti lai. Cuka ahcun keimah bawi ka tuan lai i nangmah cu keimah bantuk in sakhuah rawlrel na ei ve ko lai,’tiah a rak ti. Ringlawt pa zong nihcun a mi pawl he anmah lawngin um in amah lawng nih uk nak cha cun ral nih an kan tei kho deuh lai lo i kanmah ca zongah a tha deuh lai tiah a rak ruah caah a hna a rak tla i a lung a rak tling ve. An phu hnih in Khuahmun an timi ah an hung riak i, an ARKHUANG a that lo caah RUAPUZUNG FIANG ah an rak riak than. Cuka zongah cun an Arkhuan a that lo thiamthiam caah FIANGKUA TONNAK ah an hung riak. Cuka hmun i an riah zan ahcun an ARKHUAN a that caah cuka hmun i khua tlak ding cu an hna a tla i an lung a rak tling. Cun HLEI LIAN cu Vuangtu khua ah a kir i, Ringlawt pa cu Ma-de ahcun a kir ve. Cutikah kan i tong than lai i hika ahhin kan um lan cang lai tiah ni an i tuknak a tlin tikah HLEI LIAN le a hawile cu Vuangtu in, RINGLAWT pa le a hawile cu MA-DE in an ra pok cio i FIANGKUA TONNAK ahcun khua cu an rak tlak. Cu khua cu Hlei Lian chan ah an rak tlak i, Hlei Lian fapa Tin Kham, a fapa Mang Hei, a fapa Thawng Ling, a fapa Khar Luai, a fapa Tin Kham II, a fapa Thawng Ling an si i atu ah chan 7( 7 generations) a si cang.
AIBUR KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Leitak bawi THAWNG CEU a chan ah, Thang Ngan chung Mang Lung hrin PHUN KHAM hi Leitak bawi he cun i remlonak le i mawhchiatnak a rak ngei. Cucaah SURNGEN bawi sinah a rak kal i, ‘Nan ram chungah khua nan ka tlakter ko lai,’tiah a rak nawl hna. Sihmanhsehlaw Surngen bawile tlang pawl nih, ‘Nang mah lawng cun kan in zum deuh lo, Thang Ngan chung Lian Bawi hrin pakhat i sawm hna law anmah nih an in umpi lawngah khua hi nan to kho lai i, nan hmun kho lai,’a rak ti. Cucaah Lian Bawi hrin PU TIN TLUNG fapa PU LAIHNIAR kha a rak sawm i kan tlak khawh ahcun nangmah nih bawi na tuan lai tiah bia a rak kam. Lai Hniar cu a hna a rak tla ve. Cucaah Leitak bawi he buainak ding lam an rak kawl i, Thanghawr va ah denhtluang an rak denh lio ahhin khuabawi nih a hmaisak in mi zapi nih a hnulei in zulh in nga kha an char phung a rak si nain, Thawng Ceu kha Lai Hniar nih a vun chawkanh i Thawng Ceu nih lai Hniar cu a thiangthunh in a rak tuk. Cucaah Thawng Ceu le Phun Kham le Thang Ngan chung Bawi hniar hrin pa Lian Hram nih anmah a daw deuh mi an unau le an cingla rual chan pawl kha an sawm hna i Surgen ram ah khua thar kan tla lai an rak ti hna. Cutikah Leitak bawi le tlang nih Haukapi in zupu an rak on kanh hna. A sullam cu Leitak khua chungin a lengah chuakin pem ngam hna hlah seh tinak caah a rak si. Sihmanhsehlaw duh loin an rak pah chih i AIBUR khua cu A.D. 1808 hrawngah an rak tlak. A hnu ah an cingla an rualchan pawl kha an hun sawm chin lengmang hna caah Leitak nih Uico ril an rak zam kanh than hna. A sullam cu Aibur lei a kal cang mi paoh cu Leitak ah an kir than ahcun chiat hna seh tinak a si. Cu lio ahcun SIAPHU an timi hmun ah an rak um hmasa. Ngandamnak a tha deuh lo an ti caah Aibur khua hlun hmun ahkhin an rak i thial than. Cu hmun cu Ai Lawngte a si caah AIBU an rak ti i a hnu ah AIBUR ah a cang. Cu AIBU i an rak i thial cu A.D. 1813 hrawngah a rak si. Cun hi Aibur khua hmun hi ti a har deuh caah PU SA KHAWNG le PU HNIANG MANG hohatnak in 1969 kum thawkin atu i an umnak AIBUR KHUA THAR hmun ahhin an rak i thial than. Leitak in Aibur khua tlak awk i an rak kal lio ahhin Pu Lai Hniar a pa Pu Tin Tlung a rak nung rih i a tar bel a tar ngai cang ti a si. Aibur lei zong cu amah tein a rak kal kho ti lo i a puak in a puak i an kalpi an ti. Cucaah Aibur khua an tlaknak in atu tiang ah – 1.Pu Tin Tlung, 2.Lai Hniar, 3.Sang Bil, 4.Sa Khawng le 5.Rum Thang an si i chan 5(5 generations) a si cang.
CAWNGTHIA KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Cawngthia khua cu Hlawnching phun KAN CHA le a hawile nih hmasabik ah an rak tlak. Kan Cha fapa – Khua Kulh a fa pa – Thor Tlung a fapa – Khamh Rei a fapa – Khamh Tial a fapa – Dar Kham a fapa – Hlaum Ung a fapa – Lai To a fapa – Hmun Ung a fapa – Tei Kulh a fapa – Mang Lal a fapa – Lal Thang a fapa Hram Hlei le a nau pa an si. Cu caah Cawng Thia a rak to hmasa bik tu Kan Cha a chan in a tu i Hram Hei a chan tiang ah hin chan 13 a si cang. Ahmasabik antlak ka ahcun Ngun nu lung ah an rak um. Cu hnuah Hriang khaw ah an rak i thial. A voi thum nakah Khua kui ah an rak um. A voi li nakah Faiceu khua (cawngthia khua hlun) ah an rak um. A voi nga nakah 1957 kum in khan atu an umnak Lim tiangah an rak i thial. Ankhua min hi a hlan ahcun Khua kui an rak ti tawn. Phaizawng Mang Sui nih Khuang a rak cawi lioah thing an rak thiah hna i Ruacong in Zuhui an rak pek hna. Cong in kan thiah mi hna an si an ti i Congthiah tiah an rak ti hna. Cucaah Congthiah timi cu a hnuah Congthia ah a cang. Dar Kham a chan ahhin Hakha Zathang bawi Tin Kual kha an bawi caah an rak lak. Tin Kual fa – Deng Thang a fapa – Za Hnok a fapa – Tin Kar le Van Dul. Van Dul a fapa – PaKhu a fapa – Tin Kual a fapa – Chiah Khar an si.
PHAIKHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Cawngthia bawi a laifa veve a simi 1.VAN DUH, 2. RAL HEI nih Buanlung khua in siseh, (1) Ni Vung, (2) Lian Hluai, 3. THAWNG HNIN, 4.THAI CAWN le Leitak khua in 1.TIAL HRAM le 2. KHEN KAR kha an sawm hna i A.D. 1870 le 1895 karlak ah an rak tlak. Cu khua an tlak ka ahcun CAWN TLANG timi hmun ah an rak um nain 1980 kum thawkin khan atu an umnak hmun ahhin an rung i thial.
HMAWNGTLANG KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Mirang cozah chan ahcun Khuabawi le ram uk bawi pawl kha meeting an tuahpi hna ah Khuate a ngeimi kha RAM-UK BAWI an ti hna i thutdan sang cungah an thutter tawn hna. Khuate a ngei ve lomi anmah umnak khua khat lawng a ukmi cu KHUABAWI an ti hna i thutdan niam deuh cungah an thutter tawn hna. Leitak bawipa Pu Mang Hnin cu khuate a rak ngeih ve lo caah thutdan niam ah a rak thu tawn i, amah nih a lung chung in a nautat deuh mi hna maw asiloah amah tluk lawng i a rak ruah mi hna maw nih khuate an rak ngeih i thutdan sang cung i an thut a hmuh tikah a lung a fak i a ning zong a rak zak ngai tawn. Cucaah Aibur khua mi Thang Ngan chung phun bawi Tling hrin MAWNG KIO kha,’Hmawngtlang ah khua na tla lai i keimah ka khuate in an um lai. Khuabawi na tuan lai i Mirang cozah an kai hnu in na sunghmi cu hlan i Aibur khua ah na hmuh tawnmi Sakhua -rawlrel pawl kha na hmuh than lai,’tiah a rak ti. Cutikah Mawng Kio nihcun Aibur khua i a sunghmi vialte kha hmuh than a duh caah a hna a rak tla ve i, Hmawngtlang khuatlak dingah Leitak ah a hung pem. Leitak incun Mawng Kio le a hawile pawl inn 7 cu A.D. 1930 hrawngah Hmawngtlang khua cu an hun to. Mirang cozah nih inn 30 nan tlin lo ahcun khua kan in pe hna lai lo an ti caah Leitak khua mi unau pahnih pathum chuak vialte kha pakhat cio nih Hmawngtlang ah Mawng Kio sinah nan kal lai i nan um lai tiah Mang Hnin nih a rak ti hna. Cutikah Leitak mipi pawl nih ‘BELHARPI nel khuachia nih a kan that dih lai lo maw? Leitak in na kan thawlmi a si ko, cunak cun Hriphi asiloah Cawngthia zongah kan pem deuh lai,’an rak ti. Cutin an ti cun khua dang tu ah an pem taktak sual lai ti a phang ve i a rak hnek ngam than hna lo. Anmah Mawng Kio te zong cu Mirang nih inn 30 nan tlin lo zongah LEI NAN THUAN ahcun khua kan in pek ko hna lai an ti ko hna nain, Krifa an rak si rih lo i LAWKI biaknak an si caah BELHARPI nel khuachia cu an rak tih ve i LEI cu an thuang ngam hoi lo. Cucaah Mirang nih, inn sawm le nan tling lo i Lei zong nan thuan duh tung lo caah khua kan in pe kho hna lo an rak ti hna i Hmawngtlang khua cu a rak tio than. Cuka ahcun kum 5 hrawng an rak um. Cuhnuah PHAIPHA khua thar mi ZA KHAR le a hawile nih A.D.1940 Nov. ah Mawng Kio te an tio tak mi Belharpi nel le a pawngkam Thanghawrva hrawn hrawng vialte lei tuah awk a tha lai ti an theih caah ram zoh duh ah Leitak ah an rak ra. Mang Hnin a um lo caah an kir i a hnu ah Mang Hnin nih ca a kuat than hna i 6-12-1940 ni ah Leitak an phan than. Cun 1941 kum Febuary thla chungah Zephai civui an kal lio ah Phaipha (B) in lei thuan a duh mi vialte kha an min cazin an lak i an kalpi hna. Cutin an zoh hnu 1941 kum chungah cun Phaipha (B) in inn 7, Dongva khua in inn 3 le Leitak khua in inn 1 (Pu Chum Kung) tiin inn (11) nih Hmawngtlang khua tlak dingin Leitak in an pok. A hmasa bik ahcun Belharpi nel i Pu Thang Cem le Pu Van Ni an Lei thlam saknak hmun ahkhin an rak um. Cu kum lila ahcun CITIVA pawngah an rak i thial. Cun 1942 kum ah atu i HMAWNGTLANG khuahmun ahhin an rak i thial i cu kum ahcun Mirang cozah nih khua an pek colh hna.
LEITAK KHUA THAR AN TLAKNAK KONG 1964 kum ah Leitak khua hlun in atu Leitak khua thar ahhin a dihlak in i thial dih dingin min an rak thut i Zipeng (Falam) zung ah an rak sawk. Falam Zipeng zong nihcun thialnak nawl a rak pek ve hna. Cu lio cu Leitak khua chungah Pu Dar Ceu khuabawi a tuan lio a si. 1965 kum in thial hram an thawk. Asinain a hnu ah an lung aa khah than lo caah a cheu kha khua hlun hmun ah an tang i Leitak cu khua hnih ah aa then. Cu khua hlun i a tang mi hna cheukhat cu khua thar lei thial le an duh lo, khua hlun ah le an um duh ti tung lo i 1979 kum ah ZiPi ah an rak i thial. 1980 kum ah Thantlang peng Myone council pawl nih Leitak (A) in kauhchap mi Sang thar tiin Leitak (A) khua i veng asiloah sang pakhat in umnak nawl an pek ve hna.
LAWNGTLANG KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Khuabung khua in HNIAR KHAM fapa LUL CEU nih amah bawi a tuan chung asiloah a chan chungah a fanu va Sa thlawng hrin Zathang phun Za Kio kha LAWNGTLANG khua cu a tlakter. Za Kio fapa – Hre Kung a fapa – Sang Kung a fapa – Lian Cung an si. An tlak nak in chan – 4- a si cang.
HLAMPHEI KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Khuabung hawi LUL CEU fapa PA CIK nih a fapa SAI DUN kha HLAMPHEI khua cu amah chan chungah a rak tlakter.
TLUANGRAM KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Vuangtu bawi ZABAWI chanah BUAL peng leiin ram an kan et sual lai ti an phan caah TLUANGRAM khua cu a fapa CEU LING a rak tlakter mi a si. Cu Ceu Ling incun atu i atu chin a si mi Mang Chum tiang ahhin chan -4- an si cang.
NGALANG KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Vuangtu bawi ZABAWI chanah NGALANG khua cu an rak tlakter hna. Za Bawi nih khua a tlakter hmasa bik micu Lahnin Thang pum a rak si. Thang pum cu fapa a ngei lo i a nau Lo Hnawm nih a ro a rak co. Lo Hnawm fapa cu Hmung Kio a si.
ZEPHAI KHUA AN TLAKNAK KONG Vuangtu bawi ZABAWI chanah ZEPHAI khua cu a salnu Sung Tang le a fapa kha nel i a thlah mi a Naa pawl a rak hngah ter hna nak in a hnu ah khua ah an to beh mi a si.
KZABUNG KHUA AN TLAKNA Hriphi bawi KHAR LUAI sinah LEITAK khua mi KIO LIAN nih na ram chung ah na khuate in khua na ka tlakter ko lai tiah a rak nawl i KIO LIAN le a hawile nih an rak tlakmi a si.
PHAIPI KHUA AN TLAKNAK Hriphi bawi KHAR LUAI sinah PHAIPI NEL khi Lei thuan an duh caah LUSHAI miphun a simi nih a rak nawl i A.D. kum ah an rak tlak. 1959 kum ah Hriphi khua i MANG DUN khuabawi a tuan lio ah Phaipi timi khua min kha hloh in Hriphi khua kha cuka ahcun thial hram an rak thawk. Cu caan thawkin PHAIPI timi khua min cu a lo i HRIPHI (B) tiah an ti. Zeicahtiah Phaipi lei i aa thial duh lo mi pawl kha HRIPHI khua hlun hmun ah an tan caah cu hna cu HRIPHI (A) an ti hna i, PHAIPI lei aa thial mi pawl kha HRIPHI (B) an ti hna. Hi cung lei tial mi khua hna lengah ZOPHEI ram chungah Khuabung (b), Tluangram (B), Vuangtu (B), Zephai (B) tiin ZOPHEI RAM chungah Khua (19) kan um. Culengah atu ah India ram chungah a ummi (1) Ainak le (2) Siata zong Vuangtu in tlak chin mi an si ve. Hi vialte hi ZOPHEI minung kan si.
ZOPHEI RAM CHUNG UMMI MIPHUN HNA
1. Zathang – Hakha chuak an si. 2. Cinzah – Thantlang chuak an si. 3. Hlawnceu – Falam peng Mangkheng chuak an si. 4. Khenglawt – Hakha chuak an si. 5. Thangnganchung – India ram Salua tipum in a chuak mi an si. 6. Sawibia – India ram Salua tipum in a chuak mi an si. 7. Hmunhlei – India ram Salua tipum in a chuak mi an si. 8. Aihling(Eihlun) India ram Salua tipum in a chuak mi an si. 9. Mualhlu – Thantlang lei in an chuak. 10. Lianchingchung – Falam peng Mangkheng chuak an si. 11. Sakhawng – Ditto 12. Sarum – Lautu peng lei in an hung chuak. 13. Hleikel – Miram peng lei in an hung chuak ve. 14. Zawtlui – Leitak khua in nichuak lei i a um mi Sakangtlang Siaciapaw timi hin Leitak ah an lut i khuazei in dah cu ka cu an phanh ti kan hngal lo. 15. Khupchawn – Senthang peng in a rung lut mi an si. 16. Thianhlun – Senthang peng in a rung lut mi an si. 17. Tinthe – Senthang peng in a rung lut mi ansi. 18. Tluhlawng – Hakha lei in an chuak ve. 19. Tlumang chung – Hakha-Thantlang lei in zophei ram chungah an lut ve. 20. Hlikhing – Miram peng le Lautu peng lei in a hung lut mi an si. 21. Thangtlung – Hnaring in an hung chuak ve. 22. Suntei – Senthang peng lei in a lut mi an si ve. 23. Sawmhal – Senthang peng lei in a lut mi an si ve. 24. Hlehlu – Lautu peng lei in a hung kai mi an si. 25. Khuplia (Lailung) – Lautu peng lei in a hung kaimi an si ve. 26. Hrengsal – Lautu peng lei in a hung kai mi an si. 27. Vuangtu chung – Zotung lei in a chuak mi an si. 28. Bawitlai chung – Thangnganchung he Salua lei in a chuak mi an si ve. 29. Pa-U – Senthang peng in an ra. 30. Hranglung chung – Hakha in a ra mi an si. 31. Vaingam chung – Hakha in a ra mi an si. 32. La Hnin phun – Lautu ram in a hung kai mi an si. 33. Keiraw – Senthang peng in an ra. 34. Zinghlawng – Hakha lei in a chuak mi an si.
ZO SULLAM Falam, Hakha le Thantlang peng chung i anmah le anmah Lai miphun kan si aa timi hna nihcun ZO kan si ti cu an duh hrim hrim lo. Zeicahtiah kan mah 1. Zophei, 2. LAUTU, 3. MIRAM, 4. ZOTUNG le 5. SENTHANG, ram chung i a ummi pawl hi ZO an kan ti. Annih pawl an ruahnak ahcun hi ZO an kan ti mi vialte hi cu nunphung le fimnak a ngeilomi (uncultured and uncivillized) tiah an kan ruah. Cucaah annih an ruahnak ahcun anmah tluk le anmah bantukin nunphun le fimnak a ngeilomi an si ti sullam ngei in an thlanglei deuh i a um mi kanmah pawl cu ZO an kan ti tawn.(ZO History by Dr. Vumson, P.2.) Cun F.K Lehman nih a tialmi The Structure of Chin Society timi cauk p.3 nak ahcun Zo timi biafang cu thil umtuning zeihmanh a hngal lomi (unsophisticated) tinak caah Lai kan si aa timi hna nih an hman mi biafang a si a ti ve. Hi a cunglei bia he aa tlai in Hakha kan rak um lioah Zo lung awng lo, Ai thi luang lo tiah Hakha nih an ti tawn tiah Pi. …Nu Thai..(Ni Bu nu)nih a rak ka chimhmi he khan aa kheng ngaingai.
Sihmanhsehlaw, Tuluk ram i Tang pennak an palai (diplomat) pakhat a simi Fanch’o nihcun Chindwin nelrawn ah Pennak pakhat a um i an bawile pawl cu ZO an ti hna tiah A.D. 862 ah a rak chim. The Manshu; Book of Southern Babarians, Cun Kawlram chung i missionary a phan hmasa bikmi R.C.M. Father Sangermo nih 1783 A.D. ahkhan A Description of the Burmese Empire, Rome, Parbury, Allen and Co. MDCCCXXX11 cauk chungah JO miphun an um tiah a rak tial ve. Tidim peng Buanman khua mi Capt. Khup Za Thang nih Genealogy of Zo (Chin) Race of Burma, Rangoon, 1974 ahcun a hlan ahhin ZO timi pa pakhat a rak um i amah tefa pawl cu nihin i ZO (CHIN) pawl hi kan si i, cu pa ZO a chan incun atu tiang ahhin chan (generation) 27 a si cang tiah a tial ve. Hi a cunglei bia vialte kan ruah tikah Falam, Hakha, Thantlang i Lai miphun kan si aa ti mi hna nih ZO timi biafang cu nautatnak le zeirellonak in hmang hmanh hna sehlaw hmaihngal ngaiin ZO kan si aa ti mi kan LAIMI a siloah CHIN MIPHUN vialte cu ZOMI kan si dih ko an ti. Cucaah hlan deuh lio i kan mifim le pupa hna nih CHIN MIPHUN (LAI miphun) vialte Baptist Biaknak hawikomhnak Bu cu, ZO lawngte kan si dih ko ti an hngalh caah Zomi Baptist convention tiah an ti i atu tiang zongah cu min cu an hmang rih ko. Cucaah kan fanau vialte hna ZO kan si hi nan ning zak hlah seh. Mi nih ZO an in ti hna zong ah i fahsak hlah u. Hi ZO timi biafang he aa tlaiin-Leitak Tial Khar a farnu NI KAI nih hla pakhat a rak phuah i: Kan pu Tin Thang a lian e, Sunthla bawi ngai kan semnak, Zo le Miram kan ti hna kaw, Hodah kan ngai Mang Thlia hniar..a rak ti. Cun Surkhua bawi Van Kio a farnu pakhat..nih :Zopa ti tawn hlah law, khuachak Hakha zong nih, Kanmah dang ah Cerlian Ni Kung to Mang Thian Hlun, Kan lai ngeih cia sia bung ei..a rak ti ve. Cun LAUTU bawi an vahla ah: Zorim e nam ti hlah u law Hakha Thantlang rual aw, A cuai in thlai sehlaw Zo bawi kan khing rit cem lai dah e … an ti ve. Hi a cunglei i hlan lio kanpipu pawl an hla ka tialmi hi porhlawtnak le ruamkainak caah ka tial mi a si lo. Ka chim duhnak cu ZO si hi zahpi awk a si lo i huat awk zong a si lo ti tu a si deuh. A ngaingai cu ZO kan si zongah LAI kan si zongah minung cio kan si ko i kan i tluk dih ko ka tinak a si. Hlan lio chanah ZO kan bawile a si ve mi VUANGTU bawi zong Pathian nih thlua a chuah tik hna ahcun kan Lairam bawi vialte lakah an sakhua-rawlrel a ngan bik mi an si ko. An hla hmanh ah: Kan phun e thlen thiam sehlaw Cinrung hlum Nang bawi he’n, Tlang hra thuat ah sal sawmnga renh cin, Ciatlung kan i siang hnga lo .. an rak ti. Cun Vuangtu bawi Tial Hlei ca i Hakha bawi fanu an rak hal lio ah, Hakha bawi hmanh nih: Mang zong nan lung tla lo e, Ka dawt khun thlang dim cu, Hngal thiam hlah hna Thlang vairang bawihawi Ciatlung kan i thim lo maw … tiah Vuangtu bawi cu hla an phuah hna. Cucaah ZO kan si zongah minung, LAI kan si zongah minung cio kan si ko i kan herhmi cu kan biakmi vancung Pathian thluachuahnak lawng a si ko. Pathian thluachuah kan hmuh le hmuh lo tu hi biapi a si. Pathian thluachuah kan hmuh khawh nak hnga amah Pathian tih bu tu in nung kho zungzal ding in i zuam chin u sih law i ralring peng ko u sih.
According to the literature review, Manipur was an independent kingdom before the colonization by the British Empire (Singh 2004, 4). However, the extent of the so-called Manipur border is in debate. Some scholars believe that it reached Kabou Valley in Myanmar (Burma) in the east, the Chinese territory in the north, and the Ahom kingdom of Assam in the northwest (Singh 1987, 2-3). This is challenged by the Nagas who inhabit the hills that surround the valley of Manipur. The Nagas say they were never under the rule of the Meitei kings, and that they were an independent nation (Naga Peoples Declaration. 28th June, 2001).
The literature also shows that the name of the present state, Manipur, was given to this land after the declaration of Hinduism as the state religion. It was during the reign of Pamheiba whose Hindu name is Garibniwaz, in the beginning of the eighteenth century (Kumar 2001, 1) that the name ‘Manipur’ came into being. According to Kumar, She (Manipur) had different indigenous names such as Tillikoktong Ahanba in Hayi Chak, Mira Pongthoklam in Haya Chak, Hanna samba konna loiba in Khunung Chak and Muwapali Mayai Sumtongpan in early Konna (Langba) Chak.
In the later ages of Konna (Langba) Chak, it was popularly known as Kanglei Pungmayol, Kangleipak, and Meitreibak. Her other names were Chakpa Langba, then Muwapali, and then Wangang Tengthong Mayung Kuiba Lemthong Maphei Pakpa and, later on she was called Poirei Meitei after the advent of Poireiton. (Kumar 2001, 1-2)
The present Manipur state has many other indigenous names, each indicating its unique meaning. To some, it is known as “Flower on the Lofty Heights” (Singh 2003), and to others it is known as “Kashmir of the Eastern India” (Singh 1980, 1). It is also known as Sana Leipak, which means land of jewels. This is because the land is fertile and rich in its tradition and culture. The other name for Manipur is Kangleipak meaning “Land of the Kang”.[1]
Manipur lies between latitude 23.83ยฐ and 25.68ยฐ north, and longitude 93.03ยฐ and 94.78ยฐ east. It has an area of 22,356 square kilometers (Kumar 2004, 5). The central valley, which is made up of only 700 square miles, is inhabited by the Meiteis who make up more than 61% of the total population in the state (Singh 1980, 2). ou Are Here: Home ยป Manipur ยป Ethnic Races Manipur
Origin of the Meiteis – Part 1 – * Dr J Rimai
The Land
According to the literature review, Manipur was an independent kingdom before the colonization by the British Empire (Singh 2004, 4). However, the extent of the so-called Manipur border is in debate. Some scholars believe that it reached Kabou Valley in Myanmar (Burma) in the east, the Chinese territory in the north, and the Ahom kingdom of Assam in the northwest (Singh 1987, 2-3). This is challenged by the Nagas who inhabit the hills that surround the valley of Manipur. The Nagas say they were never under the rule of the Meitei kings, and that they were an independent nation (Naga Peoples Declaration. 28th June, 2001).
The literature also shows that the name of the present state, Manipur, was given to this land after the declaration of Hinduism as the state religion. It was during the reign of Pamheiba whose Hindu name is Garibniwaz, in the beginning of the eighteenth century (Kumar 2001, 1) that the name ‘Manipur’ came into being. According to Kumar, She (Manipur) had different indigenous names such as Tillikoktong Ahanba in Hayi Chak, Mira Pongthoklam in Haya Chak, Hanna samba konna loiba in Khunung Chak and Muwapali Mayai Sumtongpan in early Konna (Langba) Chak.
In the later ages of Konna (Langba) Chak, it was popularly known as Kanglei Pungmayol, Kangleipak, and Meitreibak. Her other names were Chakpa Langba, then Muwapali, and then Wangang Tengthong Mayung Kuiba Lemthong Maphei Pakpa and, later on she was called Poirei Meitei after the advent of Poireiton. (Kumar 2001, 1-2)
The present Manipur state has many other indigenous names, each indicating its unique meaning. To some, it is known as “Flower on the Lofty Heights” (Singh 2003), and to others it is known as “Kashmir of the Eastern India” (Singh 1980, 1). It is also known as Sana Leipak, which means land of jewels. This is because the land is fertile and rich in its tradition and culture. The other name for Manipur is Kangleipak meaning “Land of the Kang”.[1]
Manipur lies between latitude 23.83ยฐ and 25.68ยฐ north, and longitude 93.03ยฐ and 94.78ยฐ east. It has an area of 22,356 square kilometers (Kumar 2004, 5). The central valley, which is made up of only 700 square miles, is inhabited by the Meiteis who make up more than 61% of the total population in the state (Singh 1980, 2).
RKCS paintings on the walls of temple of Ibudhou Thangjing at Moirang, Manipur. Picture Courtesy – Recky Maibram. See entire Photo Gallery of RKCS Painting at Ibudhou Thangjing here
The People
The origin of the Meiteis cannot be precisely determined from the literature available. Horam[2] observed that the origin of the Meiteis is obscure (Horam 1990, 4). This has become a subject of endless debate (Tarapot 1993, 62). Kumar states that great controversies still persist regarding the origin of the Meiteis (Kumar 2001, 3). This is because most of their written records were composed after they became Hindus and therefore are not very reliable (Bhattarcharya 1963, 180; Dun 1992, 15).
Scholars differ sharply in their opinion on whether the Meiteis are Aryans or Mongoloids. There are those who claim that the Meiteis are descendants of Arjuna of Mahabharata and are therefore Aryan in origin. Others believe that they, like the tribal people, belong to the Mongoloid race. This difference is seen within the Meitei scholars themselves.
Aryan Origin
The first opinion that they belong to the Aryan origin is advocated by the Brahmins, royals, and nobles of the eighteenth century (Kumar 2001, 4). Scholars such as Iboongohal Singh, R.K. Jhalajit Singh, Atombapu Sharma, and many others believe that the Meiteis are Aryan in origin.
According to Iboongohal Singh, “The original inhabitants of Manipur were the Kiratas (some tribes of Nagas). By that time Manipur valley was full of water” (Singh 1987, 10). They were settlers in the hills. People started moving to the valley as the water slowly dried up. Iboongohal believes that it was at this time that the Aryans started coming to the Manipur valley. He writes,
But this time a group of people came headed by a Poireiton and settled here. These people from East and West came to Manipur and began to settle here, each group headed by a Poireiton. Thus Manipur became a large Aryan colony.
The present Manipuris are the descendants of those new comers who came under the leadership of those Poireitons and Mahadev and the original inhabitants. (Singh 1987, 11-12)
R.K. Jhalajit Singh writes, “a great wave of pure Aryan blood passed through the Manipur valley during the time when India and China were prosperous countries” (Singh 1992, 53). He continues to say that Manipur has always been a part of India, and that she was known to the rest of the country from ancient times, from about 300 B.C. (Singh 1992, 55). According to Kumar, the Manipur found in Mahabharata is the present Manipur state. In the story, Arjuna marries Chitrangada from Manipur and has a son from their wedlock. His name was Babhruvahana, and accordingly, the Meiteis are descendents of Babhruvahana who was the son of Arjuna of the Mahabharata (Kumar 2001, 4-5).
Though some scholars and a few influential Meiteis want to trace their origin through this tradition, it is sharply objected and challenged by many modern scho-lars. Historians and scholars such as Kabui, Horam, Thumra, Bhattarcharya, and Roy are a few to be mentioned here who reject this theory. J.H. Thumra3 writes, “The rulers of Manipur, and a small but influential segment of the Meitei, claim that they belong to the Indo-Aryan race. They claim that they are the descendants of Arjuna of the Mahabharata, through whose wedlock with the princes Chitrangada, their son Babh-ruvahana was born in Manipur”. (Thumra 1976, 105)
Gangmumei Kabui believes that this could have been an outcome of the adoption of Hinduism by the ruling family and the people of the valley in the eighteen century (Kabui, 2003, 15). This view is supported by Kumar who says, “The theory of the Indo-Aryan descent of Meitei was propounded by the Brahmins and supported by the royal patronage and a few sections of the people of Manipur. It was the result of the adoption of Hinduism by the ruling family and the people of valley in the eighteenth century”. (Kumar 2001, 4)
Dun argues that there is no proof whatsoever that Arjuna had a son in Manipur (Dun 1992, 16). It is also arguable that even if he had a son, the people who were living before the wedlock of Arjuna were not Aryans. In support of this, some scholars, such as B.K. & Sashi Ahluwahlia and Gait, believe that the Manipur mentioned in Mahabharata is not the present Manipur state. Gait writes, “The Manipur mentioned in the Mahabharata was the capital of Babhruvahana, king of Kalinga. It must therefore have been situated somewhere in the south of Orissa or north of Madras (now called Chennai). Various sites in that tract have been suggested by Lassen, Oppert and others. Its exact position is still uncertain, but there can be no doubt whatsoever that it was nowhere near the place of the same name in Assam.” (Quoted from Gait by R.K. Saha 1994, 26)
According to the literature, the journey of Arjuna to Manipur by sea is yet another reason why the present Manipur state cannot be identified with that of Manipur found in Mahabharata. In no way or side is the present Manipur state connected to the sea. Kabui, quoting R.C. Majundar, writes,
As regards Manipur, its identification with the present state of Manipur has been rejected by many scholarsโฆ. Arjuna first proceeded to the Mahendra Mountains (i.e., in Eastern Ghat) in Kalinga and then proceeded to Manipur on the sea. This evidently locates Manipur on the Orissa Coast, a view taken by a number of scholars. (Kabui 2003, 5)
Other scholars such as Roy and Bhattacharya hold that from the linguistic aspect, since the structure and vocabulary of the Meitei language agrees more with the Tibeto-Burman origin, the Aryan origin is unacceptable (Roy 1973, 4; Bhattacharya 1963). T.C. Hodson and Kabui argue that such tales of Indo-Aryan ancestry are obviously tainted by the influence of Hinduism. They were believed to have been invented by the Brahmins to flatter the newly converted Meitei King and his subjects (Hodson 1908).
Kabui also points out that there is no mention made about Babhruvahana or Arjuna in the genealogies of the royal family, which was founded by Nongda Lairen Pakhangba. He says, Manipur’s alleged Aryan connection should be viewed as an aspect of Sankritization[4] to gain respectability in the Hindu World, especially among the royal families of India, which was the normal practice of all converted ruling families either Hindus or Buddhists in North East India and South East Asia. (Kabui 1991, 3)
Another strong reason why the present state Manipur cannot be the Manipur found in Mahabharata is that it is not the ancient name of the state. According to a Manipuri historical work, the Sanamahi Laikan, “the name Manipur was first officially introduced in the early eighteenth century during the reign of Hinduised Garibniwaz (1709-48)” (Kabui 2003, 1). According to the literature, the region’s original names included Kangleipak, Sanaleipak, Kanglei Pungmayol, Poireipak, and Meitrabak (Singh 1991, 3).
Mongoloid Origin
Another tradition, which is widely accepted by scholars and writers, is that the Meiteis originated from the Mongoloid race. Historians and scholars such as Roy, Thumra, Horam, Hodson, N. Tombi Singh, and Parratt support this tradition. N. Tombi Singh, a Meitei scholar, states, “Many … think that there is a basic difference between the valley people of Manipur (Meiteis) and those who are in hill areas. In fact it is not so. The entire people of Manipur belong to the same ethnic group and trace their origin more or less to the Sino-Tibetan group of human species.” (Singh 1972, 17)
Saroj Parratt comments, “Physically, the Meiteis are Mongoloid in appearance, which suggests that their origin should be sought further east” (Parratt 1980, 2).
Based on the Manipuri legends and historical records, V. Chakravarty (1986) concludes that the Meiteis had their ultimate origin in the hill areas of Manipur. Elwin’s description is similar when he says, “By the casual observer the so called Manipuris (Meiteis) would be pronounced a mixed race between the Kukis and the Nagas” (Elwin 1969, 451). T.C. Hodson, who was the Assistant Political Agent and Superintendent of the State of Manipur, after careful observation, remarks : I think it is probable that when only a small part of the valley skirting the hills was capable of cultivation, the hill men bordering it used to descend and cultivate the little land there then was, returning to their homes in the hills after reaping their harvests; as, however, land increased, some few of them settled permanently in the plain, gradually increasing in numbers. The various tribes thus settling in different parts of the valley would in time come into contact, and after a struggle for supremacy, amalgamate. (Hodson 1908, 7)
Singh concludes that the Meiteis are Mongolian race. He writes, “From their general appearance they seem to be Mongolian race. Their hair is long, black and straight in most cases. … they are well built, healthy and sturdy.” (Singh 1980, 16).
There are some scholars such as Johnstone and Singh, who would argue that there is no racial purity among the Meiteis. The theory that the Meiteis originated from the Mongoloid race is the most widely accepted theory by modern scholars and writers. The younger generation among the Meiteis agree to this theory rather than the Aryan origin.
From this research, it is most accepted that the Meiteis originally belonged to the Mongoloid race. There are some instances where influential Meiteis do not want to accept this tradition.
Konghar states, “These statements (that Meiteis behaved like the tribals before they became Hindus) are not accepted by the majority of the Meiteis, especially the upper class, who always deny their alleged origin from the hill tribes” (Konghar 1996, 15). However, from the interviews, it has come to the light that many educated younger generations among the Meiteis accept the tradition that they are of the same descent with the hill tribes of Manipur.
Laishram Kumar, a respondent, says their forefathers were meat eaters, and they buried the dead. All these support the belief that the Meiteis behave like the tribals in the hills, suggesting the possible conclusion of Mongoloid origin.
Though generally accepted that they belong to the Mongoloid race, they also have some traces of Aryan features (Hodson 1908). Sir James Johnstone, who was the political agent in Manipur, writes: The Manipuris themselves are a fine stalwart race descended from an Indo-Chinese stock, with some mixture of Aryan blood, derived from the successive waves of Aryan invaders that have passed through the valley in pre-historic days. (Johnstone 1896, 97)
Jhalajit Singh believes Indo-Aryans came to Manipur and married local Mongoloid women in the first centuries of the Christian era. He is perhaps right when he says, “as a result of the fusion of Indo-Aryans and Mongoloid peoples, the nucleus of the Manipuri speaking people (Meiteis) of today was formed” (Singh 1992, 19-20). Scholars and writers, such as E. Dun (1992), Hodson (1908, 2), and M. Bhattarcharya (1963, 183) also support the tradition that the Meiteis were originally Mongoloid, a close kin with the tribal people in the hills, and were latter mixed with Aryan blood. “The mixture of blood has made the Manipuri both handsome and healthy” (Bhattarcharya 1963, 183).
It is difficult for the Meiteis to claim any racial purity due to their long stories of migration and a series of invasion by the Aryans, Shans, and Myanmars (Singh 1988, 149).
However, it is beyond doubt that they originally belonged to the Mongoloid race. Another group of Meitei people, who are the Brahmins, are believed to have come from Bengal with the coming of Hindu Vaishnavism during the seventeenth century. They are altogether a different people group, probably belonging to the Aryan race.
References: “Kang” is a traditional indoor game played by both male and female. It is believed to have been played by deity Panthoibi. Horam is a professor of history at Manipur University. Jonathan H. Thumra was the principal of Eastern Theological College, Jorhat, Assam, under Serampore University. This word should be spelled as ‘Sanskritization’. The spelling of this word differs from one to another. Konghar has spelled this as “Ningthouchas,” but it seems more appropriate and agreeable to spell it as “Ningthouja.” Nagas are the second largest people group in the State who live in the hills, surrounding the plain on all sides. Lai Haraoba literally means the merry-making of the deities. It is a religious festival of the Meiteis. This will be dealt with later at length. The Tangkhuls are a people group within the Naga community who live in the Northeastern hills of Manipur. Jhum cultivation is also called shifting cultivation practiced only by the hill people group of Manipur State. The Meiteis, being in the valley, did not practice jhum cultivation. The word Loi means degraded. They were so called because of their refusal to become Hindus during the reign of Pamheiba. Today they are considered as lower outcast by the Hindu Meiteis. They are the people from Awang Sekmai, Andro, Leimaram Khunou, Koutruk, Kwatha, Khurkhul, and Phayeng. This god is also called “Atiya Maru Shidaba” which means Immortal Seed in the sky. Some called him ‘Atingkok Shidaba’. In this writing, the name Atiya Maru Shidaba has been used more frequently. This is because this is the most common name used by the people. The Meiteis called human beings as Mee or Mee-oiba. This very word ‘Lainingthou’ was attributed to him when the Meiteis consider him as deity. Laining-thou literally means King of the gods. This is an oral tradition preserved by the people. It was narrated to the writer by Doren, an interviewee. Nipamacha is a respondent of the interview. The writer personally experienced this while he was young. His family has a very close Hindu family. Whenever the writer visited the house of the Hindu, he was not permitted inside the house. As a child he remembers sitting in the courtyard of the Hindu family. ๐๐ข๐๐จ๐ญ๐๐ฐ๐ง๐
Mipuiten Meiteis-ho lo chhuahna hi literature awmsa atangin chiang taka hriat theih a ni lo. Horam[2] chuan Meiteis-ho lo chhuahna chu a chiang lo hle tih a hmuchhuak a (Horam 1990, 4). Hei hi sawiselna tawp nei lo a lo ni ta a ni (Tarapot 1993, 62). Kumar chuan Meiteis-ho lo chhuahna chungchangah hian inhnialna lian tak a la awm reng tih a sawi (Kumar 2001, 3). Hei hi a chhan chu an thuziak ziah tam zawk hi Hindu an nih hnua siam a nih avangin rintlak an nih loh vang a ni (Bhattarcharya 1963, 180; Dun 1992, 15). Mithiamte chuan Meiteis-ho hi Aryan emaw Mongoloid emaw an nih leh nih loh chungchangah an ngaihdan a inang lo hle. Meiteis-ho hi Mahabharata-a Arjuna thlah an nih avangin Aryan an ni tih sawitu an awm bawk. Mi dangte chuan hnam mite ang bawkin Mongoloid hnam zinga mi an nih an ring bawk. He danglamna hi Meitei mithiamte chhung ngeiah pawh hmuh tur a awm. Aryan atanga lo chhuak Aryan hnam chhuak an ni tih ngaihdan hmasa ber chu kum zabi sawm leh riatnaa Brahmin, lal leh mi ropuiten an sawisel a ni .
(Kumar 2001, 4). Mithiamte zingah Iboongohal Singh, R.K. Jhalajit Singh, Atombapu Sharma, leh mi dang tam tak chuan Meiteis ho hi Aryan an nih an ring a. Iboongohal Singh-a sawi dan chuan, “Manipur-a cheng hmasa berte chu Kiratas (Naga hnam thenkhat) an ni. Chutih lai chuan Manipur ruam chu tuiin a khat tawh a ni” (Singh 1987, 10). Tlรขng lama awmte an ni. Tui chu zawi zawiin a lo vawt chhoh zel avangin ruam lam pan chuan mipui an insawn tan ta a ni. Hetih lai hian Manipur phaiah hian Aryan-ho an lo kal tan niin Iboongohal-a chuan a ring. A ziak a, . Mahse tun แนญumah chuan mipui pawl khat chu Poireiton pakhat kaihhruaiin an lo kal a, hetah hian an lo awm ta a ni. Heng mite hi Khawchhak leh Chhim lam a\angin Manipur-ah an lo kal a, hetah hian an lo awm \an a, pawl tin hi Poireiton pakhatin an kaihruai a ni. Chutiang chuan Manipur chu Aryan colony lian tak a lo ni ta a ni. Tuna Manipur-ho hi chu Poireiton leh Mahadev-a kaihhruaina hnuaia lo kal thar leh a awm hmasa berte thlahte an ni. (Singh 1987, 11-12) tih a ni. R.K. Jhalajit Singh chuan, “India leh China ram hausa an nih lai khan Aryan thisen thianghlim thlipui lian tak chu Manipur ruam a paltlang a ni” (Singh 1992, 53) tiin a ziak. Manipur hi India ram chhunga awm reng a nih thu a sawi chhunzawm a, hmรขn lai aแนญang tawhin, B.C. (Singh 1992, 55) tih a ni. Kumar sawi dan chuan Mahabharata-a Manipur hmuh chu tuna Manipur state a ni. Thuziak ah hian Arjuna hian Manipur atangin Chitrangada a nei a, an inneihna atang hian fapa a nei a. A hming chu Babhruvahana a ni a, chutiang chuan Meiteis te hi Mahabharata-a Arjuna fapa Babhruvahana thlah an ni (Kumar 2001, 4-5). Mithiam thenkhat leh Meitei mi tlemte chuan he thurin hmang hian an bul tanna zawn chhuah duh mah se, tunlai mithiam tam tak chuan nasa takin an dodal a, an dodal bawk. Hetah hian history ziaktu leh mithiam Kabui, Horam, Thumra, Bhattarcharya, leh Roy te hi he ngaihdan hi hnawltu tlemte sawi tur an ni. J.H. Thumra3 chuan, . “Manipur-a roreltute, leh Meitei-ho zinga mi tlemte mahse nghawng nei lian tak takte chuan Indo-Aryan hnam zinga mi an nih thu an sawi a. Mahabharata-a Arjuna thlah an nih thu an sawi a, chu chu an fapa lal fapa Chitrangada nena an inneihna kaltlangin a ni.” Babh-ruvahana hi Manipur-ah a piang a”. (Thumra 1976, 105) tih a ni. Gangmumei Kabui chuan hei hi kum zabi sawm leh riat vela roreltu chhungkua leh ruam mipuiten Hindu sakhua an pawm atanga lo chhuak a ni thei niin a ngai (Kabui, 2003, 15). He ngaihdan hi Kumar hian a thlawp a, ani chuan, “Meitei thlah Indo-Aryan theory hi Brahmin-hoin an rawn rawt a, lal patronage leh Manipur mipui thenkhatin an thlawp a ni. Chu chu roreltu chhungkua leh valley mipuiten Hindu sakhua an pawm avanga lo awm a ni.” kum zabi sawm leh riatnaah khan”. (Kumar 2001, 4) a ni. Mithiam thenkhat leh Meitei mi tlemte chuan he thurin hmang hian an bul tanna zawn chhuah duh mah se, tunlai mithiam tam tak chuan nasa takin an dodal a, an dodal bawk. Hetah hian history ziaktu leh mithiam Kabui, Horam, Thumra, Bhattarcharya, leh Roy te hi he ngaihdan hi hnawltu tlemte sawi tur an ni. J.H. Thumra3 chuan, . “Manipur-a roreltute, leh Meitei-ho zinga mi tlemte mahse nghawng nei lian tak takte chuan Indo-Aryan hnam zinga mi an nih thu an sawi a. Mahabharata-a Arjuna thlah an nih thu an sawi a, chu chu an fapa lal fapa Chitrangada nena an inneihna kaltlangin a ni.” Babh-ruvahana hi Manipur-ah a piang a”. (Thumra 1976, 105) tih a ni. Gangmumei Kabui chuan hei hi kum zabi sawm leh riat vela roreltu chhungkua leh ruam mipuiten Hindu sakhua an pawm atanga lo chhuak a ni thei niin a ngai (Kabui, 2003, 15). He ngaihdan hi Kumar hian a thlawp a, ani chuan, “Meitei thlah Indo-Aryan theory hi Brahmin-hoin an rawn rawt a, lal patronage leh Manipur mipui thenkhatin an thlawp a ni. Chu chu roreltu chhungkua leh valley mipuiten Hindu sakhua an pawm avanga lo awm a ni.” kum zabi sawm leh riatnaah khan”. (Kumar 2001, 4) a ni. Dun chuan Arjuna hian Manipur-ah fapa a nei tih finfiahna engmah a awm lo niin a sawi (Dun 1992, 16). Fapa nei mah se, Arjuna inneih hmaa khawsa mekte kha Aryan an ni lo tih pawh sawisel theih a ni. Chu chu thlawpin mithiam thenkhat, B.K. & Sashi Ahluwahlia leh Gait, Mahabharata-a kan sawi Manipur hi tuna Manipur state a ni lo niin an ngai. Gait chuan, . “Mahabharata-a kan sawi Manipur hi Kalinga lal Babhruvahana khawpui a ni. Chuvangin Orissa khawthlang lam emaw, Madras hmar lam emaw (tunah chuan Chennai tia koh) hmun khatah a awm ngei ang. Chu tract-a hmun hrang hrang chu Lassen, Oppert leh midangte. A dinhmun dik tak chu hriat chian a la ni lo a, mahse Assam-a hming inang awmna hmun bulah khawiah mah a awm lo tih chu rinhlelh rual a ni lo.” (R.K. Saha 1994, 26-a Gait atanga lak chhuah) Literature-a a lan dan chuan Arjuna-a tuipui hmanga Manipur a zin chhan hi tuna Manipur state hi Mahabharata-a Manipur state hmuh theih nen a inzawm theih loh chhan dang a ni. Engti kawng mahin leh a sir lehlamah tuna Manipur state hi tuipui nen a inzawm lo. Kabui chuan R.C. Majundar, a ziak a, . Manipur chungchangah chuan tuna Manipur state nena a inzawmna hi mithiam tam takin an hnawl a niโฆ. Arjuna hian Kalinga-a Mahendra tlang (i.e., Eastern Ghat-ah) a pan hmasa a, chumi hnuah tuipui chungah Manipur-ah a kal leh ta a ni. Hei hian Manipur chu Orissa tuipui kamah a awm tih a chiang a, chu chu mithiam engemaw zatin an ngaihdan a ni. (Kabui 2003, 5) tih a ni. Roy leh Bhattacharya te ang mithiam dangte chuan linguistic aspect atang chuan Meitei tawng structure leh vocabulary hi Tibeto-Burman origin nen a inmil zawk avangin Aryan origin hi pawm theih a ni lo niin an ngai (Roy 1973, 4; Bhattacharya 1963). T.C. Hodson leh Kabui-a te chuan hetiang Indo-Aryan thlahtute chanchin hi Hindu sakhuain a nghawng danin a tibawlhhlawh tih a chiang hle niin an sawi. Brahmin-hoin Meitei Lal piangthar thar leh a hnuaia mite chawimawina atana an siam chhuah niin an ngai (Hodson 1908). Kabui chuan Nongda Lairen Pakhangba-a din lal chhungkaw thlahtute chanchin ziaknaah hian Babhruvahana emaw Arjuna emaw chungchang sawi a awm lo tih a tarlang bawk. Ani chuan, . Manipur-in Aryan nena inzawmna a neih nia sawi hi Hindu Khawvelah zahawmna a neih theih nan Sankritization[4] lam hawi anga ngaih tur a ni a, a bik takin India lal chhungkua zingah chuan, chu chu India hmarchhak lama Hindu emaw Buddhist emaw pawh ni se, roreltu chhungkaw piangthar zawng zawngte tih dan pangngai a ni a, Asia chhim chhak lam. (Kabui 1991, 3) tih a ni. Tuna kan state Manipur hi Mahabharata-a kan hmuh Manipur a nih theih loh chhan nghet tak dang chu, hmanlai state hming a nih loh vang a ni. Manipuri history work pakhat, Sanamahi Laikan-in a sawi dan chuan, “Manipur tih hming hi kum zabi sawm leh riatna tir lam khan Hinduised Garibniwaz (1709-48) lal lai khan official takin an rawn hmang tan a ni” (Kabui 2003, 1). Literature-a a lan dan chuan he bial hming hmasa berte chu Kangleipak, Sanaleipak, Kanglei Pungmayol, Poireipak, leh Meitrabak te an ni (Singh 1991, 3). Mongoloid atanga lo piang chhuak Thurin dang, mithiam leh ziaktute pawm lar tak chu Meiteis-ho hi Mongoloid hnam atanga lo piang an ni tih hi a ni. Historian leh mithiam Roy, Thumra, Horam, Hodson, N. Tombi Singh, leh Parratt-a te chuan he thurin hi an thlawp a ni. Meitei mithiam N. Tombi Singh chuan, . “Mi tam takin โฆ Manipur-a valley mite (Meiteis) leh tlangram hmuna awmte inkarah hian danglamna bulpui a awm niin an ngai. A nihna takah chuan chutiang chu a ni lo. Manipur mipui zawng zawng hi hnam khata mi an ni a, an trace an ni.” origin chu Sino-Tibetan group of human species atanga lo chhuak a ni deuh ber.” (Singh 1972, 17) tih a ni. Saroj Parratt chuan, “Tisa lamah chuan Meiteis-ho hi an hmel lan danah chuan Mongoloid an ni a, hei hian an lo chhuahna chu khawchhak lam pan zel tur a nih thu a tilang a ni” (Parratt 1980, 2). Manipuri thawnthu leh chanchin ziakna atanga chhutin V. Chakravarty (1986) chuan Meiteis te hi an bul tanna ber chu Manipur tlangram hmunah an ni tih a sawi chhuak a. Elwin-a sawi dan pawh hi chutiang bawk chu a ni, “Casual observer-in Manipuris (Meiteis) an tihte chu Kukis leh Naga-ho inkara hnam inhmeh tak anga sawi a ni ang” (Elwin 1969, 451) a tih hi a ni. T.C. Hodson-a, Manipur State-a Assistant Political Agent leh Superintendent a nih lai khan uluk taka a enfiah hnuah heti hian a sawi : Tlรขng hual vel ruam hmun tlemte chauhvin loneih theih a nih laiin, a ramri bula tlang mite chu an chhuk a, chutih laia ram tlemte awm chu an lo ching แนญhin a, an buh seng zawh hnuah tlรขnga an chenna inah an kir leh แนญhin niin ka hria ; mahse, ram a lo pung chhoh zรชl chuan, แนญhenkhat chu tlangram-ah chuan an awm reng a, zawi zawiin an pung chho ta a ni. Chutianga ruam hmun hrang hranga awm hnam hrang hrangte chu hun kal zelah an inzawm khawm ang a, thuneihna an beih hnuah an inzawm khawm ang. (Hodson-a chuan 1908, 7) a ziak a. Singh chuan Meiteis te hi Mongolian hnam an ni tih a sawi chhuak a. Heti hian a ziak a, “An hmel tlangpui atang chuan Mongolian hnam ang mai an ni. An sam hi a sei a, a dum leh a dinglam a ni a, a tam zawkah chuan. โฆ an insiam tha a, an hrisel a, an nghet bawk,” tiin a ziak. (Singh 1980, 16) tih a ni. Johnstone leh Singh te ang mithiam thenkhat an awm a, Meiteis zingah hian hnam thianghlimna a awm lo tih an sawi ang. Meiteis-ho hi Mongoloid hnam atanga lo piang an ni tih theory hi tunlai mithiam leh ziaktute pawm lar ber a ni. Meiteis zinga thangthar zawkte chuan Aryan origin aiin he theory hi an pawm zawk a ni. He zirchianna atang hian Meiteis te hi a tir chuan Mongoloid hnam zinga mi an ni tih hi pawm ber a ni. Meitei-ho nghawng nei lian tak takte pawhin he thurin hi an pawm duh lohna hmun แนญhenkhat a awm. Konghar chuan, “Heng thusawi (Meiteis-te hi Hindu an nih hmaa tribal-te angin an che tih) hi Meitei tam zawk, a bik takin upper class-te chuan an pawm lo a, tlang hnam atanga lo piang nia sawi chu an hnial fo thin” (Konghar 1996, 15) a ti. . Mahse, interview-na a\ang chuan Meitei-ho zinga thalai lehkhathiam tam takin Manipur tlangram hnamte nen hian thlah khat an ni tih thurin hi an pawm tih a lo lang ta a ni. Laishram Kumar, zawhna chhangtu chuan an pi leh pute chu sa ei thin an nih thu a sawi a, mitthite chu an phum thin niin a sawi. Chรปng zawng zawng chuan Meiteis-ho chu tlรขnga tribal-te angin an awm tih rinna chu a thlawp a, hei hian Mongoloid origin nia thutlukna siam theih a nih thu a tรขr lang a ni. Mongoloid hnam zinga mi an nih thu pawm tlangpui ni mah se, Aryan hmel lan dan engemaw zat an nei bawk (Hodson 1908). Manipur-a political agent ni thin Sir James Johnstone-a chuan heti hian a ziak a: Manipur-ho ngei pawh hi Indo-Chinese stock atanga lo piang hnam nghet tak tak an ni a, Aryan thisen inzawmkhawm engemaw zat an nei a, Aryan invader-te thlipui inzawmkhawm atanga lo chhuak an ni valley chu pre-historic hunlai khan a ni. (Johnstone-a chuan 1896, 97) a ziak a. Jhalajit Singh chuan Indo-Aryan-te chu Manipur-ah an lo kal a, Kristian hunlai kum zabi hmasa berah khan tualchhung Mongoloid hmeichhiate an nei niin a ngai. “Indo-Aryan leh Mongoloid hnamte inzawmkhawmna avang hian tunlai Manipuri tawng hmang mi (Meiteis) te nucleus chu a lo piang ta a ni” (Singh 1992, 19-20) a tih hi a dik mai thei. Mithiam leh ziaktute, E. Dun (1992), Hodson (1908, 2), leh M. Bhattarcharya (1963, 183) te pawhin Meiteis-ho hi a tir chuan Mongoloid an ni a, tlangram hnamte nena inzawmna nei tak an ni tih thurin hi an thlawp bawk , leh a hnuah Aryan thisen nen an inhmeh ta a ni. “Thisen inzawmkhawm hian Manipuri chu a hmeltha a, a hrisel bawk” (Bhattarcharya 1963, 183). Meiteis-ho tan chuan hnam thianghlimna engmah sawi a harsa hle a, an pem dan chanchin rei tak tak leh Aryan, Shan leh Myanmar-ho rawn beih dan hrang hrang avang hian (Singh 1988, 149). Mahse, a tir chuan Mongoloid hnam zinga mi an ni tih chu rinhlelh rual a ni lo. Meitei mi pawl dang, Brahmin-ho chu kum zabi sawm leh pasarihna lai vela Hindu Vaishnavism lo chhuahna nen Bengal atanga lo kal an nih rin a ni. An vai hian mipui pawl danglam tak an ni a, Aryan hnam zinga mi an ni ngei ang.
Thuhmahruai: “Kang” hi indoor game hlui tak a ni a, mipa leh hmeichhia te pawhin an khelh thin a ni. Pathian Panthoibi-a khelh nia rin a ni. Horam hi Manipur University-ah history professor a ni a, a hnathawhna hmunah hian a hlawhtling hle. Jonathan H. Thumra hi Serampore University hnuaia Eastern Theological College, Jorhat, Assam-ah principal a ni a. He thumal hi โSanskritizationโ tia ziah tur a ni. He thumal spelling hi a inang lo hle. Konghar hian hei hi “Ningthouchas” tiin a spell a, mahse “Ningthouja” tia spell hi a dik zawkin a remti zawkin a lang. Naga hi State chhunga mipui pawl lian ber pahnihna an ni a, tlanga cheng an ni a, a sir zawng zawngah tlangram hi an hual vel a ni. Lai Haraoba tih awmzia tak chu pathiante hlim taka siam tihna a ni. Meiteis-ho sakhua kรปt a ni. Hei hi a hnuah thui takin kan sawiho ang. Tangkhul-ho hi Naga community chhunga mipui pawl, Manipur hmarchhak tlangdunga cheng an ni. Jhum chin hi shifting cultivation an ti bawk a, Manipur State-a hill people group-te chauhin an tih thin a ni. Meiteis-ho chuan ruamah an awm avangin jhum chin an hmang lo. Loi tih thumal hian degraded tihna a ni. Pamheiba lal laia Hindu an nih duh loh vangin chutianga koh an ni. Tunah chuan Hindu Meiteis-te chuan lower outcast-ah an ngai ta a ni. Awang Sekmai, Andro, Leimaram Khunou, Koutruk, Kwatha, Khurkhul, Phayeng atanga lo kalte an ni. He pathian hi “Atiya Maru Shidaba” an ti bawk a, chu chu vanah Thlai Thi thei lo tihna a ni. แนฌhenkhat chuan โAtingkok Shidabaโ an ti a. He thuziak ah hian Atiya Maru Shidaba tih hming hi hman a ni tawh zawk. Hei hi mipuiin an hman tlanglawn ber a nih vang a ni. Meiteis-ho chuan mihringte chu Mee emaw Mee-oiba emaw tiin an ko thin. He thumal โLainingthouโ tih hi Meiteis-hoin pathian anga an ngaih lai khan a sawina a ni. Laining-thou tih awmzia tak chu pathiante Lal tihna a ni. Hei hi mipuiin an humhalh (oral tradition) a ni. A ziaktu hnenah hian interview-naa tel Doren-iโn a sawi a ni. Nipamacha hi interview-a chhangtu a ni. He thu hi ziaktu hian a naupan laiin a mimal takin a tawng a ni. A chhungte hian Hindu chhungkua hnai tak an nei a. A ziaktu hian Hindu in a tlawh apiangin in chhungah a luh phalsak a ni lo. Naupang a nih laiin Hindu chhungkaw huangah a thut thu a hrechhuak.
Burma’s history from 13,000 years until later. Burmese history Burma’s history spans from the time of the first human settlement 13,000 years ago to the present day. The earliest humans in prehistoric times were the Tibeto-Burman speaking people. They established Pyu city-states extending to the southern region and practiced Theravada Buddhism. In the early 9th century, another ethnic group, the Burmans, entered the upper Irrawaddy basin. They united the Irrawaddy basin and its outlying areas for the first time and went on to establish the Kingdom of Bagan. During this period, Burmese religion, Burmese culture gradually replaced the Pyu culture. After the Mongol invasion in 1287, the kingdom broke up into many small kingdoms, among them the kingdom of Inva. Kingdom of Hanthavati The Northern Kingdom and the Shan Kingdom were the main powerhouses. Those kingdoms are transitioning from one country to another. They dominated and manipulated the country’s landscape with war crimes. In the middle of the 16th century, the Taung Ngu Dynasty (1510-1752) reunified the country and established the largest short-lived empire in Southeast Asian history. Later Taungnu rulers were the main administrative, In the 17th and early 18th centuries, smaller, A more peaceful and prosperous kingdom emerged. In the middle of the 18th century, the Gonpaw Dynasty (1752-1885) restored the country and continued to apply Taungnu era reforms that increased central rule in the peripheral regions. The Khon Pao dynasty made it one of the countries with the most literate population in Asia. It also continued to be at war with all of its neighboring countries. The Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1885) led to British colonial rule. British rule brought many lasting social, economic, cultural, and administrative changes and completely transformed the once agrarian society. British rule accentuated the diversity among the country’s many ethnic groups. Since independence in 1948, the country remains one of the longest civil wars fought between insurgent groups representing political and ethnic minorities and the central government of all ages. The country has been under various fake military regimes from 1962 to 2010 and again from 2021 to date, and this cycle has made it one of the least developed countries in the world.
Before history The earliest research evidence confirms the existence of civilizations in the Burmese region as early as 11,000 BC. Most early settlement markers were found in the central dry zone, with patchy settlements emerging in areas near the banks of the Irrawaddy River. The Burmese Neolithic culture existed at a time that is considered to be parallel to the Early Stone Age and the Middle Stone Age of Europe. Three caves dating from 10,000 to 6,000 BC near Taunggyi on the edge of the Shan Plateau in Burma show the New Stone Age, when plants and animals were first cultivated and tools were used. Around 1500 BC, people in the region began using copper to convert it into bronze. They planted rice and raised chickens and pigs. They were among the first people in the world to do this. Around 500 BC, iron-making villages emerged in the area south of present-day Mandalay. Burial areas filled with bronze elephant coffins and fragments of pottery were excavated. According to research evidence found in the Salmon Valley south of Mandalay, between 500 BC and 200 AD, there were small rice-growing villages that traded with China. Research evidence outside the Salmon Valley suggests changes in Indian-dominated infant burial practices during the Iron Age. These changes included burying babies in large urns, their size indicating family status. Pu era According to the latest Burmese historical records, the first people to enter Myanmar were the Tibeto-Burman tribes in the north, the Pyu, The On the coast and in the south are the Mon who won the competition with the Malays. In addition, in the eastern regions, there are also a small number of Shan people, a Tibetan-Chinese tribe. Among these people, the Pyu people live in the Irrawaddy River basin in the middle of Myanmar today, establishing towns and villages. In the 4th and 5th centuries, the Pyu reached their peak and overpowered the Mon. Han Lin and Sera Chethera were prominent in the trade routes of Southeast Asia. The trade route was from Khmer in the east to the Arakan coast in the west. In the early 9th century, the less united Pyu were attacked and destroyed by the powerful Nan Kyak from the north, and the Pyu were destroyed. At that time, it can be roughly determined that the Pyu lived on the west side of the Irrawaddy River and the Mon lived on the east side of the Irrawaddy River. Some historians consider the Pu era as the first union.
Pagan period The Burmese, who were the last to enter Myanmar’s borders, crossed today’s Shan State and gradually penetrated into Kyaukse District, establishing eleven districts of Kyaukse where they believed it was suitable for rice cultivation. After their arrival, they inherited the culture of literature and letters from the Pyu people and developed and used their own Myanmar alphabet, which is easier to use, and they also developed literature for the neighboring Mons, who only had words and did not have an alphabet. As the years grew longer and the population grew denser, they continued to expand their territory and began to rule the central region of Myanmar well. The early Burmese called the headman Min Saw'' by combiningSaw” (Saw) as Min'' andShan” in their language. As time went on, among those princes, people with good abilities appeared, and that chief was called “King”. Among the princes, the King of Bagan from Bagan, which is a communication center, became the head of all Min Saw'' to make it easy to manage a wide area. The statement thatOriginally, Bagan was formed by 19 villages” seems to confirm this fact. During the reign of King Anawratham, Bagan’s power reached its peak and they conquered Thatton from Ramanya (Ancient Mon = “royal”) and conquered an area almost as wide as today’s Myanmar. The rest of the soldiers who came down from there, Pagan rulers such as the mortuary were also influential people, so they were able to organize the country well. However, later rulers became of poor quality and Bagan’s influence declined significantly. Finally, due to the Mongol attack, Bagan was destroyed and the Bagan dynasty fell. After the retreat of the Mongols, they ascended the throne. During the days of Saw Ni and Saw Mon Ni, Pagan Min was only nominal, and the actual power was in the hands of the three Shan brothers.
Ava period After the end of the Bagan era, a king emerged who unified and ruled the upper Burma region, which had a diverse portfolio. He was a man named Thato Min Thiem, who was born in Inwa City and descended from the three brothers of Galba Maka Pya. From the reign of the second King Tha Sokke, he took advantage of the disharmony of the Monpadhyayas from lower Rama to take advantage of the war. From there, the Inva-Hamshavati Forty Years War took place. White Elephant, who ascended the throne after King Tha Sokke, It was a war that had to be fought until the days of King Min Khao. During the time of the kings who ascended the throne after those kings, there were hardly any efforts to maintain peace in the country, and as time went by, their power declined and finally the feudal lords of Shan became powerful. During the reign of Shwe Neng Shin Narapati, the last ruler, the king Thato Min Saw and Shan Sowwa Mo Nying Slon, His son Thohan Bwa attacked and captured Ava. After that, Thohan Bwa ascended the throne. The people did not like him, and he tried to compete with Tapin Shwe Hti of Taung Ngu, who had conquered Hanthawati during the reigns of Ohn Baw Guk Mai and Mo Bre Narapati, who ascended the throne after the assassination of Thohan Nwa, but failed. Then, during the reign of Narapati Santu, it fell into the hands of King Naung. Taungu-Hamshavati period Taungnu-Hamthawati period was one of the peak periods of Burmese. Since the destruction of Bagan, Myanmar, which has been centered on Inwa, was not only the war of the Mons from the lower country, the war of the Shan Sawwami who gradually became stronger from the north, but the whole of Myanmar was destroyed until one ruler ruled the whole of Myanmar. His son, Tapin Shwehti, and his father-in-law, Burin Naung, each continued to expand the country. During King Nyo’s reign, it was moderately powerful, and during the reign of his son, Tapin Shwehti, in the middle of Myanmar, the territory of the Mons in the lower country, and during the reign of Burin Naung, expanded beyond the borders of today’s Myanmar, from Manipur in the west to Ayutthaya in the east, Thailand in the north, from Kachin State to South Kotsain in the north. Next, Kambozathadi Palace was also built. However, the visionary King Nanda could not have foreseen the fact that the great kingdom he founded during the reign of his son King Nanda would easily collapse. During the reign of King Nanda, various subordinate rulers rebelled, and finally, due to the attack of the King of Arakan, Min Rajagyi, and the Governor of Taung Ngu, Min Ye Thiha, the Kambozathadi Palace was destroyed. The era of Nyaungran An obscure son of King Naung, Nyaung Ran Sesin Tya, conquered Ava to unite the fragmented country and established the Nyaung Ran Dynasty (the Second Ava Era). During his time, he was able to recapture the Shan states. During the reign of Luon Min, who succeeded him, he became quite powerful and conquered Taung Nu, and was able to suppress the Portuguese Ngzinka from the south. He was able to prevent the attempts of the Thai King Baran Raz (King Naung’s adopted son) to penetrate southern Burma from the southeast. During the reign of Thalon Min, when he started to bring stability and peace to the whole country, he was able to conduct population surveys for the first time in the history of Myanmar. Later, due to the bad weather and the decline in the quality of the rulers, the Mons from Hanthawati rebelled and the Nyaungran period ended. The last ruler, Satun, also went to Hanthavati and was later executed. Land frame era After the fall of the Nyaung Ran Dynasty, U Aung Zeya, the chief of Muso Bo village, led a revolution against the Mons with the title of a corpse god. After recapturing Ava, he became very influential by defeating the Mons in successive battles and attempted to conquer Ayutthaya. However, Ayutthaya was completely defeated during the reign of Sin Pyu Shin, the third king. During his reign, he was invaded by the Manchus from the north 5 times, but he was able to fight back well. During the reign of the 6th ruler, Vadong, he tried to change the culture and philosophy, but failed. During that reign, Rakhine State, which had not been part of Myanmar’s borders for generations, was conquered by Crown Prince U Na, and he was able to bring the Great Buddha to Mandalay. However, later, due to the chaos in the court, the power of the Gonpaw dynasty came to be weakened. During the reign of the Great King, because of the Assam and Manipur issues, there was a war with the imperialist English and Rakhine and Tanintharyi were given away. Then, during the reign of Bagan Min, there was a second war and the entire lower part of Burma was occupied. During Thipaw Min’s reign, there was a third war due to the issue of New Bombay and Burma, and the entire country of Burma was enslaved to him. After being invaded three times by the British, Burma fell under British rule during Thipaw Min’s reign. Ref:แแผแแบแแฌแทแแแญแฏแแบแธ แแพแ แบแแฑแซแแบแธ แแแแแ แแพ แแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแกแแปแญแแบแกแแญ แแแบแแฑแธแแญแฏแแบแแซแแแบแ แแผแแบแแฌแทแแแญแฏแแบแธ แแผแแบแแฌแทแแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบ แแฝแแบแแฒแทแแฑแฌ แแพแ แบแแฑแซแแบแธ แแแแแ แแแแแฏแถแธแแฐแแฌแธแกแแผแฑแแปแแฑแแญแฏแแบแแฒแทแแฑแฌแแฌแแแพ แแแฑแทแแฑแแบแกแแญ แกแแปแฏแถแธแแแบแแแบแ แแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแแฑแแบแ แกแ แฑแฌแแฏแถแธแแฐแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแแแบ แแญแแแบแแแฌแ แแฌแธแแผแฑแฌแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแแผแ แบแแผแแแบแ แแฐแแญแฏแทแแแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแผแแบแแฑแแกแแญ แแปแแบแแแบแธแแฑแฌ แแปแฐแแผแญแฏแทแแผแแญแฏแแบแแถแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฒแทแแผแแผแฎแธ แแฑแแแซแแแฏแแนแแแฌแแฌแแญแฏ แแญแฏแธแแฝแแบแแฒแทแแผแแแบแ แแแฌแ แฏแกแ แฑแฌแแญแฏแแบแธแแฝแแบ แกแแผแฌแธแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแ แฏแแผแ แบแแฑแฌ แแแฌแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแญแฏแทแแแบ แงแแฌแแแฎแแผแ แบแแพแแบแธแกแแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแญแฏแท แแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแฒแทแแผแแแบแ แแฐแแญแฏแทแแแบ แงแแฌแแแฎแแผแ แบแแพแแบแธแแพแแทแบ แแแบแธแ แกแ แฝแแบแกแแปแฌแธแแฑแแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแแแแฏแถแธแกแแผแญแแบแกแแผแ แบ แ แฏแ แแบแธแ แแฏแแถแแฏแแแทแบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแญแฏ แแแบแแแบแแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฒแทแแผแแแบแ แคแแฌแแกแแฝแแบแธ แแแฌแแฌแแฌแ แแแฌแทแแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแแบ แแปแฐแแแฑแทแแฝแแบ แแแผแแบแธแแผแแบแธ แกแ แฌแธแแญแฏแธแแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแฒแทแแแบแ แแแแ แแฏ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแแปแฐแธแแปแฑแฌแบแ แ แบแแผแ แบแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌแแบ แแฏแแแทแบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแแบแกแแปแฌแธแกแแผแ แบ แแผแญแฏแแฝแฒแแฝแฌแธแแฒแทแแฌ แแญแฏแกแแฒแแฝแแบ แกแแบแธแแแฏแแแทแบแแญแฏแแบแแถแ แแถแแฌแแแฎแแฏแแแทแบแแญแฏแแบแแถแ แแผแฑแฌแแบแฆแธแแฏแแแทแบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแพแแทแบ แแพแแบแธแแผแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแปแฌแธแแแบ แกแแญแแกแแบแกแฌแธแ แฏแแญแฏแแบแแถแแปแฌแธแแผแ แบแแฒแทแแผแแแบแ แแญแฏแแฏแแแทแบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแปแฌแธแแแบ แแ แบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแพแแทแบ แแ แบแแญแฏแแบแแถ แแแฌแแญแแบแกแแฐแธแกแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแ แ แ แบแแแบแกแแฑแธแกแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแผแแทแบ แแญแฏแแบแแถแทแแพแฏแแแบแธแแญแฏ แแฝแพแแบแธแแญแฏแธแแผแแบแแพแแบแแฒแทแแผแแแบแ แแแแฌแ แฏแกแแแบแแฝแแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแฐแแแบแธแแแบ(แแ แแ-แแแ แ)แแแบ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแญแฏแแผแแบแแแบแ แฏแ แแบแธแ แกแแพแฑแทแแฑแฌแแบ แกแฌแแพแแแญแฏแแบแธแแฝแแบ แแฌแแแญแฏแกแแผแฎแธแแฏแถแธแกแแบแแซแแฌแแผแฎแธแแญแฏ แแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฒแทแแแบแ แแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแฑแฌแแบแแฐแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแแบ แกแแญแแกแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแแฑแธแ แ แฎแธแแฝแฌแธแแฑแธแแผแฏแแผแแบแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฒแแพแฏแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแผแแนแแฌแแบแธแ แแแแฌแ แฏแแพแแทแบ แแแแฌแ แฏแฆแธแแฝแแบ แแญแฏแแฑแธแแแบแ แแญแฏแแผแญแแบแธแแปแแบแธแ แแปแแบแธแแฌแแผแฝแแบแแแฑแฌ แแฏแแแทแบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแญแฏ แแฑแซแบแแฑแซแแบแ แฑแแฒแทแแแบแ แแแแฌแ แฏแกแแแบแแฝแแบ แแฏแแบแธแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแแแบ(แแแ แ-แแแแ )แแแบ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแญแฏ แแผแแบแแแบแแญแแบแธแแญแแบแธแแฒแทแแผแฎแธ แกแ แฝแแบแกแแปแฌแธแแฑแแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแแญแฏแกแฏแแบแ แญแฏแธแแพแฏแแญแฏแธแแผแพแแทแบแแฌแธแแแทแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแฐแแฑแแบแแผแฏแแผแแบแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฒแแพแฏแกแแญแฏแแบแธ แแแบแแแบแแปแแทแบแแฏแถแธแแฒแทแแแบแ แแฏแแบแธแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแแแบแแแบ แกแฌแแพแแญแฏแแบแแฝแแบ แ แฌแแแบแแผแฑแฌแแบแแฐแฆแธแแฑแกแแปแฌแธแแฏแถแธแแญแฏแแบแแถแแปแฌแธแกแแแบแแพ แแ แบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแผแ แบแ แฑแแฒแทแแแบแ แแแบแธแแแบ แกแญแแบแแฎแธแแปแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแถแกแฌแธแแฏแถแธแแพแแทแบแแแบแธ แ แ แบแแแบแแแบแแแบแแผแ แบแแฝแฌแธแแฒแทแแแบแ แกแแบแนแแแญแแบ-แแแฌแ แ แบแแฝแฒแ แแบ(แแแแ-แแแแ )แแแบ แแผแญแแญแแปแพแแญแฏแแญแฏแแฎแกแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแแพแฏแแญแฏ แฆแธแแแบแ แฑแแฒแทแแแบแ แแผแญแแญแแปแพแกแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแแพแฏแแแบ แแปแฌแธแ แฝแฌแแฑแฌแแฑแแพแแบแแแบแแถแทแแแทแบ แแฐแแพแฏแแฑแธแแ แฎแธแแฝแฌแธแแฑแธแแแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแกแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแแฑแธ แแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฒแแพแฏแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแฐแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแฒแทแแผแฎแธ แแ แบแแปแญแแบแ แแแบแแฌแกแแผแฑแแผแฏแแฐแแพแฏแกแแฝแฒแทแกแ แแบแธแแญแฏ แกแแฏแถแธแ แฏแถแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฒแ แฑแแฒแทแแแบแ แแผแญแแญแแปแพแกแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแแพแฏแแแบ แแญแฏแแบแแถแ แแปแฌแธแแผแฌแธแแพแแฑแฌ แแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแธแแฌแธ แแปแญแฏแธแแฝแแบแ แฏแแปแฌแธแกแแผแฌแธ แแแฐแแฝแฒแแผแฌแธแแพแฏแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แกแแฌแธแแฑแธแแฒแทแแแบแ แแแแ แแฝแแบแแแบแแฑแธแแแผแฎแธแแปแญแแบแแพแ แ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแแบ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแฑแธแแพแแทแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแธแแฌแธแแฐแแแบแธแ แฏแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแญแฏแแบแ แฌแธแแผแฏแแฑแฌ แแฑแฌแแบแธแแปแแบแธแแฐแกแแฝแฒแทแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแฑแแบแกแแแบแแแบแแแญแฏแกแ แญแฏแธแแแปแฌแธแกแแผแฌแธ แแผแ แบแแฝแฌแธแแฒแทแแฑแฌ แกแแพแแบแแผแฌแแฏแถแธแแผแแบแแฝแแบแธแ แ แบแแผแ แบแแฝแฌแธแแฑแฌ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแปแฌแธแกแแแบแแพ แแ แบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแผแ แบแแฒแแแบแแผแ แบแแแบแ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแแบ แแแแ แแพ แแแแ แกแแญแแพแแทแบ แแ แบแแแบ แแแแ แแพ แแแฑแทแกแแญ แ แ แบแแแบแ แกแแฏแกแแฑแฌแแบแกแแปแญแฏแธแแปแญแฏแธแแผแแทแบ แกแแฝแแบแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแกแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแแพแฏแกแฑแฌแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฒแทแแผแฎแธ แคแแญแฏแท แแถแแแฌแแแบแแผแ แบแ แแบแแผแฑแฌแแทแบแแแนแแฌแแฑแซแบแแฝแแบ แแฝแถแทแแผแญแฏแธแแพแฏแกแแญแแทแบแแฏแถแธแแญแฏแแบแแถแแปแฌแธแกแแแบแแพ แแ แบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแผแ แบแแฌแแฒแทแแแบแ แแแญแฏแแบแธแแแแบแแฎ แกแ แฑแฌแแฏแถแธแแฏแแฑแแแกแแฑแฌแแบแกแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแ แกแแแบแแผแฏแแฌแธแแแบแแพแฌ แแแฌแแฑแแแฝแแบ แแฎแ แฎ แแแแแ แแฑแฌแแบแแแแบแธแ แแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแปแฌแธแแแบแแพแญแแฒแทแแแบแ แกแ แฑแฌแแญแฏแแบแธแกแแผแฑแแปแแฑแแญแฏแแบแแพแฏแกแแพแแบแกแแฌแธ แกแแปแฌแธแ แฏแแญแฏ แกแแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแผแฑแฌแแบแแฝแฑแทแแฏแแบแแฝแแบ แแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแฒแทแแผแฎแธ แแฝแแบแแญแแฝแแบแแผแฌแธแกแแผแฑแแปแแพแฏแแปแฌแธแแแบ แงแแฌแแแฎแแผแ แบแแแบแธแ แแบ แกแแฎแธแกแแซแธแแฑแแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแฑแซแบแแฑแซแแบแแฌแแฒแทแแแบแ แฅแแฑแฌแแแญแฏแแบ แแปแฑแฌแแบแแฑแแบแฆแธแแพแแทแบ แแปแฑแฌแแบแแฑแแบแแแบแแญแฏแทแแพแแทแบ แกแแผแญแฏแแบแแฏแแฐแแแแฑแฌ แกแแปแญแแบแ แแแฌแทแแปแฑแฌแแบแแฑแแบ แกแแฌแแฎแแถแแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแแบ แแแบแแพแญแแฒแทแแแบแ แกแแแบแแพแแทแบ แแญแแ แนแแฌแแบแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแแแแฏแถแธแ แญแฏแแบแแปแญแฏแธแแฝแฑแธแแผแฐแ แแปแฑแฌแแบแแปแฑแฌแแแบแแแบแแญแแญแแฌแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแฏแถแธแ แฝแฒแแฌแแผแแฑแฌ แแปแฑแฌแแบแแฑแแบแแ แบแแญแฏ แแแฌแแฑแแแฝแแบ แแพแแบแธแแฏแแบแธแแผแแบแแผแแทแบแกแ แฝแแบแกแแปแฌแธ แแฑแฌแแบแแผแฎแธแแผแญแฏแทแกแแฎแธแแพแญ แแฎแ แฎ แแแแแ แแพ แแแแ แกแแฝแแบแธ แแแบแแแบแธแแพแญแแฑแฌ แแฐแแฏแถแธแแฐแ แกแแฑแฌแแบแกแแฌแธแแผแแแบแ แแฎแ แฎ แแ แแ แแแทแบแแฝแแบ แแฑแแแฝแแบแธแแพแญแแฐแแปแฌแธแแแบ แแผแฑแธแแฎ(copper) แแญแฏ แแผแฑแธแแญแฏ(bronze) แกแแผแ แบแแญแฏแท แแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฒแแฏแถแธแ แฝแฒแแฌแแผแแแบแ แ แแซแธแ แญแฏแแบแแปแญแฏแธแ แแผแแบแแแแบแแญแฏแทแแญแฏ แแฝแฑแธแแผแฐแแฌแแผแแแบแ แแฐแแญแฏแทแแแบ แแแนแแฌแแฑแซแบแแฝแแบ แคแแญแฏแท แแแแแฏแถแธแแผแฏแแฏแแบแแฑแฌ แแฐแแปแฌแธแกแแแบแแพ แแผแ แบแแแบแ แแฎแ แฎ แ แแ แแแทแบแแฝแแบ แแแฑแทแแแนแแแฑแธแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแฑแแ แแถแแปแแบแแฏแแบแแฑแฌ แแฝแฌแแปแฌแธแแฑแซแบแแฑแซแแบแแฌแแฒแทแแแบแ แแผแฑแธแแญแฏแกแแพ แแแบแแฑแซแแบแธแแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแผแฑแแแบแแ แนแ แแบแธแกแแญแฏแแบแธแกแ แแปแฌแธแแผแแทแบ แแผแแทแบแแพแแบแแฑแแฑแฌ แแแบแนแแปแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแแผแฑแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแฐแธแแฑแฌแบแแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแฒแทแแแบแ แแแนแแแฑแธแแฑแฌแแบแแแบ แแฌแแฝแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแผแฌแธแ แแฝแฑแทแแแฑแฌ แแฏแแฑแแแกแแฑแฌแแบแกแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแกแ แแฎแ แฎ แ แแ แแพแแทแบ แกแฑแแฎ แแแ แแผแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแแฏแแบแแพแแทแบ แแฏแแบแแฝแแบแแฑแฌ แ แแซแธแ แญแฏแแบแแฝแฌแแแบแแปแฌแธแแพแญแแฒแทแแแบแ แแถแแฑแแบแกแแฝแแบแธ แกแญแแนแแญแแแฝแพแแบแธแแญแฏแธแแพแฏแแปแฌแธแแฑแฌ แแฝแฑแธแแแบแธแ แแแฑแธแแแบ แแผแพแฏแแบแแพแถแแแทแบ แแแฑแทแแฝแแบ แแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฒแแพแฏแแปแฌแธแแฑแซแบแแฑแซแแบแแฌแแผแฑแฌแแบแธ แแฌแแฝแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแผแฌแธแกแแผแแบแแแบ แแฏแแฑแแแกแแฑแฌแแบแกแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแ แแญแฏแแแบแ แคแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฒแแพแฏแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแแฑแธแแแบแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แ แฅแทแบแกแญแฏแธแแผแฎแธแแปแฌแธแแฒแแฝแแบ แแแทแบแแฝแแบแธแแผแพแฏแแบแแพแถแ แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแ แกแแฝแแบแกแ แฌแธแแแบ แแญแแฌแธแ แฏแกแแแทแบแกแแแบแธแแญแฏ แแฑแฌแบแแผแแผแแบแธ แ แแฑแฌ แแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฒแแพแฏแแปแฌแธ แแซแแแบแแแบแ แแปแฐแแฑแแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแฑแฌแบแแฏแแบแแฌแธแแแทแบ แแผแแบแแฌแท แแแญแฏแแบแธแแพแแบแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแกแ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถ แกแแฝแแบแธแแญแฏแท แแพแฑแธแฆแธแ แฝแฌแแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแฒแทแแแทแบ แแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแแพแฌ แแผแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแญแแแบแแญแฏ-แแแฌแกแแฝแแบแแแบแแปแฌแธ แแผแ แบแแผแแแทแบ แแปแฐแ แแแบแ แแแบแธแแถแแพแแทแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแแฑแธแกแแฝแแบแแแบแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแพแแบแแผแญแฏแแบแกแแญแฏแแบแแแฝแฌแธแแแทแบ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแทแแผแ แบแแแบแ แแญแฏแทแกแแผแแบ แกแแพแฑแทแแแบแแฑแแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบแแแบแธ แแญแแแบ-แแแฏแแบแกแแฝแแบแแผแ แบแแแทแบ แแพแแบแธแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแแบแธ แกแแแบแธแแแบ แแพแญแแฑแแผแแผแฎแธแแผแ แบแแแบแ แแญแฏแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแกแแแบ แแปแฐแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแพแฌ แแแฑแทแแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถ แกแแแบแแญแฏแแบแธ แงแแฌแแแฎแแผแ แบแแพแแบแธแแ แบแแปแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบ แแผแญแฏแทแแฝแฌแแปแฌแธ แแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฌ แแฑแแญแฏแแบแแผแแแบแ แแแฌแ แฏแแพแแทแบ แ แแฌแ แฏแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแปแฐแแญแฏแท แกแแฝแแบแกแแญแแบแแฑแฌแแบแ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแทแแญแฏ แแฝแแบแธแแญแฏแธแแฌ แแปแฐแแผแญแฏแทแแผแแญแฏแแบแแถแแปแฌแธแแผแ แบแแแทแบ แแญแฟแแญแฏแธแ แแแบแแแบแธแแพแแทแบ แแแฑแแฑแแนแแแฌแแญแฏแทแแพแฌ แกแแพแฑแทแแฑแฌแแบแกแฌแแพแ แแฏแแบแแฝแแบแแฑแธแแแบแธแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฝแแบ แแแบแแพแฌแธแแฒแทแแแบแ แแญแฏแแฏแแบแแฝแแบแแฑแธแแแบแธแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแพแฌ แกแแพแฑแทแแแบแแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถแแพ แกแแฑแฌแแบแแแบ แแแญแฏแแบแแแบแธแแญแฏแธแแแบแธแกแแญ แแผแ แบแแแบแ แแแฌแ แฏแกแ แฑแฌแแญแฏแแบแธแแฝแแบ แ แแบแธแแฏแถแธแแพแฏแแแบแธแแแทแบ แแปแฐแแญแฏแทแแญแฏ แแผแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแพ แกแแบแกแฌแธแแผแฎแธ แแแบแแปแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแทแ แแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแปแแบแ แฎแธแแแผแแทแบ แแปแฐแแญแฏแทแแปแแบแแฎแธแแแแบแ แแญแฏแแฑแแบแแฝแแบ แกแแผแแบแธแกแฌแธแแผแแทแบ แแปแฐแแญแฏแทแ แงแแฌแแแฎแแผแ แบแกแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแผแแบแธ แแพแแทแบ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแทแ แงแแฌแแแฎแแผแ แบ แกแแพแฑแทแแแบแแผแแบแธแแฝแแบ แแฑแแญแฏแแบแแผแแแบแแฐโแ แแแบแแพแแบแแญแฏแแบแแแบแ แกแแปแญแฏแทแแฑแฌ แแแญแฏแแบแธแแแฌแแพแแบแแปแฌแธแ แแญแฏแแปแฐแแฑแแบแแญแฏ แแแแแผแแบแแฑแฌแแบแ แฏ แแฏแแแบแธ แแแบแแพแแบแแผแ แแฏแแถแแฑแแบ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถแแแบแแญแแญแแบแแฒแแญแฏแท แแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแพ แแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแแทแบ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแทแแแบ แแแฑแทแแพแแบแธแแผแแบแแแบแแญแฏ แแผแแบแแปแฑแฌแบแแฌ แแปแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแแบแแญแฏแท แแ แ แแญแฏแธแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌแแบ แแแบแ แแซแธแ แญแฏแแบแแปแญแฏแธแแแบ แแแทแบแแฑแฌแบแแแบแแฏ แแฐแแแฑแฌแแญแฏแแฑแแแฝแแบ แแปแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแแทแบ แแ แบแแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฌ แกแแผแฑแแปแแฑแแญแฏแแบแแผแแแบแ แแญแฏแแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบแแพแญแแฌแแฒแทแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌแแบ แแปแฐแแญแฏแทแแถแแพ แ แฌแแฑแกแแนแแแฌ แแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแปแฌแธ แแญแฏแกแแฝแฑแแถแแฌ แแญแฏแแญแฏแแฝแแบแแฐแแฑแฌ แแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแผแแบแแฌแกแแนแแแฌแแปแฌแธ แแฎแแฝแแบแกแแฏแถแธแแผแฏแแผแแแญแฏ แ แแฌแธแแฌ แแพแญแแผแฎแธ แกแแนแแแฌแ แฌแแฑ แแแพแญแแฑแธแแฑแฌ แกแญแแบแแฎแธแแปแแบแธแแฝแแบแแญแฏแทแกแแฝแแบแแซ แ แฌแแฑแแฎแแฝแแบโ แแฑแธแแฑแธแแฒแทแแผแแแบแ แแพแ แบแแฌแแแผแฌแแพแแบแแฌแแผแฎแธ แแฐแฆแธแแฑแแฐแแแบแแฌแแฑแฌแกแแซ แแแบแแแบแแปแฌแธแแแบแแแบแแปแฒแทแแฝแแบแแผแแแผแแทแบ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถแกแแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแฑแแแญแฏ แแฑแฌแแบแธแ แฝแฌแกแฏแแบแ แฎแธแแญแแฑแฌแทแแแบแ แกแ แฑแฌแแญแฏแแบแธแแแฌแแญแฏแทแแแบ แกแแผแฎแธแกแแฒแแผแ แบแแฐแแญแฏ แแญแแญแแญแฏแท แแฌแแฌแ แแฌแธแแผแแทแบแแแบแธยดแแพแแทแบ แแพแแบแธแแญแฏแทแแฑแซแบแแแฒแทแแญแฏแทแ แฑแฌยด(แ แแบ)แแญแฏแแฑแซแแบแธแแฌ แแแบแธแ แฑแฌยดแแฏแแฑแซแบแแผแแแบแ แกแแปแญแแบแแผแฌแแแบแแพแแทแบแกแแปแพ แแญแฏแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแฒแแฝแแบ แกแ แฝแแบแธแกแ แแฑแฌแแบแธแแฐแแปแฌแธ แแฑแซแบแแฝแแบแธแแฌแแแผแแทแบ แแญแฏแกแแผแฎแธแกแแฒแแญแฏแแแบแธแแผแฎแธยดแแฏแแฑแซแบแแผแแแบแ แแญแฏแแญแฏแทแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแฒแแฝแแบแแพ แแปแแบแแผแแทแบแแพแแฑแฌ แแแบแแแบแแญแฏ แกแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแแแฝแแบแแฐแ แฑแแแบ แแแบแแฝแแบแแฑแธ แกแแปแแบแกแแปแฌแแปแแแทแบ แแฏแแถแแพ แแฏแแถแแแบแธแแผแฎแธแแแบ แแแบแธแ แฑแฌยด แกแแฑแซแแบแธแแญแฏแทแ แกแแผแฎแธแกแแฒแกแแผแ แบแแญแฏแท แแฑแฌแแบแแพแญแแฌแแแบแแแฐแแ แแฏแแถแแญแฏ แแฝแฌแแแแฝแฌแแผแแทแบ แ แแแบแแฝแฒแทแ แแบแธแแแบยด แแฐแแฑแฌ แกแแญแฏแ แคแกแแปแแบแแญแฏ แกแแแบแแผแฏแแฑแแแฒแทแแญแฏแทแแพแญแแแบแ แกแแฑแฌแบแแแฌแแแบแธ แแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแฏแแถแ แกแแบแกแฌแธ แกแแฝแแบแกแแญแแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแฌ แแฌแแ(แแพแฑแธแแฝแแบ=`แแฌแแแบยด)แแพ แแแฏแถแแญแฏ แกแแญแฏแแบแแแผแฎแธ แแแฑแท แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถแแฎแธแแฎแธแแปแพ แแปแแบแแผแแทแบแแแทแบ แแแบแแแบแแญแฏ แแญแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแฒแทแแแบแ แแญแฏแแพ แแแบแธแแแบ แแแทแบ แแปแแบแ แ แบแแฌแธแ แกแแฑแฌแแบแธแ แแบแแฐ แกแ แแพแญแแแทแบ แแฏแแถแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแแบแแแบแธ แฉแแฌแแผแฎแธแแฐแแปแฌแธ แแผแ แบแแแทแบ แกแแฝแแบ แแญแฏแแบแธแแผแแบแแญแฏ แแฑแฌแแบแธแ แฝแฌแ แฏแ แแบแธแแฌแธแแญแฏแแบแแฒแทแแแบแ แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแแบ แกแแแบแกแแฝแฑแธแแถแทแแปแแบแธแแฌแแผแแผแฎแธ แแฏแแถแแฉแแฌแแพแฌ แแญแแฌแ แฝแฌ แแปแแแบแธแแฌแแแแบแ แแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแฝแแบ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแแญแฏแทแ แแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแพแฏแแผแฑแฌแแทแบ แแฏแแถแแปแแบแ แฎแธแ แแฏแแถแแแบแธแแแบแแแบแธ แแปแแแบแธแแแฑแแแบแ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแแญแฏแท แแแบแแฏแแบแแผแแบแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบ แแแบแธแแแบแแผแแแทแบ แแปแ แฝแฌแ แ แฑแฌแแ แบ แแพแแทแบ แ แฑแฌแแฝแแบแแ แบแแญแฏแท แแแบแแแบแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแฏแแถแแแบแธแแญแฏแแแบแแพแฌ แกแแแบแแถแแปแพแแฌแแผแ แบแ แกแแพแแบแแแแบ แฉแแฌแกแฌแแฌแแพแฌ แแพแแบแธแแฎแแฑแฌแแบ แแฏแถแธแฆแธแแแบแแญแฏแท แแฑแฌแแบแแพแญแแฑแแฒแทแแผแฎแแผแ แบแแแบแ แกแแบแธแแแฑแแบ แแฏแแถแแฑแแบแแฏแแบแแฏแถแธแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบแกแ แฏแ แฏแแฝแฒแแผแฌแธแแฑแแแทแบ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถแกแแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแฑแแแญแฏ แ แฏแ แแบแธแแญแแบแธแแฝแแบแธแแฌ แกแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแแแทแบ แแแบแธแแ แบแแซแธ แแฑแซแบแแฝแแบแธแแฌแแแบแ แแญแฏแแฐแแพแฌ แแผแฑแฌแทแแแฌแแฌแแผแฌแธ แแฎแแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแฆแธแแพ แแแบแธแแแบแแฌแแแทแบ แกแแบแธแแแผแญแฏแทแแแบ แแแญแฏแธแแแบแธแแปแฌแธ แแญแฏแแฐแแผแ แบแแแบแ แแฏแแญแ แแแบแธแแแบแแแทแบ แแแบแธแแผแฎแธแ แฝแฌแ แฑแฌแบแแฒ แแแบแแแบแแพแ แแฌ แกแฑแฌแแบแกแแแบ แแฌแแแแพ แแฝแแบแแแฑแแแฌแแบแแปแฌแธ แแแฎแแฝแพแแบแแแบแแญแฏ แกแแฝแแทแบแแฑแฌแแบแธแแฐแแแทแบ แกแแฑแแผแแทแบ แ แ แบแแผแฏแแฒแทแแแบแ แแญแฏแแพแกแ แแผแฏแแฌ แกแแบแธแ-แแถแแฌแแแฎ แกแแพแ แบแแฑแธแแแบแ แ แบ แแผแ แบแแฝแฌแธแแแบแ แแแบแธแแผแฎแธแ แฝแฌแ แฑแฌแบแแฒแแฑแฌแแบ แแแบแธแแแบแแแทแบ แแแบแแผแฐแแพแแบแ แแฏแแแบ แแแบแธแแฑแซแแบแแญแฏแทแแแบแแแบแแปแฌแธแกแแญแแญแฏแแบ แแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแฒแทแแแแทแบ แ แ แบแแฝแฒแแผแ แบแแฑแแแบแ แแญแฏแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแฑแฌแแบ แแแบแธแแแบแแแทแบ แแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบแแแบแธ แแญแฏแแบแธแแผแแบแกแฑแธแแปแแบแธแแฑแธแแญแฏ แแญแฏแแฌแธแ แฝแฌ แแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบแแผแแแบแแแพแญแแแฑแฌแแบ แแแบแธแแซแธแแแผแแทแบ แกแแปแญแแบแแผแฌแแแบ แแพแแทแบแกแแปแพ แกแแบแกแฌแธแแฏแแบแแฏแแบแแฌแแผแฎแธ แแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแฝแแบ แแแบแกแฑแฌแแบแแถ แแแฑแแแฌแแบแแปแฌแธแแผแ แบแแแทแบ แแพแแบแธแ แฑแฌแบแแฝแฌแธแแปแฌแธแกแแบแกแฌแธแแผแฎแธแแฌแแแบแ แแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแแบแธแแผแ แบแแแทแบ แแฝแพแฑแแแบแธแแปแฑแฌแทแแพแแบแแแแแญ แแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแผแแบแแแบแธ แแแญแฏแธแแแบแธแ แฑแฌ แแพแแทแบ แแพแแบแธแ แฑแฌแบแแฝแฌแธ แแญแฏแธแแพแแบแธแ แแฏแถแ แแแบแธแแแฌแธ แแญแฏแแแบแแฝแฌแธแแญแฏแทแ แกแแบแธแแแญแฏ แแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแญแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแผแแแบแ แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแแบแแฝแฌแธ แแแบแธแแแบแแแบแ แแผแแบแแฐแแญแฏแท แแแผแญแฏแแบแแแผแแทแบ แแญแฏแแแบแแฝแฌแธแแฏแแบแแผแถแแถแแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌแแบ แแแบแธแแแบแแแทแบ แกแฏแแบแธแแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแแพแญแฏแแบแธแแพแแทแบ แแญแฏแธแแผแฒแแแแแญ แแญแฏแทแแแบแแแบแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแถแแฌแแแฎแแญแฏ แแญแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแแทแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแฐแแพ แแแแบแแฝแพแฑแแฎแธแแพแแทแบ แ แ แบแแผแญแฏแแบแแแบแแผแญแฏแธแแแบแธแแฑแฌแบแแแบแธ แแกแฑแฌแแบแแผแแบแแฒแทแแฑแ แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแแแบแแแทแบ แแแแแญแ แแบแแฐ แแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแฏแแแทแบแแฑแฌแแบแ แแแบแแญแฏแท แแปแแฑแฌแแบแแแฑแฌแทแแแบแ แแฑแฌแแบแแฐ-แแถแแฌแแแฎแแฑแแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแฐ-แแถแแฌแแแฎแแฑแแบแแแบ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแทแ แกแแฝแแบแกแแญแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแทแบ แแฌแแแปแฌแธแกแแแบแแพ แแ แบแแฏแแผแ แบแแแบแ แแฏแแถแแปแแบแแฏแแบแธแแผแฎแธแแปแญแแบแแพ แ แแฌ แกแแบแธแแแญแฏแแแญแฏแแผแฏแแฑแแแทแบ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแทแกแแฝแแบ แกแฑแฌแแบแแผแแบแกแแแบแแพ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแทแแแแบแ แ แบแแแผแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแพ แแ แบแ แแ แบแ แกแแบแกแฌแธแแผแฎแธแแฌแแแทแบ แแพแแบแธแ แฑแฌแบแแฝแฌแธแแญแฏแทแ แแแบแ แ แบแแฌแแ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถแแ แบแแแบแธแแฏแถแธ แแ แบแแแบแแ แบแแแบแธ แกแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแแฑแแแบแกแแญ แแปแแบแ แฎแธแแฑแแปแญแแบแแฝแแบ แกแแบแธแแแแบแกแฑแฌแแบแแถ แแฑแแฏแแแฎแแฑแฌแแบแแฐแแพ แแแบแธแแผแฎแธแแญแฏแ แแฌแธแแฑแฌแบ แแแแบแแฝแพแฑแแฎแธ แแพแแทแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแแผแ แบแแฐ แแฏแแแทแบแแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแท แแกแแฎแธแแฎแธ แกแ แแบแแแปแแบ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแญแฏแแปแฒแทแแฝแแบแแผแแฌ แแแบแธแแผแฎแธแแญแฏแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แกแแแบแกแแแทแบ แกแแบแกแฌแธแแฑแฌแแบแธแแฝแแบแแผแฎแธ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถ แกแแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแฌแธแแผแ แบแแฐ แแแแบแแฝแพแฑแแฎแธแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แกแฑแฌแแบแแผแแบแแพแญ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแทแแแญแฏแแบแแแบ แแพแแทแบ แแฏแแแทแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแแฑแทแแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถ แแแบแแญแแญแแบแกแแผแแบแแญแฏแทแแปแฑแฌแบแแฌ แกแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแแญแแฐแ แแพ แกแแพแฑแทแแแบ แแญแฏแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแถ แกแแฏแแนแแ แกแแญแแแผแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแแปแแบแแผแแบแแแบแแพ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแฑแฌแทแแฑแฌแแบ แกแแญ แแปแแบแแผแแทแบแแฌแแฒแทแแแบแ แแฑแฌแแบ แแแนแแฑแฌแแแฌแแฎ แแแบแธแแฑแฌแบ แแญแฏแแแบแธแแแบแแฒแทแแแบแ แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแบ แกแแผแฑแฌแบแกแแผแแบแแผแฎแธแแฌแธแแแทแบ แแฏแแแทแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแบ แแฌแธแแฑแฌแบ แแแนแแแฏแแแบแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแญแแญแแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแทแบ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแผแฎแธ แกแแฝแแบแแแฐ แแผแญแฏแแปแแบแแฝแฌแธแแแทแบแกแแฑแธแแญแฏแแฐ แแผแญแฏแแญแแแฝแฌแธแแฒแทแแญแฏแแบแแฑแ แแแนแแแฏแแแบแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแแบแกแฑแฌแแบแแถ แแแบแ แฌแธ แแแบแ แฌแธแแปแฌแธ แกแแฎแธแแฎแธแแฏแแบแแแบแแผแแผแฎแธ แแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแฝแแบ แแแญแฏแแบ แแฏแแแบ แแแบแธแแฌแแฌแแผแฎแธ แแพแแทแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแฐ แแฏแแแบแแถ แแแบแธแแฒแแฎแแแฐแแญแฏแทแแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแพแฏแแผแฑแฌแแทแบ แแแนแแฑแฌแแแฌแแฎแแแบแธแแฑแฌแบแแผแฎแธแแปแแบแแฎแธแแถแแแผแฎแธ แแแนแแแฏแแแบแแแบแธแแแบแธแแปแแฌ แแฑแฌแแบแแฐแแญแฏแท แแฏแถแทแแแบแธแกแแผแ แบแแญแฏแทแแซแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแฝแแบ แแฏแแบแแผแถแแแบแแผแแบ แแถแแฒแทแแแแบแ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแแฑแแบ แแฏแแแทแบแแฑแฌแแบแ แแแแบแแแพแฌแธแแฌแธแแฑแฌแบแแ แบแแซแธแแผแ แบแแแทแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแ แฌแธแแพแแบแแ แนแ แฌแ แกแแฝแฒแกแแฝแฒแกแแผแฌแธ แกแแผแฌแธแแผแ แบแแฑแแแแทแบ แแญแฏแแบแแถแแญแฏ แ แฏแ แแบแธแแแบแกแแฝแแบ แกแแบแธแแแญแฏแแญแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแแแบแธแแแบ (แแฏแแญแแกแแบแธแแแฑแแบ)แแญแฏ แแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแ แแฐแทแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแพแแบแธแแผแแบแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแผแแบแแแบแแญแแบแธแแฝแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแฒแทแแแบแ แแฐแทแกแฌแธแแแบแแถแแแทแบ แกแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแฝแแบแแแบแธแ แแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แกแแแบแแแบ แกแแบแกแฌแธแแผแฎแธแแฌแแผแฎแธ แแฑแฌแแบแแฐแแญแฏแแญแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแฌ แแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแพ แแฑแซแบแแฐแแฎ แแแแบแแฌแแญแฏ แแพแญแแบแแพแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแแญแฏแ แกแแพแฑแทแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแพ แแญแฏแแบแธแแฏแแแบ แแผแแแฌแแบ(แแฌแแฑแ แฝแแบ) (แแฏแแแทแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแฝแฑแธแ แฌแธแแฌแธ)แ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถแแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแญแฏ แแญแฏแธแแฑแฌแแบแแแบ แแผแญแฏแธแแแบแธแแฑแแแบแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแแทแบแแฌแธแแฌแธแแญแฏแแบแแฒแทแแแบแ แแฌแแฝแแบแแแบแธแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแญแฏแแบแธแแผแแบแกแแแบแแแบ แแแบแแผแญแแบแกแฑแธแแปแแบแธแแฑแธแแญแฏ แ แแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบแแฌ แแผแแบแแฌแทแแแญแฏแแบแธแแ แบแแปแพแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบ แแแแแฏแถแธแกแแผแญแแบแกแแผแ แบ แแฐแฆแธแแฑ แ แ แบแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแฑแฌแแบแแฐแแผแแบแธแแญแฏ แแผแฏแแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแฒแทแแแบแแญแฏ แแฝแฑแทแแแแบแ แแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแฝแแบ แแฌแแฎแฅแแฏแแญแฏแธแแซแธแแพแฏแแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแ แกแแแบแกแแฝแฑแธ แแปแแแบแธแแพแฏแแญแฏแทแแผแฑแฌแแทแบ แแถแแฌแแแฎแแพ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแทแแแฏแแบแแแบแแฌ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแแฑแแบ แแฏแแบแแฏแถแธแแแฑแฌแทแแแบแ แแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแแบแธแแผแ แบแแแทแบ แ แแฑแแแบแธแแแบแธ แแถแแฌแแแฎแแญแฏแท แแซแแฌ แแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแฝแแบ แแฝแแบแแปแแบแแถแแฒแทแแแแบแ แแฏแแบแธแแฑแฌแแบแแฑแแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแแแบแธแแแบ แแปแแฏแถแธแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบ แแฏแแญแฏแธแแญแฏแแฝแฌแแฐแแผแฎแธ แฆแธแกแฑแฌแแบแแฑแแปแ แกแแฑแฌแแบแธแแฏแแฌแธแแฝแฒแทแแผแแทแบ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแทแแญแฏแแฑแฌแบแแพแแบแแแบแ แกแแบแธแแแญแฏแแผแแบแแแบแแญแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแฌ แแแบแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแแญแฏแแแบ แแญแฏแแบแแฝแฒแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแทแแญแฏแกแแญแฏแแบแแแแผแแทแบ แกแแฝแแบแฉแแฌแแผแฎแธแแฌแแผแฎแธ แกแแฏแแปแฌแแญแฏแแบ แแปแฎแแแบแแญแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแแบ แแผแญแฏแธแแแบแธแแฒแทแแแบแ แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแบ แแแญแแแแบแธแแผแ แบแแแทแบ แแแบแแผแฐแแพแแบแแแบแแแบแแพ แกแแฏแแปแฌแแญแฏ แกแแผแฎแธแแแบแกแแญแฏแแบแแแพแญแแแบแ แแญแฏแแแบแธแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแผแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแพ แแแบแแปแฐแธแแญแฏแทแ แแปแฐแธแแปแฑแฌแบแแพแฏ แ แแผแญแแบแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบ แแถแแฒแทแแแฑแฌแบแแแบแธ แแฑแฌแแบแธแ แฝแฌแแฝแแบแธแแพแแบแแแทแบแแฌแธแแญแฏแแบแแฒแทแแแบแ แแแแบแแผแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแแผแ แบแแแทแบ แแแฏแถแแแบแธ แแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแพแแทแบ แกแแฝแฑแธแกแแฑแซแบแกแแฐแกแแแญแฏแทแแญแฏ แแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฒแแแบ แแผแญแฏแธแแแบแธแแฑแฌแบแแแบแธ แแกแฑแฌแแบแแผแแบแแฒแทแแฑแ แแญแฏแแแบแธแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแฑแแบแกแแแบแแแบแ แแผแแบแแฌแทแแแบแแญแแญแแบแแฝแแบ แแแซแแแบแแฒแทแแฑแฌ แแแญแฏแแบแแผแแบแแแบแแญแฏ แกแญแแบแแพแฑแทแแแบแธแแฌแธแฆแธแแฑแซแบแ แแญแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแฒแทแแฌ แแแฌแแผแแบแแฏแแญแแฏแแฌแธแแผแฎแธแแญแฏ แแแนแแแฑแธแแญแฏแท แแแทแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแฒแทแแแบแ แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแฝแแบ แแแบแธแแฝแแบแธแกแแพแฏแแบแกแแฝแฑแธแแปแฌแธแแผแฑแฌแแทแบ แแฏแแบแธแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแแแบแแพ แกแแบแกแฌแธแแแบแธแแผแแบแธแแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแฒแทแแแบแ แแแผแฎแธโโแแฑแฌแบแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แกแฌแแถแแแแญแแฐแแกแแฑแธแแผแฑแฌแแทแบ แแแบแแปแฒแทแกแแบแนแแแญแแบแแญแฏแทแแพแแทแบ แ แ แบแแผแ แบแแฌ แแแญแฏแแบแแพแแทแบ แแแแบแนแแฌแแฎแแญแฏ แแฑแธแแญแฏแแบแแแแบแ แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบ แแฏแแถแแแบแธแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแฏแแญแแกแแผแญแแบ แ แ แบแแผแ แบแแฌ แแผแแบแแฌแแผแแบแกแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแ แบแแฏแแฏแถแธ แแญแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแถแแแแบแ แแฎแแฑแซแแแบแธแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบแแแบแธ แแฏแถแแฑแแฌแธแแฌแธแแ แบแแญแ แนแ แแผแฑแฌแแทแบ แแแญแแกแแผแญแแบแ แ แบแแผแ แบแแฌ แแผแแบแแฌแแ แบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแฏแถแธ แแฐแทแแปแฝแแบแแแแป แแฑแฌแแบแแฒแทแแแแบแ แกแแบแนแแแญแแบแแญแฏแทแ แแฏแถแธแแผแญแแบแแปแฐแธแแปแฑแฌแบแ แ แบ แแผแฏแแผแแบแธแแถแแแผแฎแธ แแฎแแฑแซแแแบแธแแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถแแแบแกแแบแนแแแญแแบแแแบแกแฑแฌแแบ แแปแแฑแฌแแบแแฝแฌแธแแฑแฌแทแแแบแ
Part 1 of the unkillable hero In the history of Myanmar, there have been many heroes who are outstanding enough to be exemplary. Among them, there is one of the heroes who will be extraordinary and exemplary. His name is Thamin Byran. In history, there have been many names of Thamein Baram, so to be precise, Thamein Baram was the son-in-law of a beggar king during the reign of Thushin (Tamein means king or king in Burmese). Thamein Baram has been a beast since before he entered Hanthavati’s court The animal is like this. Tamein Byran said that since he was young, he was handsome and handsome, but physically strong and beautiful. My father was a court official (his name is not mentioned in history). When he became an adult, he joined the army as is customary for good men. My father was an old man, so he became an officer as soon as he joined the army, but his quality was very outstanding. Thushin’s 32 Pathein Wars In the early days of the Invaham Thawati War, he showed his strength, and his positions gradually increased and he reached the rank of commander. His comrades were also real people. House of Maha Sawlagoon (Warrior of Thushin’s Arms) Bratba (Commander of warriors who fight from the vanguard of every battle) Baw Kyaw (a commander who was a teacher in defense, then fell to the defense of Pyin Win Ma) Tamein Upa Kung (he is also the king’s son-in-law, like Tamein Bayram) used to eat and board together. Later, Thushin gave him his daughter and became the king’s son-in-law and rose to the rank of commander of the palace guard. (As for Lagun Ain, I can’t think why my daughter didn’t give it to me. The queen gave it to me, but my daughter didn’t give it to me. There is one possibility. I can’t say whether Lagun Ain is a Karen, not a Mon family. I can’t tell if Lagun Ain is a member of the family. Nowadays, he’s a son of Kirin Pei in Karen State, so it’s more likely that he’s a Karen than a Mon. Tamin Byran grew up in the royal court like Mon Sis, so he’s a courtier. Mon kings don’t usually give big positions to other people because we see in history) During the Inva Hanthawati War, Lagun Ain, Bolamin Brazza, and Saam Dain were famous, so the name of Thamin Byran is sinking. His fame started from the capture of the hero Maha Saw Lagun’s house in a naval battle. (Forgive me if I’m a bit rude). Every day he went to the front of the Inwa army and started holding sticks with me. At first, I thought I would stop if I got tired, but now, for a day or two, I kept coming to the front of the army to challenge him, so I started fighting every day for more than a week, almost two weeks. They went out with their own weapons and fought each other Tamein Baran is only angry. If you fight with an elephant, you make it fair. If you fight with an elephant, you fight with a horse. If you ride a horse, you change horses. When I went out, I came back with a broken head, a broken head, a broken limb, and I was embarrassed. After a while, the commanders told me that it would not be possible. ) and yelling about things, it’s hard to be angry with you The king of Inwa also knew this news and sent a messenger to his son in the front line, saying, “My son, if you don’t do it again, things will be disgraceful. I invite the hero and ask him to treat me kindly.” They called me to reward my brother-in-law Thamein Byran to my army. On the other side, Thushin refused to let me go. The first time, my right arm died because of your right-handedness. Now, he refused, asking if it was someone else. At that time, Thamin Bangran got up and said that if I didn’t invite him, my husband would lose blood. Manlo is not finished dressing Dressed up in the insignia of a commander and left (it’s cool) When I arrived at the Inwa army camp, I saw the king’s handsome face. I liked it very much. The people were handsome, they wore elegant uniforms, and they were awe-inspiring because of the armor and armor. So the King of Inwa was a hero. He said, “I’m proud of you, my brother.” Tamein Baran replied that a hero is not determined by sight. King Inwa said, “I’m going to lose face with your lord and I. If I hurt another one of his heroes, I’m not good enough. I like you. If I get my brother in future wars, I won’t let him die.” Thamin Baran replied that he was not from Khe, “A hero is a warrior, and there is no rule of thumb on the battlefield.” In this way, he returned with gifts from King Inwa and Min Ye Kyaw. Later on, Hanthawati’s troops became less important on the battlefield. If they retreated, Inwa would follow and fight, so it would be difficult for them to leave. It would be difficult to stay. Finally, Hanthawati’s troops gradually left, saying that it was impossible to stay. When I placed stumps on the road, I broadcast the news that the Thusun army had boarded and fled. The army formed a mock column, and the three troops of Banyaram, Taminbaram, Taminsamstar, and the three troops were left behind. Mahathamon, the chief of the sea, put the large stump boats in front of them and opened the way for Thusun. They are planted like stumps. If there are stumps, boats cannot go in deep water. Therefore, Hanthawati, who knows how to navigate, is a stump-building boat. I used to row two big boats with poles lined up from the middle. Inva’s side thought that the fake line was correct and pressed. The three armies of Taemin Baram took turns resisting and retreated all night. At dawn, Taemin Baram’s elephant rose up. Hanthawati is a hero, but I will be spared from being killed. I will not be loyal to you.
Part 1 na chu mi huaisen thah theih loh a ni Myanmar chanchinah hian mi huaisen, entawn tlak khawpa langsar tak tak an awm nual tawh a. Chung zingah chuan mi huaisen zinga mi danglam tak leh entawn tlak tak a awm bawk. A hming chu Thamin Byran a ni. Historic-ah chuan Thamein Baram hming hi a tam hle a, chuvangin chiang taka sawi chuan Thamein Baram hi Thushin (Tamein tih awmzia chu Burma tawngin lal emaw lal emaw tihna a ni) lal lai khan lal diltu pakhat pasalแนญha a ni. Thamein Baram hi Hanthavati court-a a luh hma atang tawh khan sakawlh a ni Rannung chu hetiang hi a ni. Tamein Byran chuan a naupan lai atang tawhin a hmel chu a hmeltha ang bawkin a taksa a chak a a hmeltha bawk tih a sawi. Ka pa hi court-ah mi ropui tak a ni (a hming hi history-ah a lang lo). Puitling a lo nih chuan mi tha te tih dan pangngai angin sipaiah a lut ta a ni. Ka pa chu putar a nih avangin sipai a zawm veleh officer a ni nghal a, mahse a quality chu a langsar hle. Thushin-a Pathein Indona 32 Invaham Thawati Indona tir lamah chuan a chakna a lantir a, a dinhmun a lo pung zauh zauh a, sipai hotu rank a thleng ta a ni. A comrade te pawh hi mi tak tak an ni. House of Maha Sawlagoon (Thushin-a ralthuam raldotu) . Bratba (Indona apianga hmahruaitu atanga indo thin indo mi hotu) Baw Kyaw (compander pakhat, defense lama zirtirtu ni thin, chumi hnuah Pyin Win Ma defence-ah a tla Tamein Upa Kung (lal pasalแนญha a ni a, Tamein Bayram ang bawk khan) chu chaw ei leh boarding-in an awm dun a. A hnuah Thushin-a chuan a fanu chu a pe a, lal pasalแนญha a ni a, lal in vengtu hotuah a kai chho ta a ni. (Lagun Ain chungchang erawh chu ka fanuin min pek loh chhan ka ngaihtuah thei lo. Lalnu chuan min pe a, mahse ka fanu chuan a pe lo. Thil awm thei pakhat a awm. Lagun Ain hi a ni em tih pawh ka hre thei lo a Karen, Mon chhungkua ni lo.Lagun Ain hi thian a nih leh nih loh ka hre thei lo, a chhan chu Karen state fapa a nih vang a ni.Tunlai hian Kwain Pei fapa a ni tawh a, Karen a nih a rinawm zawk a Mon. Tamin Byran hi Mon Sis ang bawkin lal in chhungah a seilian a, chuvang chuan court member a ni. Thudik tak sawi ila, Mon lalte hian midangte hnenah dinhmun lian tak tak an pe tlangpui lo Inva Hanthawati Indopui lai khan Lagun Ain, Bolamin Brazza, Saam Dain te hi an lar hle a, chuvangin Thamein Byran hming hi a pil mek a ni. Hero Maha Saw Lagun-a in hming chu tuipui indonaah finthlak takin an man chhan chu a kut atanga a tlak vang a ni. (Tlem ka rude deuh a nih chuan min ngaidam rawh). Nitin Inwa sipai hmatawngah a kal a, ka bulah thingpui a keng tan a. A tirah chuan ka chau a nih chuan ka chawlhsan mai ang tih ka ngaihtuah a, mahse tunah chuan ni khat emaw ni hnih emaw chhung chu amah challenge turin sipai hmaah ka lo kal zel a, kar khat aia rei, kar hnih dawn lai nitin ka bei tan ta a ni . Mahni ralthuam kengin an chhuak a, an inbei a Tamein Baran chu a thinrim chauh a ni. Sakeibaknei nen in insual chuan fair takin i siam thin. Sakei nen in insual chuan sakawr nen in insual a ni. Sakawr i chuan chuan sakawr i thlak thin. Ka chhuah dawn chuan ka lu tliak, lu tliak, ke ruh tliak nen ka rawn let leh a, ka mualpho hle. Rei vak lo hnuah chuan commander-te chuan a theih loh tur thu min hrilh a. leh thil chungchanga au chhuahpui te, thinrim hi a harsa hle Inwa lal pawhin he thu hi a hria a, hmatawng line-a a fapa hnenah palai a tir a, “Ka fapa, i tih leh loh chuan thil a zahthlak ang. Pasaltha chu ka sawm a, min enkawl turin ka ngen a ni,” a ti a khawngaihtakin.” Ka u Thamein Byran chu ka sipaite hnena lawmman pe turin min ko a A lehlamah chuan Thushin chuan min thlah duh lo. A vawi khatnaah chuan ka kut dinglam chu i kut dinglam vangin a thi a. Tunah chuan, midang a ni em tih a zawt a, a duh lo. Chutih lai chuan Thamin Bangran chu a tho va, ka sawm loh chuan ka pasal hian thisen a hloh dawn tih a sawi a. Manlo chu a inchei zo lo Commander insignia inthuam chungin a chhuak ta (a cool) Inwa sipai camp ka thlen chuan lal hmel mawi tak chu ka hmu a. Ka duh khawp mai. Mipui chu an hmeltha a, uniform mawi tak tak an ha a, an ralthuam leh ralthuam avang hian mak an ti hle. Chuvangin Inwa Lal chu mi huaisen a ni. Ani chuan, “Ka unaupa, ka chhuang che a ni, ” a ti a. Tamein Baran chuan mi huaisen chu hmuhin a ruat lo tih a chhang a. Lal Inwa chuan, “I lalpa leh kei hi hmai ka hloh dawn a ni. A pasaltha dang pakhat ka tihnat chuan ka tha tawk lo. Ka duh che a ni. Nakin lawka indonaah ka unaupa ka hmuh phawt chuan ka ti ang” a ti a. thi rawh se.” Thamin Baran chuan Khe khuaa mi a ni lo tiin a chhang a, “Hero chu indo mi a ni a, indona hmunah pawh dan hman theih a ni lo, ” tiin a chhang a. Chutiang chuan Lal Inwa leh Min Ye Kyaw te hnen atanga thilpek kengin a lo kir leh ta a ni. Nakinah chuan Hanthawati sipaite chu indona hmunah an pawimawh lo ta hle a. An hnungtawlh a nih chuan Inwa chuan a zui ang a, a bei ang a, chuvangin chhuah a harsa ang. Chawlh chu a har dawn khawp mai. A tawpah chuan Hanthawati sipaite chu awm theih a ni lo tih sawiin zawi zawiin an chhuak ta a. Kawngpuiah stump ka dah chuan Thusun sipai an chuang a, an tlanchhia tih thu ka puang chhuak a. Sipaiho chuan mock column an siam a, sipai pathum Banyaram, Taminbaram, Taminsamstar leh sipai pathumte chu an hnutchhiah ta a ni. Tuipui hotu Mahathamon chuan an hmaah chuan stump lawng lian tak tak te chu dahin Thusun tan kawng a hawng ta a. Thingkung ang maia phun an ni. Stump a awm chuan lawngte chu tui thuk takah an kal thei lo. Chuvangin, Hanthawati, lawng khalh thiam tak chu stump-building lawng a ni. Lawng lian pahnih, a lai atanga pole line up ka khalh thin. Inva lam chuan fake line chu a dik niin an ngai a, an press ta a. Taemin Baram sipai pathumte chuan an inthlak a, an dodal a, zankhuain an hnungtawlh ta a ni. Zing lamah chuan Taemin Baram-a sakeibaknei chu a tho ta a. Hanthawati hi pasaltha a ni a, mahse thah ka nih loh nan ka chhanhim ang. I lakah ka rinawm lo vang.
A few drawings and photographsHe is one of the Nagas who appear in IllustratedFrom 1891 to 1945 London News (some earlier and later ones)From the collection of John Weedy .
1891 A Naga house in Manipur.
1891 Naga people on the border of Manipur
๐Drawing leh thlalak tlemte Illustrated-a lang Naga mite zinga mi a ni Kum 1891 atanga 1945 thleng London News (a hma leh a hnu lama awm thenkhat) John Weedy-a thil khawlkhawm atang hian .
1891 A Naga house in Manipur.
1891 naga people on the border of Manipur.
แแแบแธแแปแฎแแฌแธแกแแแบแธแแแบแแพแแทแบ แแฌแแบแแฏแถแกแแแบแธแแแบแแแบ แแฐแแแบ Illustrated แแพ 1891 แแฏแแพแ แบแแพ 1945 แแฏแแพแ แบแกแแญ London News (แกแ แฑแฌแแญแฏแแบแธแแพแแทแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแกแแปแญแฏแท) John Weedy แ แฏแ แแบแธแแพแฏแแพ แแฑแซแบแแฌแแฑแฌ แแฌแแแปแฌแธแแฒแแพ แแ แบแฆแธแแผแ แบแแแบแ แแแแ แแแญแแฐแ แแฌแแกแญแแบแ แแแแ แแแญแแฐแแแแบแ แแบแแฝแแบ แแฌแแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธ1911 Naga headhunters as British allies.
Tony-aโn Nature leh Humanities chungchanga a zinna thuziak (1215) . [Taiwan thlalak hlui]. 1935 khan a lo piang a. “Taiwan-a Tibetan Territory-a hmalam hun tur” ~ Amis leh Yami te Tony-a Nature leh Humanities-a Khualzinna Notes Thlalak: Ami mipa leh hmeichhia Amis mipa leh hmeichhia He zinkawng chanchin hian thuziak hmasa thupui chu a chhunzawm a, “Prospects for the Tibetan World in Taiwan” tih lehkhabu aแนญanga thlalak hlui a share chhunzawm zel a, tun แนญumah hian Amis leh Yami (Dawu hnam) te chu a rawn inhriattir a ni. Ami-ho hi Taiwan rama aboriginal mi tam ber an ni a, Taiwan hmar lam Hualien leh Taitung tlangram-ah an khawsa ber a ni. “Ami” (Amis) tih hian “hmar” tih awmzia a kawk a, a nih loh leh hmar lama cheng Ami mite koh Puyuma mite atanga lo chhuak a ni a; early days , “Amis” tia inchhal, chu chu hmar lam atanga lo kal tihna a ni. Qing Dynasty hunlai khan Taiwan hmar lam bial chu a lo thang lian a, Puinan chu Hualien aiin a hma zawk a ni.Chutih lai chuan literature-ah chuan Ami mite chu “Ami Fan” tiin an ko thin a, Japanese-ho awp tirh lai khan mithiamte chuan he thumal hman dan hi an zawm a Qing Dynasty a ni a, “Ami” tiin a hming an vuah ta a ni. Hualien area-a cheng Ami-ho hian “Pangcah” an ti a, chu chu “mihring” emaw “chhungkaw” emaw tihna a ni. Japanese anthropologist Egawa Konozo chuan Amis hnam hming atan “Pangcah” hman hi a dik zawk niin a ngai a, mahse official clan name chu “Ami” a ni fo tawh a, tun thlengin hman a la ni reng a ni. Ami mite chungchang bung ka letling lai khan thu ka zawn chuan “Jimishe Incident” hi kum 140 kalta khan Ami mite chungah a thleng tih ka hrechhuak a, he thil thleng hi a rei tawh em em a, mi tlemte chauhvin an hre mai thei. History hi ngaihdam theih a ni a, mahse theihnghilh theih a ni lo va, chuvangin he travel note hian tawi te tein thil thleng chu a tarlang bawk a, chhiar duhtute chuan Internet-ah thu belhchian dawl zawk zawngin thil thleng chhan hrethiam turin an zawng thei a ni. Thlalak: Yami (Dawu) hmeichhia Yami (Dawu) hmeichhia Tuna “Dawu hnam” tia hriat Yami hnam hi Taitung tuipui kama Lanyu Island-ah an khawsa ta a ni. Meiji hunlai kum 30-na (1897) khan Japanese anthropologist Torii Ryuzo chu Taiwan-ah academic research nei turin a lo kal a, he thliarkara mite chu “Yami” tiin a ko a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan “Yami” tih hi hnam hming official a lo ni ta a ni. Yami mite chuan “Tao” an ti a, chu chu “mipui” tihna a ni. Kum tam tak chhung Dawu mite’n an beih hnuah tunah chuan sorkar chuan “Dawu mite” hming chu a pawm ta a, “Yami” nen an hmang dun ta a ni. Orchid Island hi Qing Dynasty hunlai atang tawh khan “Hongtou Island” (Hokkien homonym of Hongdou Island) tia koh a ni. Republic of China kum sawmthum leh parukna (1947) khan sorkar chuan Hongtou Islet chu “Lanyu” tiin a thlak ta a ni. Dawu tawng chuan Lanyu hi “Ponso no Tao” an ti a, chu chu “Mipui Hmun” tihna a ni. Dawu mite oral history-ah chuan an pi leh pute hi Bataan, Philippines atanga lo kal an ni. Anthropologist-te chhui danah chuan hmun pahniha tawng hman dan hi a inang vek a ni. Tun hnaiah Dawu mite hian Philippines ramah zung kai zawngin zinkawng an nei a, hei hi hmun pahniha anthropological circle-ah chuan thil thleng lian tak a ni ta a ni. Ni: 2016.09.28 khan a ni p.s. He lehkhabu hi Japanese awp hunlaia ziah a ni a, a ziaktu hi Japanese a ni.He lehkhabuah hian Taiwan rama aboriginal mite chu “fans” tia sawi an ni.Hei hi chutih hunlaia hmanlai thumal a ni a, hun kal tawh a ni tawh. Lehlin hi a hun laia style leh prejudice tilang turin rinawm takin a la letling reng a, a ziaktu ngaihdan leh dinhmun a ni lo, chhiartuten an lo en ve thei a ni.
ใChhiar rei zawkใ . Bung 1212 – 1935 chhunga awm. “Taiwan rama Tibetan khawvel hmalam hun tur” ~ Atayal . Bung 1213 – 1935 chhunga awm. “Taiwan rama Tibetan khawvel hmalam hun tur” ~ Saisiyat leh Bunun . Bung 1213 – 1935 chhunga awm. “Taiwan rama Tibetan khawvel hmalam hun tur” ~ Tsou leh Paiwan “Taiwan-a Tibetan Territory-a hmalam hun tur” ~ Ami leh Yami (Dawu) thlalak Ami-ho hi Taiwan hmarchhak biala tlangram-ah an cheng ber a, Fan hnam pasarih zinga lian ber an ni a, hnam dangte nena khaikhin chuan taksa lamah an chak zawk a, hna an thawk thei zawk a, an zaidam zawk a, an taima zawk bawk a, civilization sang zawk an nei bawk leh hmasawnna te a ni. Taisho kum thumna (1914) atang khan ordinary administrative regions thuneihna hnuaiah a awm a, Fandi thuneihna hnuaiah a awm tawh lo. Ami-ho hian chhungkaw kalphung lian tak an nei bawk a, hnam pawlin an thunun a, hnam hrang hrang an din a, chhungkaw pakhat thuneihna chu hmeichhiate chungah a awm a ni. Mipa tan kum lama innghat class system khauh tak a awm a, upate hian thuneihna nasa tak an nei a ni.
ใAnnotationใ Showa Nine Years (1934) tawp lamah khan Amis hi mi 47,064 an ni a, Taiwan rama aboriginal hnam zinga mihring tamna ber pawl an ni a, Taiwan hmar lama Hualien Hong Kong Office leh Taitung Office tlangram-ah an khawsa ber a ni. Anni chuan roreltute lakah thawhhona tha zawk an nei a Chuvangin Japan-hoin an awp lai khan “Tibetan ram”-a rorelna hmun bik ni lovin, rorelna hmun pangngai anga ngaih a ni. Fanshe thlirna (Hualien Harbor Office Qimishe) chuan a rawn ti a. [Annotation] Ami tawnga “Kiwit” tia hriat Qimi Society chu tunah chuan “Chimei Tribe” tia koh a ni ta a, Chimei Village, Ruisui Township, Taitung County-ah a awm a ni. Tunhma lam atanga thlir chuan “Qimishe Incident”, zirna lama “Great Port Incident” tia hriat hi Qing Dynasty tawp lama “Kaishan Fuban” policy hnuaia thil thleng, historical tragedy a ni. Guangxu kum khatna (1875) khan Shen Baozhen-a policy “tlรขng hawn leh mipui thlawp” hnuaiah Qing sipaite chuan hmar lam, khawthlang lam leh khawthlang lam atanga Taiwan hmar lam panna kawngpui pathum an hawng a. Chung zingah chuan Wu Guangliang, commander-in-chief chuan middle road (Batongguan Ancient Road) chu hawngin Hualien-ah a lut a. Guangxu kum thumna (1877) khan Wu Guangliang chuan Shuiwei (tuna Ruisui Township, Hualien County) leh Dagang (Xiuguluan lui chhuahna, Fengbin Township, Hualien County) inkar kawngpui chu a hawng chhunzawm zel a, hnam leh khawtlangte chu an lungawi lo hle a; chu bรขkah, general manager Lin Dongya chuan hnam chu nasa takin a thunun a, a hmang rรขpthlรขk a, chuvang chuan Qimi Society chuan an hel a, general manager Lin Dongya chu an that ta a ni. Ami khawtlangte chuan an chhang let a, lawng chawlhna lian takah chuan Qing sipaite nen an inbei ta a ni. A hnuah Wu Guangliang chuan Amis-ho chu an fimkhurna tihziaawmna tur policy nem tak a hmang hmasa a, chumi hnuah society hrang hrang atanga Amis-ho elite-te chu tel tura hip turin ruai a buatsaih a, an ruih lai chuan man an ni a, an that ta a ni. Yineng Jiaju-a’n oral history a khawlkhawm dan chuan: “Fan Renguo chu camp-ah a lo kal a, Wu Guangliang chu camp-ah a awm a, kawngkhar khar hnuaiah a that a. Mi 165 zingah mi 5 chauh an tlanchhuak a ni. ” “Ropui” tia hriat a ni Port Incident” tih hi a ni. He thil hi nimin khan Hualien County-a Fengbin Township-a Jingpu Elementary School campus-ah a thleng a ni. In sakna: Mi tam tak awm theihna (Hualien Harbor Office leh San Commune)
ใAnnotation] Mao Commune, Ami tawngin โBakonโ tia hriat bawk hi Fengbin Village, Fengbin Township, Hualien Township-ah a awm a, a hmunah hian a awm a ni. Amis (Taibalang Society of the Hualien Harbor Office) te chenna hlui: thlah sawmnga leh pariat chhung zet chhungkaw hruaitu, Sauma. Kaliyu chenna hlui hi historical monument atan humhalh a ni. [Annotation] Taibalong, a tir chuan Amis tawngin “Afalong” tia koh a ni a, Chinese tawngin “Abalong” tia lehlin a ni a, chu chu tualchhung hmunah hian white crab tam tak a awm tihna a ni a;a hnuah “Tafalong” tia thlak a ni a, chu chu “Taibalong” tia lehlin a ni. in Chinese , Japanese colonial hunlai khan Taibalang hi “Futian” tia thlak a ni a, Guangfu Village, Hualien Township hmar lamah a awm a ni. Hmeichhia leh mipa incheina inthuam: (Hualien Harbor Office) [Annotation] Lidao hi Hualien County-a Jiโan Township-a Dongchang khuaah a awm a, a hmun hi a nuam hle. Hmeichhia leh mipa incheina inthuam: (Malan Club, Taitung Hall)
ใAnnotationใ Amis-a “Falangaw” tia hriat Malan Society hi Taitung County khawpui laihawl, Taitung County-a awm a ni a, Puyuma sphere of influence-a awm a nih avangin hmรขn laiin Puyuma mite’n an awp a ni. Malan Society mite chuan “Amis” (Amis) an inti a, hei hi Hualien rama Ami mite “Pangcah” (Bangcha) tia inchhalte nen chuan a danglam hle. Leilung bรชl siam zawh tawh (Karimagari, Taito Office) .
ใAnnotationใ Karimagari Society, tentative-a lehlin “Kalimagari Society” tia lehlin, Taitung-ah khawiah nge a awm? A hmun tur chu pending a ni. The legendary canoe: kum riat chhung zet grand festival, tuipuiah chhuakin thalai te martial arts boruak siam that (Hualien Harbor Hall Lilou Society) [Annotation] Lidao, Hualien County-a Jiโan Township-a Dongchang khuaa awm a ni. Kum riat chhung awh tur festival, Amis coming-of-age festival hi tunah hian Jiโan Township-a Dongchang hnamte chauhin an buatsaih a ni. Chung zingah chuan lawng thlawh chhuahna inkhawm hi Amis mipa te kum tling lo tura training neihna a ni. Pi leh pute thil hlui: (Hualien Harbor Hall Wuhe) [Annotation] Wuhe hi Wuhe Terrace chhim lam tlang chhip, Ruisui Township, Hualien County-ah a awm a, tunah hian Zhu Ruins Park din a ni a, hei hi Amis mite megalithic culture culture relic a ni. Bamboo-a lawng khalh (Hualien Port Office Dagang Society) chuan a rawn ti a.
ใAnnotationใ Great Port Society, tuna Port Tribe of Jingpu Village, Fengbin Township, Hualien County hi Xiuguluan lui kamah a awm a, Amis tawngin “Cepo'” an ti a, Haikou tihna a ni a, ” Grand Port” tih hi Chinese tawngin a ni. Mullet thar chhuah (Milun lui, Hualien Harbor Hall) 10. A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a.
ใAnnotationใ Mullet, “mullet” tia hriat bawk, sangha hmeichhia naupai ovary leh egg te hi “mullet roe” an ti a.Mullet hi khawvel hmun hrang hranga tuipui lum leh vawt tak tak tuipui kamah a darh zau hle a, tuipui kam velah pawh a awm duh hle . Nga naupangte chu tui thianghlim luiah an kir leh fo thin a, an chi thlah hun chhung hian tuipui zau takah an pem lut ang a, an fate chu an thlah thei ang. Tuna “Meilun Creek” tia koh Milun Creek hian Hualien City hmun tam zawk leh Xincheng Township, Xiulin Township leh Hualien City inzawmna hmun a huam a, Hualien Port chhim lam Pacific tuipuiah a luang lut a ni. Hla lam (Hualien Harbor Hall Bobo Club) te chuan an zai a. [Annotation] Ami tawnga “Pokpok” tia koh Boboshe hi Hualien County-a Ji’an Township-ah a awm a.Credit
Myanmar ramah hian Meiteis khawtlang lian tak an awm a, Burma tawngin Kathe an ti a ni. Myanmar-a Hindu hnam dangte ang lo takin Meitei-ho hi an taksa pianphung lamah Burma hnam dangte nen an inang a, hei hian Burma khawtlang nunah an insiamrem leh inzawmkhawmna a ti chak hle a ni. Kum 1950 chho tir lam khan Burma Meiteis hi 40,000 vel an ni a, an zinga hmun thuma แนญhena hmun khat chu Mandalay-ah an cheng a ni. Tuna chhut dan chuan mi 25,000 vel an ni. Meiteis te hi ram pumah an insawn leh tawh a, hmar lamah Myitkyina bula khaw hrang hrangah te, ram laihawl Homalin, Kalewa, Pyay, leh khawthlang lamah Yangon khuaah te an insawn leh ta a ni. Myanmar ramah Hindu sakhua an zawm chhunzawm zel a. Kum zabi 17-na leh 18-na inkara Meitei lalram leh Konbaung lalram inkara indona avang hian Meitei tam tak chu Burma lalram chhungah an awm leh ta a ni. Tunlai Myanmar rama Meitei awmna thenkhat chu kum 1758โ1759 indona atanga lo chhuak a ni a, kum 1819 atanga 1826 thlenga Burma-hoin Manipur an luah atanga lo chhuak a ni bawk.. Alaungpaya, campaign hmasa lai khan Meitei te chu Sagaing leh Amarapura-ah a dah leh a. Meitei mite sakawr khalh thiamna chu Burma lal sipaiah an hmang a, chutah chuan Cassay sakawr chung chuang sipai ropui tak tak (แแแแบแธแแผแแบแธแแแบ) leh artillery regiment (แแแแบแธแกแแผแฑแฌแบ) te an din a ni แบแแแบ) te chu BurmaโSiamese indo lai khan an hmang thin a ni. Burma court chuan Manipuri Brahmin pawl pakhat Bamons tia koh, Kathe Ponna (แแแแบแธแแฏแแนแแฌแธ) tia koh bawk chu thurawn pe tur leh court ritual kalpui turin a vawng reng bawk. Bangladesh a ni Bangladesh hmarchhak lama Sylhet division-ah hian Manipuri emaw Meitei mi tam tak an cheng a ni Meiteis langsar tak tak .
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English ๐ Myanmar is home to a sizable community of Meiteis, who are called Kathe in Burmese. Unlike other Hindu communities in Myanmar, the Meitei resemble other Burmese ethnic groups in terms of physical appearance, which has accelerated their assimilation and integration into Burmese society. In the early 1950s, Burmese Meiteis numbered approximately 40,000, with a third of them residing in Mandalay. Current estimates are approximately 25,000. Meiteis have resettled throughout the country, including in villages near Myitkyina to the north, Homalin, Kalewa, Pyay, in the center of the country, and Yangon to the south. They continue to practice Hinduism in Myanmar. As a result of wars between Meitei kingdom and the Konbaung dynasty between the 17th and 18th centuries, many Meiteis were resettled in the Burmese kingdom. Some Meitei settlements in modern-day Myanmar originate from the 1758โ1759 war, and from the Burmese occupation of Manipur from 1819 to 1826.. Alaungpaya, during the former campaign, resettled Meiteis in Sagaing and Amarapura. The Meitei people’s horsemanship skills were employed in the Burmese royal army, where they formed the elite Cassay cavalry (แแแแบแธแแผแแบแธแแแบ) and artillery regiments (แแแแบแธแกแแผแฑแฌแแบแแแบ) which were employed during the BurmeseโSiamese wars. The Burmese court also retained a retinue of Manipuri Brahmins called Bamons, also called Kathe Ponna (แแแแบแธแแฏแแนแแฌแธ) to advise and conduct court rituals. Bangladesh Many Manipuri or Meitei people resides in Sylhet division in north-eastern Bangladesh Notable Meiteis.
1948-a Burma ram zalenna a hmuh hnua map (Union of Burma). Thlalak a thuziak sen chu. Line hi FASPA sorkarin kum 1947 khan a siam thar a, a then chuan Panglong contract aia tam an hmu a ni. Burman bigoted anga puhtu chu “Karenu” a ni. Nakinah ka sawifiah ang. โช๏ธ Bumna (1) . “Inthenna hi Ne Win-a’n a sawifiah a ni. Colonial hunlai leh zalenna hun lai khan a awm lo,” tiin dawt an sawi. Thudik tak chu – . Division pasarih (7) a awm a. Map-ah i hmu tur a ni. Sagaing ni lo curved Mandalay Bago, Arakan Tanintharyi hmuh tur a awm. โช๏ธ Bumna (2) . “Chin leh Kachin hi state an ni” tiin thu dik lo an sawi. Thudik tak chu – . Chin Kachin Karen Mon hian provincial state a nei lo. Rakhine chu state a ni lo. Arakan Division Arakan Division a ni. Rakhine state a awm lo. Arakan hi mi chi hrang hrang a ni.. Map en rawh.. Sagaing hmun thenkhat chu Kachin State (red line) ah then a ni. Magwe Division hmun thenkhat chu Chin Vishita Division (red line)-ah dah belh a ngai a ni. U Nu Ne Win Thanshwe hian hnam hrang hranga innghat state a tihbuai hian, Anmahni chauh ni lovin region lo ni tawh leh ethnic egos a kang mek a ni. Myanmar (Burmese) hi ka ngaina hle. โช๏ธ Bumna (3) . Kachin, Shan, Chin te hi Burma ramah an awm a. Tlรขng mite chuan Myanmar-ah an awm leh awm loh an sawi aโฆ check dan awlsam ber leh awlsam ber ka hrilh ang che.. Colonial hunlaia India leh Burma sorkar official gazette map tihchhuah. Stamp a awm bawk. En la, zir rawh.. Myanmar ramri hi chiang taka hmuh a ngai. (Tunlai hunah hian computer hmanga ziah leh ginger hmanga dah map lem hriat theihna tur finna i neih a ngai a niโฆ.. .. Mi an tam em avangin chu fake ginger map chu live-in ka entir a ni. ) . Chin Kingdom Shan State Kachin (Chin Paya Dang, Shan Paya Dang, Kachin Paya Dang) map hi a awm loโฆ min ring lo a nih chuan han en teh. Chutiang chuan a chiang em? Entirnan, colonial George VI postage stamp thlalak ka entir a. Burma (Burma) national flag embroidered, mi lian Burma incheina ha, A hnungah chuan Myanmar map a awm a. Hei hi plot pakhat chauh a niโฆ A chhan chu ka ti a, Kachin leh Chin te hian Panglong Treaty hma pawh khan state status an nei lo. Tlang chunga khaw te te. If Shan, Shan, wa Father Taโan lal fapa (duke) te hi province hrang hrang a awm a. Tunlai angin Shan State a awm lo. Shan Kachin Chin sorkar a awm lo. Chuvangin, chu sorkarte chu Panglong Treaty-ah an awm loh avangin, .. Committee din a, hming ziah chu finfiahna a ni. Hun kal tawh, tunlai leh hmalam hun thudik ka hre lo. thuthang, thuthang, leh oral historyโฆ federal sorkar ka hmu thei lo.
Early migration โโโโโโโ The Monkhma group is a group descended from the Mongoloid (Mongog) people, and lived in the Mongolian Plateau region more than 5000 years ago. Due to the scarcity of food and water, they bypassed the eastern part of China, where the Han Chinese people are densely populated, in search of the watery, grassy area. Upper Huangho (Yellow River) River Basin, Historians say that the history of Monkhma, who came through the confluence of the middle Wei River and the middle of the Yangtze River and migrated to southern and southwestern China, was a long and difficult migration. Before the large Austroasiatic group descended to South Asia and Southeast Asia, central China, It is said that they settled in the upper and middle areas of the Yangtze River and Huangho (Yellow River) basins as a group of Mon Khmer people. The river basin area has a balanced climate and good manure, so it can be considered a nation that can do agricultural activities properly. For many centuries, they settled down in the same office, and formed a large organized society through agricultural production. Set up a village and live. However, since living in that area for more than 1000 years, the population of their people has increased. It is said that due to the increasing influx of other ethnic groups and the frequent attacks by the Chinese, whenever they encountered such crises, they split into groups and gradually moved to the south. Therefore, the Mon Khmer tribes split into two groups, Khmer, Anam’s group went down to the place where Mon, Ta An A group of Wa entered and settled in the place called “Taliphoi Lake” in the future through central Yunnan. It is reported that while living in central Yunnan, horse breeding flourished. In the early period of 2000 BC, when he was living in central Yunnan, he was frequently harassed and attacked by the powerful Mongol Tatar Chinese troops. Ta’an and Wa settled in the Dali-fu area of the upper eastern part of the Mekong River in about 2000 BC and established the village of Koshamvi. According to Dr. Than Tun, in 200 BC, the Tibetan Burmese tribe settled in the Salmwin River. From the mountainous areas upstream of the Mekong and Yangtze rivers, they moved to lower areas. Yung Chang, which was established by China in 69 AD, is between the Mekong River and the Salwin River. It means the area that is now (80) miles east of Myitkyina city and 140 (140) miles northeast of Nam Kham town on Shweli River. Therefore, it is said that the North Mon-Annam (Mon-Annam) ethnic group, who migrated later, migrated from central Yunnan to the Shan State and Lao region of present-day Myanmar. Although the people are of the same race, according to the place they came from, the mountain, north east West Up and down the mountain, the usage terms are more or less different. When the Karen people came back to the east, the difference increased again. However, according to the study, the above North Mon-Annam tribes may refer to the Ta’an people who returned to the northern highlands from the 6th century AD and settled from the 8th century to the 14th century AD. Or China, which is believed to have not landed in the south, Fewer in Zhenkang Township and Namsan Township, Yunnan Province, and more likely the Rusi Tan An ethnic group who live in large numbers in Kokang County. Mine Eye Glue credit Photo..
Pem hmasak ber โโโโโโโ tih a ni Mon khma pawl hi Mongoloid (Mongog) hnam atanga lo piang pawl an ni a, kum 5000 chuang kalta khan Mongolian Plateau biala khawsa an ni. Chaw leh tui tlakchham vangin China hmar lam, Han Chinese mipui tamna hmun chu an paltlang a, tui awmna hmun, thlai chinna hmun chu an zawng ta a ni. Upper Huangho (Lui sen) lui kam, 1999. Historian-te chuan Monkhma chanchin, Wei lui lai tak leh Yangtze lui lai tak inzawmna atanga lo kal, China khawthlang leh chhim thlang lama pem lut chu hun rei tak leh harsa tak a ni an ti. Austroasiatic pawl lian tak chu South Asia leh Southeast Asia, central China-a an chhuk hma chuan, Mon Khmer mi pawl angin Yangtze lui leh Huangho (Yellow River) basin chunglam leh a laiah an khawsa niin an sawi. River basin area hian boruak inthlau tak leh manure tha tak a neih avangin agriculture hna mumal taka ti thei hnam anga ngaih theih a ni. Kum zabi tam tak chhung chu office khatah an awm a, agriculture production hmangin khawtlang inrual tak lian tak an din a ni. Khaw din la, khawsa rawh. Amaherawhchu, chu lai hmuna kum 1000 chuang an awm a\angin an mite mihring pun chakna chu a pung ta a ni. Hnam dang an lo lut tam zel avang leh Chinese-hoin an beih fo avangin hetiang harsatna an tawh apiangin pawl hrang hrangah an inthen a, zawi zawiin khawthlang lamah an insawn thin niin an sawi. Chuvangin Mon Khmer hnamte chu pawl hnihah an inthen a, Khmer, . Anam te pawl chu Mon, Ta An Wa pawl pakhat chu an lut a, nakin lawkah Yunnan khawthlang lam kaltlangin “Taliphoi Lake” an tih hmunah hian an lo awm ta a ni. Yunnan khawthlang lama an awm lai khan sakawr vulh hi a lo thang chak hle niin an sawi. BC 2000 tir lam, Yunnan khawthlang lama a awm lai khan Mongol Tatar Chinese sipai chak tak takte chuan an tibuaiin an bei fo thin. Taโan leh Wa te hi BC 2000 vel khan Mekong lui hmarchhak lam Dali-fu area-ah an khawsa a, Koshamvi khua an din a ni. Dr. Than Tun-a sawi dan chuan BC 200-ah Tibetan Burma hnamte chu Salmwin luiah an lo awm ta a. Mekong leh Yangtze lui chunglam tlangram a\angin hmun hniam zawkah an insawn a. Kum 69 AD-a China-in a din Yung Chang hi Mekong lui leh Salwin lui inkar a ni. Tuna Myitkyina khawpui chhim lam mel (80) leh Shweli lui kama Nam Kham khawpui hmarchhak lam mel 140 (140) vela hla hmun tihna a ni. Chuvangin, North Mon-Annam (Mon-Annam) hnam, a hnu lama pem lutte chu Central Yunnan atangin tunlai Myanmar rama Shan State leh Lao bialah an pem niin an sawi. Mipui chu chi khat ni mah se, an lo chhuahna hmun azirin tlang, . hmar khawchhak Chhim lam Tlรขng chung leh hnuai lamah chuan hman dan (usage terms) a inang lo deuh deuh a ni. Khawchhak lama Karen mite an lo haw leh chuan an danglamna chu a zual leh ta a. Mahse, zirchianna atanga a lan dan chuan a chunga North Mon-Annam hnamte hian kum zabi 6-na AD atanga hmarchhak tlangram lama kir leh, kum zabi 8-na atanga kum zabi 14-na AD thlenga awm Taโan mite a kawk thei a ni. A nih loh leh China, khawthlang lama tla lo nia rin, . Zhenkang Township leh Yunnan Province-a Namsan Township-ah an tlem zawk a, Kokang County-a tam tak awm Rusi Tan An hnam an ni zawk.
Everyone knows that the world is interested in the Kayan people because of the women who wear goras around their necks. The word Kayan is derived from (Kang Ying) and changed. The meaning of (shore) is the territory. scope The area is a defined area of land. It means being stable. Therefore, the meaning of Kayan is to call those who are settled in an area. They do not like to be called (padong). Calling Padong is not the Kayan language. The Shan language (Yang Padaung) means the Shan language meaning Yan = Karen tribe. Pa Daung = bronze bracelet, because Yang Pa Daung comes from Yan Pa Daung, the Karen people who wore a bronze bracelet, the Shaman language. The Kayan Padong, like other ethnic groups, migrated from the Mongolian Highlands to the watery areas of the Yangtze River and lived in the headwaters of the Hanho River, so it was believed that they were called Kayan after they came from these areas. Salwin Sittaung and the Irrawaddy River in the 9th century AD from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. In the east of the They have gradually moved to the mountains of Shan Roma and have been living steadily. The Kayan ethnic group does not move in groups like other mountain ethnic groups. From ancient times until today, the Kayan ethnic group has lived in Mobre Mountain and Phegon Township west of In, Biking, Sisu, Sinaite, Lai area, Dee Mosso Township, Loikaw Township, They have always lived on the great Shan Roma Mountains between the Ping Laung border and the Ping Mana Plain. Kayan Karen Kayah Gemo, Gebara This friend Instead, The ethnic groups in between are descended from the same ethnic group. The beauty of the beauty of Kayan Yumei’s dress, which is famous in the world. Kayan women’s clothing remains a wonder in the middle of the world. their necks, It is a common knowledge that the body parts from the wrists to the elbows and from the ankles to the knees are wrapped and decorated with bronze rings. If you weigh the copper plates on the whole body, the total weight is no less than 60 pounds (about 17 pounds). It is very surprising and commendable that women can carry that weight in their bodies and carry out their eternal duties. Therefore, they are considered as the world’s wonder women around the world. Today’s young Kayan women don’t wear brass rings, tying knots according to the times. However, most of them maintain their culture and customs without losing them. By preserving the traditional culture. Because of the encouragement of the parents, It can be seen that the practice of wearing bronze rings is still being made. Kayan women start to wrap around the gong from the age of 5, and when they start tying, they wrap 2 to 3 gongs, and when they are over 10 years old, they remove the 3 or 4 gongs that their five-year-old daughter used to wrap and wrap up to 10. If you are over 20 years old, you will go around again from fifteen to twenty years old. To stabilize the copper coils wrapped around the neck, there are copper coils wrapped separately on both shoulders below the neck. The copper rings wrapped around the necks of Kayan women are not wrapped in a single ring, but a length of copper rod is wound like a coil. The size of the bronze medal is slightly smaller than the size of a woman’s pinky finger. Kayan women wear not only copper necklaces but also silver plates around their necks. Loafers Coins are drawn together and decorated. Even if you take off the copper plates, the neck will not budge. In the past, it was thought that the neck would be a little narrower and longer, but when the X-ray was taken, that idea was invalidated. The reason is that the neck is not elongated because of the brass ring, but because of the weight of the brass ring on the neck, the collarbone ribs and spine are bent downwards. To this day, there is no specific evidence as to why the Kayan women wear bronze bracelets. Although they have not been able to find out yet, I will express some of the opinions handed down by the elders and the young. It is said that they are tied to bronze rings and weights so that they cannot escape from one ethnic group to another. The Kayans are believed to be descended from the dragon race, so they wrap themselves in bronze to look like a dragon. Unmarried, unmarried immature It is also good that you can identify it by looking at the copper wrapping. -In ancient times, when one group of people fought against another, the winner captured the loser and wrapped them in bronze to prevent them from escaping. When Kayan women travel in the deep forest, to avoid the attack of wild animals. The Kayans used to mine gold. gold and silver with silver mines, Because they were rich in jewels, the soft golden rod, They used to wear gold and silver with silver sticks, and when gold and silver were scarce, they changed to bronze. The Kayans once visited the Shwedagon Pagoda, but there is no specific historical record other than the opinion that they wrapped their necks around the pagoda due to the abundance of gold and silver jewels in their area. Until now, many people have been interested in whether the health of Kayan women can be affected by wearing a copper necklace around the neck. If we have to give answers to the questions of whether it can shorten the life span or hinder the growth of the population, then we must know that it does not cause any harm. In addition, it is also known that the beauty painting of bronze rings is not particularly harmful to health. In any case, every nation Every nation has its own beauty. Women are the ones who want to be more beautiful than the beauty provided by nature. Women are different from each other in creating and painting to make themselves beautiful. They want to innovate with their own ideas and tools that are close at hand. In accordance with the place of residence and the ethnic culture, the appropriate dress and dress and knots are different, each school, each village, each mantra has been recorded in an endless way. It can be said that the beauty of the Kayan women in Myanmar is unique among the women who decorate themselves in such a unique and sophisticated way. Not only the population in Myanmar is small, but the Kayan women, who are not well known, are beautiful and mysterious, and will never be forgotten. Chapter nine. . An article by Khunni Kolas, a columnist from the Union Ethnic Development Institute 1989-90 magazine commemorating the 7th anniversary of silver, is quoted. Kayan people Contact Khamee Media Group KMG โ .
Women of the Kayan tribes( Myanmar (Burma)) identify themselves by their forms of dress. Women of the Kayan Lahwi tribe are well known for wearing neck rings, brass coils that are placed around the neck, appearing to lengthen it. The women wearing these coils are known as โgiraffe womenโ to tourists and Padaung (Yan Pa Doung) is a Shan term for the Kayan Lahwi. Girls first start to wear rings when they are around 5 years old. Over the years the coil is replaced by a longer one and more turns are added. The weight of the brass pushes the collar bone down and compresses the rib cage. The neck itself is not lengthened; the appearance of a stretched neck is created by the deformation of the clavicle. Many ideas regarding why the coils are worn have been suggested, often formed by visiting anthropologists, who have hypothesized that the rings protected women from becoming slaves by making them less attractive to other tribes. It has also been theorised that the coils originate from the desire to look more attractive by exaggerating sexual dimorphism, as women have more slender necks than men. It has also been suggested that the coils give the women resemblance to a dragon, an important figure in Kayan folklore.The coils might be meant to protect from tiger bites, perhaps literally, but probably symbolically. Kayan women, when asked, acknowledge these ideas, and often say that their purpose for wearing the rings is cultural identity (one associated with beauty). The coil, once on, is seldom removed, as the coiling and uncoiling is a lengthy procedure. It is usually only removed to be replaced by a new or longer coil. The muscles covered by the coil become weakened. Many women have removed the rings for medical examinations. Most women prefer to wear the rings once their clavicle has been lowered, as the area of the neck and collarbone often becomes bruised and discolored. Additionally, the collar feels like an integral part of the body after ten or more years of continuous wear. The government of Myanmar began discouraging neck rings as it struggled to appear more modern to the developed world. Consequently, many women in Myanmar began breaking the tradition, though a few older women and some of the younger girls in remote villages continued to wear rings. In Thailand the practice has gained popularity in recent years because it draws tourists who bring revenue to the tribe and to the local businessmen who run the villages and collect an entry fee of 250 baht per person. The Karenni National Peopleโs Liberation Front (KNPLF), an armed cease-fire group, have made attempts to invite the Kayan to return to Kayah State to set up their own tourist villagesIn January 2008 the UNHCR expressed reservations about tourists visiting the Kayan villages in Northern Thailand due to the provincial governmentโs refusal to allow registered Kayan refugees to take up offers of resettlement in developing countries. It is believed this policy was linked to their economic importance to the area. This policy was relaxed in late 2008 and a small group of Kayan have left for New Zealand in August 2008.Others entered the main Karenni refugee camp (which is not open to tourists) in September 2008 and they are now eligible for resettlement.
Everyone knows that the world is interested in the Kayan people because of the women who wear goras around their necks. The word Kayan is derived from (Kang Ying) and changed. The meaning of (shore) is the territory. scope The area is a defined area of land. It means being stable. Therefore, the meaning of Kayan is to call those who are settled in an area. They do not like to be called (padong). Calling Padong is not the Kayan language. The Shan language (Yang Padaung) means the Shan language meaning Yan = Karen tribe. Pa Daung = bronze bracelet, because Yang Pa Daung comes from Yan Pa Daung, the Karen people who wore a bronze bracelet, the Shaman language. The Kayan Padong, like other ethnic groups, migrated from the Mongolian Highlands to the watery areas of the Yangtze River and lived in the headwaters of the Hanho River, so it was believed that they were called Kayan after they came from these areas. Salwin Sittaung and the Irrawaddy River in the 9th century AD from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. In the east of the They have gradually moved to the mountains of Shan Roma and have been living steadily. The Kayan ethnic group does not move in groups like other mountain ethnic groups. From ancient times until today, the Kayan ethnic group has lived in Mobre Mountain and Phegon Township west of In, Biking, Sisu, Sinaite, Lai area, Dee Mosso Township, Loikaw Township, They have always lived on the great Shan Roma Mountains between the Ping Laung border and the Ping Mana Plain. Kayan Karen Kayah Gemo, Gebara This friend Instead, The ethnic groups in between are descended from the same ethnic group. The beauty of the beauty of Kayan Yumei’s dress, which is famous in the world. Kayan women’s clothing remains a wonder in the middle of the world. their necks, It is a common knowledge that the body parts from the wrists to the elbows and from the ankles to the knees are wrapped and decorated with bronze rings. If you weigh the copper plates on the whole body, the total weight is no less than 60 pounds (about 17 pounds). It is very surprising and commendable that women can carry that weight in their bodies and carry out their eternal duties. Therefore, they are considered as the world’s wonder women around the world. Today’s young Kayan women don’t wear brass rings, tying knots according to the times. However, most of them maintain their culture and customs without losing them. By preserving the traditional culture. Because of the encouragement of the parents, It can be seen that the practice of wearing bronze rings is still being made. Kayan women start to wrap around the gong from the age of 5, and when they start tying, they wrap 2 to 3 gongs, and when they are over 10 years old, they remove the 3 or 4 gongs that their five-year-old daughter used to wrap and wrap up to 10. If you are over 20 years old, you will go around again from fifteen to twenty years old. To stabilize the copper coils wrapped around the neck, there are copper coils wrapped separately on both shoulders below the neck. The copper rings wrapped around the necks of Kayan women are not wrapped in a single ring, but a length of copper rod is wound like a coil. The size of the bronze medal is slightly smaller than the size of a woman’s pinky finger. Kayan women wear not only copper necklaces but also silver plates around their necks. Loafers Coins are drawn together and decorated. Even if you take off the copper plates, the neck will not budge. In the past, it was thought that the neck would be a little narrower and longer, but when the X-ray was taken, that idea was invalidated. The reason is that the neck is not elongated because of the brass ring, but because of the weight of the brass ring on the neck, the collarbone ribs and spine are bent downwards. To this day, there is no specific evidence as to why the Kayan women wear bronze bracelets. Although they have not been able to find out yet, I will express some of the opinions handed down by the elders and the young. It is said that they are tied to bronze rings and weights so that they cannot escape from one ethnic group to another. The Kayans are believed to be descended from the dragon race, so they wrap themselves in bronze to look like a dragon. Unmarried, unmarried immature It is also good that you can identify it by looking at the copper wrapping. -In ancient times, when one group of people fought against another, the winner captured the loser and wrapped them in bronze to prevent them from escaping. When Kayan women travel in the deep forest, to avoid the attack of wild animals. The Kayans used to mine gold. gold and silver with silver mines, Because they were rich in jewels, the soft golden rod, They used to wear gold and silver with silver sticks, and when gold and silver were scarce, they changed to bronze. The Kayans once visited the Shwedagon Pagoda, but there is no specific historical record other than the opinion that they wrapped their necks around the pagoda due to the abundance of gold and silver jewels in their area. Until now, many people have been interested in whether the health of Kayan women can be affected by wearing a copper necklace around the neck. If we have to give answers to the questions of whether it can shorten the life span or hinder the growth of the population, then we must know that it does not cause any harm. In addition, it is also known that the beauty painting of bronze rings is not particularly harmful to health. In any case, every nation Every nation has its own beauty. Women are the ones who want to be more beautiful than the beauty provided by nature. Women are different from each other in creating and painting to make themselves beautiful. They want to innovate with their own ideas and tools that are close at hand. In accordance with the place of residence and the ethnic culture, the appropriate dress and dress and knots are different, each school, each village, each mantra has been recorded in an endless way. It can be said that the beauty of the Kayan women in Myanmar is unique among the women who decorate themselves in such a unique and sophisticated way. Not only the population in Myanmar is small, but the Kayan women, who are not well known, are beautiful and mysterious, and will never be forgotten. Chapter nine. . An article by Khunni Kolas, a columnist from the Union Ethnic Development Institute 1989-90 magazine commemorating the 7th anniversary of silver, is quoted. Kayan people Contact Khamee Media Group KMG โ . Giraffe Women of the Kayan Tribes: Strange Photographs of Padong Women in the 1920s and 1950
Women of the Kayan tribes( Myanmar (Burma)) identify themselves by their forms of dress. Women of the Kayan Lahwi tribe are well known for wearing neck rings, brass coils that are placed around the neck, appearing to lengthen it. The women wearing these coils are known as โgiraffe womenโ to tourists and Padaung (Yan Pa Doung) is a Shan term for the Kayan Lahwi. Girls first start to wear rings when they are around 5 years old. Over the years the coil is replaced by a longer one and more turns are added. The weight of the brass pushes the collar bone down and compresses the rib cage. The neck itself is not lengthened; the appearance of a stretched neck is created by the deformation of the clavicle. Many ideas regarding why the coils are worn have been suggested, often formed by visiting anthropologists, who have hypothesized that the rings protected women from becoming slaves by making them less attractive to other tribes. It has also been theorised that the coils originate from the desire to look more attractive by exaggerating sexual dimorphism, as women have more slender necks than men. It has also been suggested that the coils give the women resemblance to a dragon, an important figure in Kayan folklore.The coils might be meant to protect from tiger bites, perhaps literally, but probably symbolically. Kayan women, when asked, acknowledge these ideas, and often say that their purpose for wearing the rings is cultural identity (one associated with beauty). The coil, once on, is seldom removed, as the coiling and uncoiling is a lengthy procedure. It is usually only removed to be replaced by a new or longer coil. The muscles covered by the coil become weakened. Many women have removed the rings for medical examinations. Most women prefer to wear the rings once their clavicle has been lowered, as the area of the neck and collarbone often becomes bruised and discolored. Additionally, the collar feels like an integral part of the body after ten or more years of continuous wear. The government of Myanmar began discouraging neck rings as it struggled to appear more modern to the developed world. Consequently, many women in Myanmar began breaking the tradition, though a few older women and some of the younger girls in remote villages continued to wear rings. In Thailand the practice has gained popularity in recent years because it draws tourists who bring revenue to the tribe and to the local businessmen who run the villages and collect an entry fee of 250 baht per person. The Karenni National Peopleโs Liberation Front (KNPLF), an armed cease-fire group, have made attempts to invite the Kayan to return to Kayah State to set up their own tourist villagesIn January 2008 the UNHCR expressed reservations about tourists visiting the Kayan villages in Northern Thailand due to the provincial governmentโs refusal to allow registered Kayan refugees to take up offers of resettlement in developing countries. It is believed this policy was linked to their economic importance to the area. This policy was relaxed in late 2008 and a small group of Kayan have left for New Zealand in August 2008.Others entered the main Karenni refugee camp (which is not open to tourists) in September 2008 and they are now eligible for resettlement.
July 19, 1947, Zirtawpni zing dar 10:37 a.m. khan Interior Minister Office-ah sorkar paihthlak a ni a, chutah chuan sorkar laipui minister-te chu ram hruaitu General Aung San-a kaihhruaiin, meeting-ah an thu a saltanna atanga ram chhuah zalen leh indona hnua Myanmar din thar lehna te chu thah an ni. Chumi ni chuan Yangon khawpui boruak chu “Zing atang khan van boruak chu a thim a, a thim hle a ni” tih a ni. Chhum a lang chiang lo. Ruah sur chu tuifinriat hnim hring ang mai a ni. Ruah chu a reh chhunzawm zel a. Nilengin ruah a sur a. Daguntara chuan a ziak a, a record bawk. Zing dar 10:00 vel khan General Aung San chuan Interior Minister Office-a ministerial meeting neih turah tel turin a PA, Lieutenant Tun Hla nen car dum RA/2874-in Tawar Gemal chenna in an chhuahsan a. Dar 10:10 velah General Kar chu Interior Minister Office-a central stairs hnuaiah a thleng a, meeting neihna tur chhawng chunglam a a office-ah chuan Lieutenant Tun Hla nen an chho a. Chumi ni atang chuan General chuan a uniform pangngai a ha lo va, rangkachak cup rawng Van Kunglon tie, . Burmese style-a inchei hmuh chu thil mak tak a ni a, Thanakha rawng Mandalay silk leh airplane pheikhawk, sand strap dum vuah. “General chu a hmeltha lutuk,” U Ba Jam chuan a rawn zui ve a. Minister of Transportation Saw Sambothin hian Erawati River Delta a tlawh a, Minister of Defence office-ah meeting nei turin a kal mek a ni. England atanga lo haw tur Home Minister U Kyaw Nyein leh Department-a handle nei lo Minister U Tin That tih loh chu cabinet minister dangte chu an lo thleng tawh a ni. Office Manager U Kha Deputy Secretary of State U Tin Phong leh Cabinet Secretary U Shwe Bo te pawhin meeting neihna atana document leh file mamawh zawng zawng zawng leh khawn khawm a, meeting neihna tur room-ah pakhat hnu pakhatin an rawn hruai lut bawk. Hemi hnu hian General leh General Hla Ton chu inkhawmna pindanah chuan an lut ta a. Major Hla Tun chuan General tan file tulte a sawi a. General desk chungah chuan document te chu ka dah a. General chu a chair-a a แนญhut chuan Lieutenant Tun Hla pawh chuan inkhawmna hmun chu a chhuahsan a, a office-ah chuan a muangchang ta a. Chumi ni a inkhawmpuia kalte chu 1. A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a. General Aung San: Vice Chairman a ni ang Department of Defence leh State Department te an ni 2. A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a. Lord Mya: Sum leh pai leh Revenue Department A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a. U 0 Tin – Sumdawnna leh tanpuina Department; 4. A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a. De Dok U Ba Cho – Hriatchhuahna Department A rilru a hah lutuk. Abdul Razak: Zirna leh Ram pum huap ruahmanna department; 6. A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a. Mann Ba Khaing – Department of Industry leh Hnathawktute A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a. Moon Pong Emirate Kye San Tun – Tlang lam thila Department hrang hrang; A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a. U Ba Jam-Rehabilitation Department-ah a awm a A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a. Happy U Mya: Loneihna leh Lo neihna Department; A rilru a hah lutuk. Aung Aung Zan Wai – Mipui rawngbawlna Department A rilru a hah lutuk. U Hyon Maung – Transportation Department-a Deputy Secretary hna thawk tur a ni. Martar tlu tawhte U Hyon Maung chuan a minister Saw San Po Thein chu a zin a, meeting-ah hian a tel thei lo tih a sawi. Department of Transportation chungchangah hian meeting-a thil tulte sawi chhuak tur leh mipui hnena chhanna pe turin ka lo kal a ni. Tun hma chuan rawngbawltu (Kingโs executive council group) te inkhawm hi Governor ngeiin Chairperson atan a lo nei thin a. Aung San-Attali Thuthlung ziah a nih hnuah Burma ram zalenna a awm ta a, Lal Executive Council chu interim sorkar anga kalpui theihna zalenna pek a ni ta a ni. He hun hi Kingโs Executive Council Chairman General Aung San-aโn a kaihruai a ni. General Aung San office-a inkhawmna hmun chu hall lian tak, luhna kawngkhar 3 awmna a ni. Vei lamah chuan U Shwe Bo, interior minister room a awm a. A ding lamah chuan Major General Apo Tao Kwa Bo Tun Hla-a pindan a awm a. He pindan lian tak hmarchhak lam kil khatah hian general hnathawhna desk a awm a. Khawchhak bangah chuan rawngbawltute inkhawmna dawhkan lian tak tak a awm a. Rawngbawltute inkhawmna hmunah chuan dawhkan sei 3 a awm a, “C” pattern tin chung berah pakhat a awm a. A sir lehlamah pakhat theuh dah a ni. A chung lam dawhkan hi feet 10 a sei a ni. Feet 3 a zau, . A lehlamah chuan dawhkan 2 chu feet 18-a sei a ni. Feet 3 vel a zau an ni. Chumi ni inkhawmah chuan general chu dawhkan chung berah a thu a, dinglama dawhkanah chuan Mr. Mya, De Dok U Ba Cho, 2019. Uin Razat a ni U 0 Yin, 1000 a ni. Mann Ba Khaing chu a hma ang bawkin an thu a, . Veilam dawhkan bulah chuan U Ba Jam, . U Aung Zan Wai Sung Bue U Mya leh My Pong Soawgyi Kye San Tun te chu an thu a. Cabinet Secretary U Shwe Bo chuan meeting-ah hian General-in document a mamawh thu a sawi a General veilamah hian folder zawng tura puitu tur desk a awm a. Ruahman dan ang zelin zing dar 10:15 a.m.-ah inkhawm tan a ni a, ministry hrang hrang angin thil pawimawh leh kaihhnawih hrang hrang an sawiho a ni. Chutichuan, ruahmanna ang ngeiin department-a thil awmte chu an sawiho ta a, dar 10:30 velah chuan Transportation department-in an sawiho hun a lo thlen chuan Deputy Secretary ICS U Ohn Maung pawh chu meeting hall-ah a rawn lut a, a bulah chuan a thu a Thakin Mya chu dinglamah table chung berah a awm.General model hmuh tur awm lo tak leh lirthei dum a ni Zing dar 10:10 velah, “Ka zirlaite hi hlawhtling rawh se” tia thusawi tawp lamah chuan Inlang Lake bula U Saw te in atang chuan green jeep a rawn chhuak a, office lam pan chuan a tlan ta a, he jeep hi Thuka Maung-a khalh a ni , U Saw zirtir zinga pakhat leh team member dang Seingyi, Maung Soe, Aung Thetro, Tomigan leh Sungan te chuan an zui tan ta a. Jeep green te tak te, AC/1814 number nei, sipai uniform ha leh 12th Division sakeibaknei badge ha mi 4 phur chu ruah sur nasa tak karah kawngpui lianah a tlan tan ta a ni. Jeep hian chhim lam atanga hmar lam pan chuan Maung Gomari Road (tuna General Aung San Road)-ah a tlan a, Pha Soo Row chung bera clock tower chu a paltlang a. Spa road dang (tuna Bo Aung Kyaw Road) ka thlen chuan dinglam ka hawi a, heta tang hian Fraser Road (tuna Anaw Ratha Road) chu ka pel a, Interior Minister Office chhim lam Gate 0 ka thlen chuan ka tlan hniam a, ka tlan chak hle a Car chu veilamah a her kual a, Interior Minister Office chhungah chuan a lut ta a. Hetih lai hian office pan tur chuan zing dar 10:30 vel a ni tawh a, Gate 0-ah hian official lian leh te car a awm avangin rei vak lo ka nghah a ngai a ni. Chumi hnu chuan zawi zawiin car wheel chu a han her kual a, chhim lam kal tlangin Defence Department lam panin a inher a, chhim thlang lam kilah chuan a ding nghal a, rang takin Sein Gyi, Maung Soe Yan Gyi Aung leh Tha Ro, patrol pheikhawk sei tak ( Canva Shoes) leh Saint Gauntlets leh Tommy Guns 3 ready-a kengte pawh chu car atang chuan zuang chhuakin secretary-te office-ah chuan an tlan lut a, Sein Gyi, Maung Soe, Yan Gyi Aung leh Theth Roo, diamond pakhat ve ve kengte chu an che chhuak ta a Interior Minister office chhim lam atanga general office chhim lam pan chuan room lam pan chuan an kal phei a, room 0-a lo nghaktu lal fapa chu an nawr chhuak a, hmar lam ber kawngka atang chuan minister-te inkhawmna pindan chhungah chuan an lut ta a ni. Zing dar 10:37 a.m. ah hma lam atanga rawn lut Tharo chuan “hey” tiin a au chhuak a, tommy gun kengin general chu a kap tan ta a, chutih rual chuan dawhkan chung bera thu general chuan sawi a tum ta a thil pakhat chu mipui lutte hnenah a sawi a, mahse hun a nei lo.Mi thattu silaimu kah avang chuan general chu hnunglam hawiin a tlu a, chu mi leh chair chu a tlu tan ta a, General dinglama แนญhu minister-te pawh an tlu ta a ni shot at the same time .Tichuan veilamah ka kal ta a. Minister Sung Bue Oo Mya leh Interior Minister U Shwe Bo te chu hliam tuar lovin an tlanchhuak thei a, a chhan chu hmalam a tualthattu hian general hi a kap tan a, a hun takah a hnunglam tukverh atangin a zuang chhuak a, Minister U Ba Jam pawhin U Aung Zan Wai kut a rawn man bawk a ni , kahhlum a nih lai khan a bula awm a ni a, an pahnih hian leiah an tlu a, an nunna nen an tlanchhuak ta a ni. Rawngbawltu dang zawng zawng chu pakhat hnu pakhatin an kap a, an tlu ta hlawm a, ding chungin silai hmetpuaktu tualthattu te chu an bawkkhup a, an kap chhunzawm leh ta a. Random-a an kah hnu chuan mi thattute chu stairs lam pan chuan an tlan ta a. Hetih lai hian mi thattute hi stairs chung ber pindan atang chuan an rawn chhuak a, Prime Minister U Razak-a bodyguard chu an bei ta a ni Ko Htwe chu a hrual tan a, stairs atang chuan a tlan thla a, “Hey, a ta ni lote chu paih bo rawh, lo chhuk rawh!” Sakeibaknei khur lian tak hnuaia car an start hnu chuan an lo nghak rengtu Sukha car-ah chuan an chuang ta a, Spa Road (tuna Bo Aung Kyaw Road) atanga chhuahna kawng chu la in veilamah an inher a. U Saw hian FASPA hruaitu zawng zawng a that vek thei tih ngaihtuah chuan FASPA sorkar chu a tlu dawn a, chuvang chuan team member pakhat Banyunt chu FASPA Federation Vice President leh National Assembly Speaker Thakin Nu thah turin a tir a, mahse Thakin Nu chu a lo kal lo chu ni chuan office-ah a kal a, chuvang chuan thah a nih theihna chance a pumpelh ta a ni. General Aung San leh hruaitu dangte thattuteโn an thah hnua pindan chhunga lut hmasa ber Lieutenant Tun Hla chuan General chu a tluna hmun atang chuan a en a, a rilruah hliam pahnih pathum a nei niin a ngai a. U Mya nen tukverh atanga zuang chhuak Interior Minister Shwe Bo chu engmah a ti na lo. U Aung Zan Wai chu leiah a tla a, a inhliam lova, U Ba Jam chu a veilam sir lamah a kap a, a hliam hi a na hle. Ka ring finger dinglam ah chuan superficial shaft in min rawn deng a. Dik tak chuan chumi ni chuan Ba Jam hian hla taka kal a tum lo. Hei hi a chhan chu Hinthata District a zin atanga a lo haw chauh vang a ni a, khawsik vangin a tha lo deuh a, mahse, chutih lai chuan thil pawimawh tak report a ngai niin a hria a, chuvang chuan inkhawmpuiah chuan tel ve a tum ta a ni. U Ba Jam-in thu a dawn zinga pakhat chu June thla kar tawp lama Base Ordnance Depot (BOC) aแนญanga silai 200 chuang bo chungchangah Galun U Saw chu rinhlelh a nih thu a report a ni. Poles ho hian Garun U Saw thiltih dan hi an hre rei tawh hle a, chubakah sipai hmunpui a security officer pakhat, U Saw te in hmaa in lama cheng Lt. Col. Zanah sipai binoculars hmanga a in atanga a en lai chuan U Saw chu Inn tuipuiah zirtir pali emaw panga emaw nen lawng pakhatah an buai lai a hmu a, governor chuan he thu hi July 18th khan governor secretary Philip Nash kaltlangin a hre tawh a ni. Tin, an beih ni khan Jeep te tak te, mi 5 phurin U Saw te inah a tlan lut a, a chhunga U Saw an hmuh chuan Lt. Col. Gordon Hunt-a ngeiin a hmu a, CID (Criminal Investigation Unit) hnenah an ni tih a report a kut phar chungin “Aung-au-au-au-au” tiin a au chhuak. Chuvang chuan chawhnu lamah Pule detective team leh anti-insurgency team te chuan Inlang lui kamah U Saw te chenna in chu an dap ta a, U Saw zirtir zinga pakhat Myru Ye Donggyi chuan silai a keng a, an theih loh thu a hrechhuak ta a ni do let turin, mahse U Saw chuan an intluk lo tih a hre chiang hle. U Saw in atanga documents British sipaite’n an tihchhiat ralthuam leh ralthuam thenkhat bakah tun hnaia “U Saw Prime Minister” rubber stamp an siam te chu in chhungah leh in bula Inlang Lake-ah hmuh a ni.General Aung San-a thattu U Saw A hnuah General Tun Hla-aโn Myanmar ram vanduaina thlentu inrawlhna ropui tak chungchang a puan chhuah danah, set-gun 200 bo chungchang report hrang hrang a awm lai leh venhimna dinhmun a buaithlak lai, Minister of Interior U Kyaw Nyein London-a a kal lai khan leh Interior Department mawhphurhna a insem a, Burma Tatmadaw chuan Burma Army member pakhat a tir a, general hriat lohvin interior minister-te kawngah a inthup ta a ni. A hnuah General Tun Hla-aโn Myanmar ram vanduaina thlentu inrawlhna ropui tak chungchang a puan chhuah danah, set-gun 200 bo chungchang report hrang hrang a awm lai leh venhimna dinhmun a buaithlak lai, Minister of Interior U Kyaw Nyein London-a a kal lai khan leh Interior Department mawhphurhna a insem a, Burma Tatmadaw chuan Burma Army member pakhat a tir a, general hriat lohvin interior minister-te kawngah a inthup ta a ni. Burma ram vanduaina chungchanga sawi tur chu chu unit atanga sipai pakhat thil neia a chhuah chuan office-a lo kal general chuan a hmu a, U Mya chu he unit hi hnukkir turin thu a pe ta a ni. General Aung San-a’n “Amah that thei tur an awm lo” tia a rinna leh, general-in zalen tak leh rinawm taka nun a duhnain a huat em em a, insignia a lantir chu general-a thinlung thilphalna leh tih tak zetna chu a lungawi lo hle. ” Au chhuak mai mai ka duh.” Hetiang hnam hruaitu ropui tak takte U Saw-in a thah chhan chu London-a inbiakna neih hma thla engemaw zat kalta khan mi pahnih khaki inthuam in U Saw chu silai kengin an kap a ni. He strategy hi Captain Ne Win leh Captain Aung Gyi te ruahman a ni a, U Mya Leung (Pe Phu Thanh Magazine editor hlui) chuan a khalh a ni. Car chhunga chuang Yangon Ba Swe chuan silai a hmetpuak a. Yangon Ba Swe kuta hlan a, kah tura siam chu Battalion Mu Major Ne Win (chutih lai chuan Major Ne Win chu Battalion Mu chauh a la ni) silai ken a ni. He thil hi General Aung San leh Peopleโs Comrade kutchhuak a nih thu ngaihtuahin, U Saw-aโn General leh hruaitute a that a, phuba a la ta niin an sawi. U Saw chuan general-te chu hmelma angin a that lo. General Aung San, U Saw-a’n hmรขn lai “mipa naupang” tia a ngaih kha ram pum hruaitu a lo ni ta a, Myanmar politics stage-ah amah ang politician hluite tan hmun a awm lo tih hi a tan chuan a tuar harsa hle a, chuvangin U Saw-a chuan FASPA hruaitu zawng zawng a paih chhuah theih phawt chuan thuneihna a chang ang tih a ngaihtuah a, chuvang chuan Yangon-a FASPA hruaitu zawng zawng chauh ni lo, tualchhung FASPA hruaitute pawh thah vek a tum ta a ni. Chuvang chuan British thuneitute nena thawhhonaa ralthuam leh ralthuam rukte chu in bula dilah chuan thup a ni. U Saw-in hetiang ruahmanna lian tak a ruahman theih chhan chu imperialist British-ho flattery principle vang chauh a ni a, British conservative politician, sipai leh civil mite chuan an hmelma hlui General Aung San leh FASPA pawlin thuneihna an chang chu an huat em em a ni. Chuvangin Myanmar-in zalenna a hmuh hma khan FASPA sorkar chu paihthlak a ni a, . Burma ram chu thuneihna hnuaia awm tir turin Garun U Saw ang mite nen an inrawlh a.
Martyr’s Day History Kit wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww At 10:37 a.m. on Saturday, July 19, 1947, a coup d’รฉtat took place in the Interior Minister’s Office, in which the ministers of the interim government led by national leader General Aung San, who were sitting in a meeting for the complete liberation of the country from slavery and the reconstruction of Myanmar after the war, were assassinated. The weather in Yangon that day was “The sky has been gloomy and dark since dawn.” Clouds are not seen clearly. The rain looks like a misty ocean. The rain continued to pour without stopping. It rained all day long. Daguntara wrote and recorded. At around 10:00 a.m., General Aung San left his Tawar Gemal residence in a black car RA/2874 with his PA, Lieutenant Tun Hla, to attend the ministerial meeting to be held at the Interior Minister’s Office. At around 10:10, General Kar arrived at the foot of the central stairs of the Interior Minister’s Office and went up to his office on the upper floor where the meeting was to be held, together with Lieutenant Tun Hla. From that day on, the general was not wearing his usual uniform, but wearing a gold cup-colored Van Kunglon tie, It’s unusual to see them dressed in a Burmese style, with Thanakha-colored Mandalay silk and airplane shoes with white sand straps. “The General is so handsome,” U Ba Jam followed. Minister of Transportation Saw Sambothin, who is visiting the Erawati River Delta to hold a meeting in the office of the Minister of Defense. Except for Home Minister U Kyaw Nyein, who is still on his way back from England, and U Tin That, the Minister without a handle on the department, the rest of the cabinet ministers have already arrived. Office Manager U Kha Deputy Secretary of State U Tin Phong and Cabinet Secretary U Shwe Bo are also busy searching for and collecting documents and files needed for the meeting and bringing them one by one to the room where the meeting will be held. After this, the General and General Hla Ton entered the room where the meeting was held. Major Hla Tun said the necessary files for the general. I put the documents on top of the general’s desk. When the general sat down in his chair, Lieutenant Tun Hla also left the meeting hall to his office, and remained calm in his office. Those who attended the meeting that day General Aung San: Vice Chairman Department of Defense and State Department Lord Mya: Department of Finance and Revenue U 0 Tin – Department of Commerce and Support; De Dok U Ba Cho – Department of Information Abdul Razak: Department of Education and National Planning; Mann Ba Khaing – Department of Industry and Labor Moon Pong Emirate Kye San Tun – Department of Mountain Affairs; U Ba Jam-Rehabilitation Department Happy U Mya: Department of Farming and Agriculture; Aung Aung Zan Wai – Public Service Department U Hyon Maung – Deputy Secretary of Transportation Department. Fallen martyrs U Hyon Maung said his minister Saw San Po Thein was traveling and could not attend the meeting. Regarding the Department of Transportation, I am here to present what is needed at the meeting and to answer the public. In the past, the meeting of the ministers (King’s executive council groups) was held by the governor himself as the chairperson. After the signing of the Aung San-Attali Treaty, Burma’s independence was guaranteed, and the King’s Executive Council was given the freedom to operate as an interim government. General Aung San, Chairman of the King’s Executive Council, presided over the event. General Aung San’s office where the meeting was held was a large hall with 3 doors to enter. On the left is the room of U Shwe Bo, the interior minister. On the right side, there are the rooms of Major General Apo Tao Kwa Bo Tun Hla. In the northeast corner of this large room, there is a desk where the general works. On the south wall, there are large tables where ministers hold meetings. In the meeting place of the ministers, there are 3 long tables, one at the top of each “C” pattern. Placed one on each side. The top table is 10 feet long. 3 feet wide, On the other side, 2 tables are 18 feet long. They are about 3 feet wide. At the meeting that day, the general was sitting at the top of the table, and at the table to the right were Mr. Mya, De Dok U Ba Cho, Uin Razat U 0 Yin, Mann Ba Khaing were sitting as usual, At the table on the left, U Ba Jam, U Aung Zan Wai Sung Bue U Mya and My Pong Soawgyi Kye San Tun are sitting. Cabinet Secretary U Shwe Bo said at the meeting that the documents needed by the General There is a desk to the left of the general to help you find folders. The meeting started at 10:15 a.m. according to the plan, and they discussed important and relevant issues according to the ministries. Thus, the issues of the department were discussed according to the plan. At about 10:30, when it was the turn of the transportation department to discuss the issues, Deputy Secretary ICS U Ohn Maung also came into the meeting hall and sat next to Thakin Mya at the top of the table on the right. A rare general model and a black vehicle At around 10:10 in the morning, at the end of the speech, “Let my students be successful,” a green jeep came out of U Saw’s house next to Inlang Lake and drove towards the office. This jeep was driven by Thuka Maung, one of U Saw’s disciples, and other members of the team, Seingyi, Maung Soe, Aung Thetro, Tomigan, and Sunggan started to accompany him. A small green jeep with the number AC/1814, carrying 4 people wearing military uniforms and wearing the lion badge of the 12th Division, started running on the main road in the pouring rain. The jeep drove from west to east along Maung Gomari Road (now General Aung San Road), passing the clock tower at the top of Pha Soo Row. When I reached the next Spa road (now Bo Aung Kyaw Road), I turned right. From here, I crossed Fraser Road (now Anaw Ratha Road), and when I reached Gate 0 south of the Interior Minister’s Office, I slowed down and turned the car to the left to enter the Interior Minister’s Office. At this time, it was about 10:30 a.m. to go to the office, so I had to wait a while at Gate 0 because there were cars of big and small officials. After that, he slowly turned the wheel of the car, turned towards the Defense Department through the west side, and stopped at the southwest corner. Immediately, Sein Gyi, Maung Soe Yan Gyi Aung and Tha Ro, who were wearing long patrol shoes (Canva Shoes) and holding Saint Gauntlets and 3 Tommy Guns at the ready, also jumped out of the car and ran into the office of the secretaries. Sein Gyi, Maung Soe, Yan Gyi Aung, and Theth Roo, each holding a diamond, moved from the south of the Interior Minister’s office to the north of the general’s office. They walked over to the room and pushed away the prince who was waiting in room 0 and entered the room where the ministers were meeting through the northernmost door. At 10:37 a.m., Tharo, who came in from the front, yelled “hey” and started shooting at the general with the tommy gun in his hand. At the same time, the general sitting at the top of the table tried to say something to the people who entered, but he didn’t have time. Due to the bullets fired by the killer, the general fell backwards, and the person and the chair began to collapse. The ministers sitting to the right of the general were also shot at the same time . Then I moved to the left. Minister Sung Bue Oo Mya and Interior Minister U Shwe Bo were able to escape unhurt because the murderer in the front started shooting at the general and jumped out of the back window in time. Minister U Ba Jam also grabbed the hand of U Aung Zan Wai, who was next to him when he was shot, and the two of them escaped with their lives as they fell to the floor. The rest of the ministers were shot one by one and fell to pieces. Then the killers who were shooting standing up knelt down and continued to fire again. After shooting at random, the killers ran towards the stairs. At this time, the killers came out of the room at the top of the stairs and attacked the bodyguard of Prime Minister U Razak Ko Htwe started to stir and ran down the stairs screaming, “Hey, get rid of those who don’t belong, come down!” After starting the car under the big elephant hole, they got into Sukha’s car, which was waiting for them. They took the exit of Spa Road (now Bo Aung Kyaw Road) and turned left. Considering that U Saw could assassinate all of the FASPA leadership, the FASPA government would fall, so he sent a member of the team, Banyunt, to assassinate the FASPA Federation Vice President and the National Assembly Speaker Thakin Nu, but Thakin Nu did not come to office that day, so he escaped the chance of being assassinated. Lieutenant Tun Hla, who was the first to enter the room after the assassination of General Aung San and the other leaders by the killers, looked at the general from where he fell and thought he had two or three wounds in the chest. Interior Minister Shwe Bo, who jumped out of the window with U Mya, was not harmed at all. U Aung Zan Wai, who fell to the floor, was not injured, but U Ba Jam was shot in the left side. I was hit by a superficial shaft on my right ring finger. In fact, Ba Jam did not intend to go far that day. This was because he had just returned from a trip to Hinthata District and was feeling a bit unwell with a cold. However, he felt that he needed to report something important at the time, so he tried to attend the meeting. One of the news that U Ba Jam received was to report that the culprit behind the disappearance of more than 200 bringing guns from the Base Ordnance Depot (BOC) during the last week of June was Galun U Saw. The Poles have been aware of Garun U Saw’s activities for a long time. Furthermore, Lt. Col. Gordon Hunt, a security officer at the military headquarters who lives in the house opposite U Saw’s house, was suspicious of U Saw’s murders. Watching from his home at night with military binoculars, he saw U Saw with four or five disciples busy with a boat in the waters of the Inlang, and the governor already knew about this news on July 18th through the governor’s secretary Philip Nash. In addition, on the day of the attack, a small jeep carrying 5 people ran into U Saw’s house. When they met U Saw inside, Lt. Col. Gordon Hunt himself saw and reported to CID. Therefore, in the afternoon, the Pule detective team and the anti-insurgency team joined forces to search U Saw’s home on the banks of Lake Inlang. One of U Saw’s disciples, Myru Ye Donggyi, wielded a gun and realized that they were not able to fight back. Documents from U Saw’s house Some of the weapons and ammunitions that were destroyed by the British army along with the “U Saw Prime Minister” rubber stamps that were made recently were found in the house and in the Inlang Lake near the house. U Saw, the assassin of General Aung San Later, according to General Tun Hla’s revelations about the great conspiracy that caused the misfortune of Myanmar, when there were various reports about the disappearance of 200 set-guns and the security situation was worried, when the Minister of Interior U Kyaw Nyein went to London and shared the responsibilities of the Interior Department, the Burmese Tatmadaw sent a member of the Burmese Army and hid in the way of the interior ministers without knowing the general. Later, according to General Tun Hla’s revelations about the great conspiracy that caused the misfortune of Myanmar, when there were various reports about the disappearance of 200 set-guns and the security situation was worried, when the Minister of Interior U Kyaw Nyein went to London and shared the responsibilities of the Interior Department, the Burmese Tatmadaw sent a member of the Burmese Army and hid in the way of the interior ministers without knowing the general. The thing that should be mentioned about the misfortune of Burma is that when a soldier from that unit went out with a matter, the general who was coming to the office saw him and ordered U Mya to withdraw this unit. General Aung San’s belief that “there is no one who can kill him” and his display of insignia, disgusted by the general’s desire to live freely and honestly, was not satisfied with the generosity and sincerity of the general’s heart. ” I just wanted to scream. The reason for U Saw’s assassination of such great national leaders is that a few months before the London talks, two men dressed in khaki shot U Saw with a gun. This strategy was planned by Captain Ne Win and Captain Aung Gyi, driven by U Mya Leung (former editor of Pe Phu Thanh Magazine). Yangon Ba Swe, who was in the car, opened fire. The gun that was handed to Yangon Ba Swe and made to shoot was the gun held by Battalion Mu Major Ne Win (at that time, Major Ne Win was still only Battalion Mu). Considering that this matter was the handiwork of General Aung San and the People’s Comrade, they said that U Saw assassinated the generals and leaders and took revenge. U Saw did not assassinate the generals as enemies. General Aung San, whom U Saw once considered a “boy”, became the country’s national leader, and it is difficult for him to cope with the fact that there is no place for old politicians like him on the Myanmar political stage. Therefore, U Saw thought that he would only get power if he could remove all the FASPA leaders, so he planned to assassinate not only all the FASPA leaders in Yangon, but also the local FASPA leaders. Therefore, the weapons and ammunition stolen in cooperation with the British authorities were hidden in the lake near the house. The fact that U Saw was able to plan such a big plan was only because of the flattery principle of the imperialist British. British conservative politicians, military and civilian people were jealous of their former enemy General Aung San and the FASPA organization being in power. Therefore, before Myanmar gained its independence, the FASPA government was overthrown, They conspired with people like Garun U Saw to keep Burma under the dominion.Credit Martarte wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww July 19, 1947,
The ancient Homo-sapien-sapiens (modern man) began to leave Africa around 60,000 BC. There were two great migrations of these Africans in the East. The “first” (OOA) migration saw straight-haired black people cutting a path along the coast of Asia and jumping across the Indian Ocean to Australia – the “islands” – the Australian Aborigine (see below). Then the remnants, called “Luzia” in Brazil, went to South America. The second (OOA) migration event saw blacks from Africa. some with straight hair and Mongolian features (see Aung San people below); They followed the “inland route” through southern Asia and into China where they settled (about 50 BC to 45,000 BC). Included in this group Straight-haired black people without Mongol features are called “Dravidians” who lived close to Africa and settled in India and other parts of South Asia (see below). Continue to Zhoukoudian Cave, where the “Peking Man” was found The Peking Man was found in the “lower floor” and there was also the “upper level”. The cave above The upper part of the Dragon Bone Hill is several layers above the Peking Man. This cave was discovered in 1930 and excavated from 1933-34, during which the roof and north-facing openings were removed. Excavations have found evidence of human habitation in the cave 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. The cave is divided into living quarters on the upper floor and a burial ground on the lower level, and a small stream in the lower floor acts as a natural animal trap. The excavation included three human skulls and other remains from at least eight individuals identified as Archaic Homo sapiens. A white powder was sprinkled around the remains on the ground floor, indicating burial by the townspeople. In 1934, German-Jewish anthropologist Franz Weidenreich became honorary director of the laboratory, and in 1936 three more skulls were unearthed. In all, the excavations unearthed 200 human remains, including 5 skulls from more than 40 individuals. In 1937, with the Japanese invasion of China. In 1941, many discoveries were lost, never to be recovered, and sent to safety. Fortunately, Weidenreich made copies of the fossils to preserve their physical characteristics. (We know Albinos and accept them with caution. Weidenreich (1939) cites researchers as suggesting that Upper Cave skeletons provide the earliest evidence for the presence of modern humans in East Asia. What puzzled Weidenreich were the three crania; 101 The difference between 102 and 103 and the lack of a clearly defined East Asian skeleton. When the racial affinities of these crania 101 were discussed, Mongoloid 102 and Melanesian 103 and Eskimo in origin were assumed. This conclusion has been discussed in some detail by several authors, particularly the evolutionary history of East Asia (Coon 1962; Kaminga and Wright1988; Wolpoff et al. 1984; Wu 1960, 1961). Unfortunately, The original specimens, together with the Locality 1 Homo erectus material, were lost in 1941 (Shapiro 1976) and can now only be studied as casts. Of the three Cave 101 above, the “Old Man” was studied in more detail due to its better preservation and clear adult appearance. Compared to modern East Asians, the thorax is very long and low, with a receding anterior face and a marked angulation in the occipital region. The forehead is broad and the upper region is well developed. The nasal bones are pressed together by a high bridge. The nose is more prominent than is common among East Asians. Orbits relatively low and rectangular; It is a common feature in terminal Pleistocene and Neolithic crania from many parts of the world. East Asia The lower part of the nasal aperture is torn, as is customary among Australians and sub-Saharan Africans.แแพแฑแธแแฑแแบ Homo-sapien-sapiens (แแฑแแบแแ แบแแฐแแฌแธ) แแแบ แแฎแ แฎ 60,000 แแแทแบแแฝแแบ แกแฌแแแญแแแพ แแฝแแบแแฝแฌแแฌแแฒแทแแแบแ แกแแพแฑแทแแญแฏแแบแธแแฝแแบ แคแกแฌแแแญแแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแ แแฝแพแฑแทแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฑแแญแฏแแบแแพแฏแแผแฎแธ แแพแ แบแแฏแแพแญแแแบแ “แแแแแฏแถแธ” (OOA) แแฝแพแฑแทแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแฑแแญแฏแแบแแพแฏแแแบ แกแฌแแพแแแบแธแแญแฏแธแแแบแธแแ แบแแปแพแฑแฌแแบ แแถแแแบแแผแฑแฌแแทแบแแฌแธแแฑแฌ แแฐแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแผแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแผแฎแธ แกแญแแนแแญแแแแฏแแนแแแฌแแญแฏแแผแแบแแฌ แแผแ แแผแฑแธแแปแแญแฏแท แแฏแแบแแแบแธแแฌ “แแปแฝแแบแธแแปแฌแธ” – Australian Aborigine (แกแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบแแผแแทแบแแซ)แ แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบ แแแฌแแฎแธแแพแญ Luzia แแฏแแฑแซแบแแฑแฌ แกแแผแฝแแบแธแกแแปแแบแแปแฌแธแแแบ แแฑแฌแแบแกแแฑแแญแแแญแฏแท แแฝแฌแธแแผแแแบแ แแฏแแญแ (OOA) แแฝแพแฑแทแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแกแแผแฑแแปแแพแฏแแผแ แบแแแบแแฝแแบ แกแฌแแแญแแแพ แแฐแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแฝแฑแทแแฒแทแแแแบแ แแถแแแบแแผแฑแฌแแทแบแแผแฎแธ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแแฎแธแแฌแธแกแแฝแแบแแผแแทแบ แกแแปแญแฏแท (แแญแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแกแฑแฌแแบแแแบแธแแญแฏ แกแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบแแผแแทแบแแซ)แ แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแแแบ แกแฌแแพแแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแญแฏแแผแแบแ โแแฏแแบแธแแฝแแบแธแแแบแธแแผแฑแฌแแบแธโ แแพแแทแบ แแแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแถแแญแฏแท แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแกแแผแฑแแปแแฑแแญแฏแแบแแฌ (แแฎแ แฎ 50 แแพ 45,000 แแฎแ แฎแแแทแบ) แแญแฏ แแญแฏแแบแแผแแแบแ แคแกแแฝแฒแทแแฝแแบ แแฝแแบแแญแฏแกแแฝแแบแกแแผแแบแแแพแญแแฒ แแถแแแบแแผแฑแฌแแทแบแแฌแธแแฑแฌ แแฐแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แกแฌแแแญแแแพแแทแบ แแฎแธแแแบแ แฝแฌแแฑแแญแฏแแบแแผแฎแธ แกแญแแนแแญแแแพแแทแบ แแฑแฌแแบแกแฌแแพแ แกแแผแฌแธแแฑแแฌแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบ แกแแผแฑแแปแแฑแแญแฏแแบแแฑแฌ “Dravidians” แแฏแแฑแซแบแแแบแ “แแฎแแแบแธแแฐแแฌแธ” แแญแฏแแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแฒแทแแแทแบ Zhoukoudian แแฐแแญแฏแท แแแบแแฝแฌแธแแซแ แแฎแแแบแธแแฐแแฌแธแแญแฏ แกแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแแผแฎแธ แกแแแบแกแแแทแบแแแบแธ แแพแญแแฑแธแแแบแ แกแแฑแซแบแ แแญแฏแแบแแฐ Dragon Bone Hill แ แกแแฑแซแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบ Peking Man แกแแแบแแฝแแบ แกแแฝแพแฌแแปแฌแธแ แฝแฌแแพแญแแแบแ แคแแพแญแฏแแบแแฐแแญแฏ 1930 แแฏแแพแ แบแแฝแแบ แแพแฌแแฝแฑแแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแฒแทแแผแฎแธ 1933-34 แแฏแแพแ แบแแพ แแฐแธแแฑแฌแบแแฒแทแแผแฎแธ แกแแญแฏแธแแพแแทแบ แแผแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแปแแบแแพแฌแ แฌ แกแแฑแซแแบแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแแบแแพแฌแธแแฒแทแแแบแ แแฝแแบแแฒแทแแฑแฌแแพแ แบแแฑแซแแบแธ 10,000 แแพ 20,000 แกแแฝแแบแธ แแฐแแฒแแฝแแบ แแฐแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแแฑแแญแฏแแบแแแทแบ แกแแฑแฌแแบแกแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแฐแธแแฑแฌแบแแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแฒแทแแแบแ แแพแญแฏแแบแแฐแกแฌแธ แกแแฑแซแบแแแบแแพแญ แแฐแแฑแแแบแแฝแแบแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แกแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แแแบแนแแปแญแฏแแบแธแแผแฑแกแแผแ แบ แแญแฏแแบแธแแผแฌแธแแฌแธแแผแฎแธ แกแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแพแญ แ แแบแธแแปแฑแฌแแบแธแแแบแแแบ แแแฌแแแญแแ แนแแฌแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแปแฑแฌแแบแกแแผแ แบ แแฏแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแ แแฐแธแแฑแฌแบแแพแฏแแฝแแบ Archaic Homo sapiens แแฏ แแแบแแพแแบแแถแแแฐ แกแแแบแธแแฏแถแธ แแพแ แบแฆแธแแพ แแฐแฆแธแแฑแซแแบแธแแฝแถ แ แแฏแแพแแทแบ แกแแผแฌแธแกแแผแฝแแบแธแกแแปแแบแแปแฌแธ แแซแแแบแแแบแ แแผแฑแแฎแแแบแแพแญ แกแแผแฝแแบแธแกแแปแแบ แแแบแแแบแแฝแแบ แกแแผแฐแแฑแฌแแบแกแแพแฏแแทแบแแญแฏ แแผแแบแธแแฌแธแแแผแแทแบ แแผแญแฏแทแแฐแแผแญแฏแทแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแ แแแบแนแแผแญแฏแแบแแผแฑแฌแแบแธ แแฝแพแแบแแผแแแบแ 1934 แแฏแแพแ แบแแฝแแบ แแปแฌแแแบ-แแปแฐแธ แแแฏแฟแแฑแแแแฌแแพแแบ Franz Weidenreich แแแบ แแฌแแบแแฝแฒแแแบแธแ แแฏแแบแแฐแธแแฑแฌแแบแแซแแญแฏแแบแแฌ แแผแ แบแแฌแแฒแทแแผแฎแธ 1936 แแฏแแพแ แบแแฝแแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบ แฆแธแแฑแซแแบแธแแฝแถแแฏแถแธแแฏแถแธแแญแฏ แแฐแธแแฑแฌแบแแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแฒแทแแแบแ แแฐแธแแฑแฌแบแแพแฏแแฝแแบ แแฐ แแ แแปแฑแฌแบแ แฆแธแแฑแซแแบแธแแฝแถ แ แแฏ แกแแซแกแแแบ แแฐแกแแผแฝแแบแธแกแแปแแบ แแแ แแญแฏ แแฐแธแแฑแฌแบแแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแฒแทแแแบแ 1937 แแฏแแพแ แบแแฝแแบ แแปแแแบแแปแฐแธแแปแฑแฌแบแแพแฏแแพแแทแบแกแแฐ แแแฏแแบแ 1941 แแฏแแพแ แบแแฝแแบ แแพแฌแแฝแฑแแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแพแฏ แกแแปแฌแธแกแแผแฌแธ แแปแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแฝแฌแธแแฒแทแแผแฎแธ แแผแแบแแแบแแแพแญแแแบ แแแพแญแแฑแฌแทแแฒ แแฑแธแแฝแแบแแฌแแญแฏแท แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบแแฒแทแแแบแ แแถแแฑแฌแแบแธแแฑแฌแแบแแ แฝแฌแ Weidenreich แแแบ แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแ แแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแฌแแแนแแแฌแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแญแแบแธแแญแแบแธแแแบ แแปแฑแฌแแบแแผแ แบแแฏแแบแแผแฝแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแญแแนแแฐแแผแฏแแฏแแบแแฒแทแแแบแ (แแปแฝแแบแฏแแบแแญแฏแทแแแบ Albinos แแญแฏแแญแแผแฎแธ แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแแญแฏ แแแญแแผแแทแบแแแบแแถแแซแ Weidenreich (1939) แ แกแแแบแแฐแกแแญแฏแธแ แฏแแปแฌแธแแแบ แกแแพแฑแทแกแฌแแพแแฝแแบ แแฑแแบแแฎแแฐแแฌแธแแปแฌแธ แแพแญแแฑแแผแแบแธแกแแฝแแบ แกแ แฑแฌแแฏแถแธ แแแบแแฑแกแแฑแฌแแบแกแแฌแธแแปแฌแธ แแฑแธแ แฝแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแแบแแฏ แแฏแแฑแแฎแแปแฌแธแกแฌแธ แแญแฏแธแแฌแธแแฑแฌแบแแผแแแบแ Weidenreich แแแบ crania แแฏแถแธแแฏแแญแฏ แกแถแทแแผแแฝแฌแธแ แฑแแแบ แ 101 102 แแพแแทแบ 103 แกแแผแฌแธ แแผแฌแธแแฌแธแแปแแบ แแพแแทแบ แกแแพแฑแทแกแฌแแพ แกแแญแฏแธแ แฏ แแ แบแแฏ แแผแแบแแผแแบแแฌแธแแฌแธ แแแบแแพแแบแแญแฏแแบแแผแแบแธ แแแพแญแแผแแบแธแ แค crania 101 แ แแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแฑแธแกแ แแแบแ แแบแแพแฏแแญแฏ แแฝแฑแธแแฝแฑแธแแฑแฌแกแแซแแฝแแบ Mongoloid 102 แแพแแทแบ Melanesian 103 แแพแแทแบ Eskimo แแญแฏแทแ แแฐแแกแ แแฏ แแฐแแแแแบแ แคแแฑแฌแแบแแปแแบแแญแฏ แ แฌแแฑแธแแแฌแแปแฌแธแ แฝแฌแ แกแแฐแธแแแผแแทแบ แกแแพแฑแทแกแฌแแพแ แแแทแบแแฒแแผแ แบแ แแบแแแญแฏแแบแธ (Coon 1962; Kaminga and Wright1988; Wolpoff et al. 1984; Wu 1960แ 1961) แแพ แคแแญแแฏแถแธแแปแฏแแบแแปแแบแแญแฏ แกแแปแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแ แฌแแฑแธแแแฌแแปแฌแธแ แกแแฑแธแ แญแแบ แแฝแฑแธแแฝแฑแธแแฌแธแแซแแแบแ แแถแแแฑแฌแแบแธแ แฝแฌแแผแแทแบแ Locality 1 Homo erectus material แแพแแทแบแกแแฐ แแฐแแแบแธแแแฐแแฌแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ 1941 (Shapiro 1976) แแฝแแบ แแปแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแฝแฌแธแแฒแทแแผแฎแธ แแแฏแกแแซ cast แกแแผแ แบแแฌแแฑแทแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแผแฎแแผแ แบแแแบแ แกแแแบแแฐ 101 แแฏแถแธแแฏแกแแแบแแพ “แกแแญแฏแธแกแญแฏ” แแแบ แแแบแธแแแญแฏแแญแฏแแฑแฌแแบแธแแฝแแบแแฑแฌแแญแแบแธแแญแแบแธแแพแฏแแพแแทแบ แแพแแบแธแแพแแบแธแแแบแธแแแบแธ แกแแฝแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแผแฎแธแแฐแแผแ แบแแผแแบแธแแผแฑแฌแแทแบ แแญแฏแแญแฏแกแแฑแธแ แญแแบแแฑแทแแฌแแฒแทแแแบแ แแฑแแบแแ แบแกแแพแฑแทแกแฌแแพแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแพแญแฏแแบแธแแพแแบแแปแพแแบ แแแบแแฑแซแแบแธแกแแฝแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบ แกแแฝแแบแแพแแบแแปแฌแธแแผแฎแธ แแญแแทแบแแซแธแแฌ แแฏแแบแแฏแแบแแฑแแฑแฌ แกแแพแฑแทแแแบแแปแแบแแพแฌแ แฌแแพแแทแบ occipital แแฑแแแฝแแบ แกแแพแแบแกแแฌแธแแผแฏแแฌแธแแฑแฌ angulation แแพแญแแแบแ แแแฐแธแแแบ แแปแแบแแแบแธแแผแฎแธ แกแแฑแซแบแแถแแฑแ แแฑแฌแแบแธแ แฝแฌแแฝแถแทแแผแญแฏแธแแแบแ แแพแฌแแฑแซแแบแธแแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแแแบ แแผแแทแบแแฌแธแแฑแฌแแถแแฌแธแแผแแทแบ แแญแแญแแผแแผแฎแธแ แกแแพแฑแทแกแฌแแพแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแฑแแญแฏแแบแแฑแทแแพแญแแแบแแแบ แแพแฌแแฑแซแแบแธแแแบ แแญแฏแแแแบแแพแฌแธแแซแแแบแ แแแบแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแแบ แกแแฑแฌแบแแฑแธแแญแแทแบแแผแฎแธ แแฑแฌแแทแบแแพแแบแ แแฏแแถแแผแ แบแแผแฎแธแ แแแบแธแแแบ แแแนแแฌแทแแฑแแฌแกแแฑแฌแบแแปแฌแธแแปแฌแธแแพ terminal Pleistocene แแพแแทแบ Neolithic crania แแญแฏแทแแฝแแบ แแฏแถแกแแบแนแแซแแแบแแ แบแแฏแแผแ แบแแแบแ แกแแพแฑแทแกแฌแแพแ แฉแ แแผแฑแธแแป แกแแฝแแบแแฝแฌแธแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแฌแแฌแ แกแฌแแแญแแแบแแปแฌแธแแผแฌแธ แแแฑแทแแฏแถแธแแแบแธแกแ แแพแฌแแฑแซแแบแธ แกแแแบแธแแแบแแฑแซแแบแ แกแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบ แ แฏแแบแแผแแบแแฑแแแบแHmanlai Homo-sapien-sapiens (tunlai mihring) hian BC 60,000 vel khan Africa ram a chhuahsan tan a. Khawchhak lamah heng Africa mite hi pem chhuahna ropui tak pahnih a awm a. “First” (OOA) migration-ah khan mipa sam sei tak takte chuan Asia tuipui kamah kawngpui an tikehsawm a, Indian Ocean atanga Australia – “islands” – Australian Aborigine (a hnuaia mi hi en la) pan turin an zuang thla a ni. Tichuan, a la awmte, Brazil rama “Luzia” tia koh chu South America-ah an kal ta a ni. Migration event pahnihna (OOA)-ah hian Africa atanga mipa hring an awm a ni. แนญhenkhat chu sam sei tak leh Mongolian hmel nei (a hnuaia Aung San mite en rawh); Asia khawthlang lam kaltlangin “inland route” an zawh a, China ramah an lut a, chutah chuan an awm ta a ni (BC 50 atanga BC 45,000 vel). He pawla telte hi Mongol hmel nei lo, sam sei dum, Africa ram hnaih taka awm, India leh South Asia hmun danga awm, “Dravidian” tia koh an ni (a hnuaia mi hi en la). Zhoukoudian Cave thlengin kal zel la, chutah chuan “Peking Man” an hmu a ni Peking Man hi “lower floor” ah hmuh a ni a, “upper level” pawh a awm bawk. A chunga lungpui chu Dragon Bone Hill chunglam hi Peking Man chungah layer engemaw zat a awm a. He lungpui hi kum 1930 khan hmuhchhuah a ni a, kum 1933-34 chhung khan laihchhuah a ni a, chutih lai chuan a chung leh hmar lam hawia hawnna te chu lakchhuah a ni. Puk laihchhuahnaah hian kum 10,000 atanga kum 20,000 kalta khan he lungpui chhungah hian mihring an cheng tih finfiahna an hmuchhuak a ni. He lungpui hi a chung lamah chenna hmun leh a hnuai lamah phumna hmunah แนญhen a ni a, a hnuai lama lui te tak te chu natural animal trap angin a thawk bawk. He lai laihchhuahnaah hian mihring luruh pathum leh Archaic Homo sapiens tia hriat mi pariat tal aแนญanga thil awm dangte a tel a ni. Ground floor-ah chuan a ruang vel chu powder dum an theh a, hei hian khawpui mipuite phum an nih thu a tarlang. Kum 1934 khan German-Jewish anthropologist Franz Weidenreich chu laboratory-a honorary director a ni a, kum 1936 khan luruh pathum dang an lai chhuak leh bawk. A vaiin an laihchhuahnaah hian mihring ruhro 200 an hmuchhuak a, heng zingah hian mimal 40 chuangin luruh 5 an hmuchhuak a ni. Kum 1937 khan Japan-in China an rawn beih lai khan. Kum 1941 khan thil hmuhchhuah tam tak a bo a, hmuh chhuah ngai loh, himna hmunah thawn a ni. Vanneihthlak takin Weidenreich chuan an taksa pianphung humhalh nan fossils te hi copy a siam a. Albino hi kan hre chiang a, fimkhur takin kan pawm bawk. Weidenreich (1939) chuan zirchiangtute chu Upper Cave ruhro hian Asia hmar lama tunlai mihring awm dan finfiahna hmasa ber a pe niin an sawi niin a sawi. Weidenreich-a tibuaitu chu crania pathumte kha a ni a; 101 102 leh 103 inthlauhna leh East Asian skeleton chiang taka tarlan loh. Heng crania 101 te hi chi inthliarna chungchang sawiho a nih chuan Mongoloid 102 leh Melanesian 103 leh Eskimo in origin an ti a. He thutlukna hi ziaktu engemaw zatin chipchiar takin an sawiho a, a bik takin Asia chhim lam evolutionary history (Coon 1962; Kaminga leh Wright1988; Wolpoff et al. 1984; Wu 1960, 1961). Vanduaithlak takin, The original specimens, Locality 1 Homo erectus materialnen chuan kum 1941 khan an bo a (Shapiro 1976) tunah chuan cast angin chauh zir chian theih a ni tawh. A chunga Cave 101 pathum zingah hian “Old Man” hi a humhalh tha zawk leh puitling hmel chiang zawk a nih avangin chipchiar zawkin zirchian a ni. Tunlai East Asian-te nena khaikhin chuan thorax hi a sei hle a, a hniam hle bawk a, hmalam hmalam chu a hnungtawlh a, occipital region-ah chuan marked angulation a awm bawk. A hmai a zau a, a chung lam pawh a lo thang tha hle. Hnar ruhte chu bridge sang takin an press khawm a. East Asia mite zingah chuan hnar hi a langsar zawk a ni. Orbit a hniam deuh a, rectangular a ni bawk; Khawvel hmun hrang hrang atanga terminal Pleistocene leh Neolithic crania-a awm fo thin a ni. East Asia Australia leh sub-Saharan African-te tih dan angin hnar kawng hnuai lam chu a chhe vek a ni.แแพแฑแธแแฑแแบ แแฐแแแบแธ แแแฏแแบ- แแฝแแบแแญแฏแ แแปแญแฏแธแแฒแทแแฑแฌ Ainuแ Jomon แแพแแทแบ Huns แแพแฑแธแแฑแฌแแบแธแแแนแแฌแทแแแญแฏแแบแธ- แแแนแแฌแทแแฐแแแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแปแฌแธแกแฌแธแแฏแถแธแแญแฏ แกแแปแญแแบแแพแแทแบแแ แบแแผแฑแธแแฎแแฑแซแแบแธแ แแบแแฌแธแแฑแฌ แแแญแฏแแบแธแแพแแทแบ แ แฌแกแฏแแบแแฏแถแ แถ- แแแฏแแบ โฆ.
Hmanlai China mipa hring: Mongol; broken Ainu, The Jomon and the Huns Khawvel Hmanlai chanchin: Khawvel Civilizations Original zawng zawngte Chronological Synthesis History leh Lehkhabu Format: Chinese โฆ Less.
Mongol Empire hi khawvel chanchina empire lian ber pahnihna a ni a, ram zau zawng chu square kilometer maktaduai 33 a ni. Mongol (Mongol) hi tunlai hian ram hmarchhak biala hnam hrang hrang an ni a, Mongol lal Genghis Khan (1162-1227) chuan Mongol Empire (Mongol Empire) a din thei a, khawvel history-a lian ber pahnihna a ni dawn a, inkar 1206 – 1368 inkar a ni. Great Mongol Empire-ah chuan Japan Tuipui atanga Central Asia, Central Europe, Siberia, Indochina, Iran leh Far East thlengin a awm a Europe hmar lam, hmar lam, leh Asia chhim thlang lam te a huam a ni. He bial pumpui hi Euroasia tia koh a ni a, Mongol hovin Europe leh Asia thlunzawmna Silk Road hmingthang tak an siam a, Pagan hunlai khan kum 1287 atang khan Mongol hovin Burma ram an rawn bei a. Mongol Empire-ah hian khawvela sakhaw lian ber ber, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, leh Taoism te pawh a tel a, Turkish, Persian, Mongolian, leh regional language leh culture dangte pawh a awm a, kum 1279-a khawvel map i en chuan i hmu ang Mongol Empire ropuizia a ni. Ref: Wikipedia atanga lo chhuak a ni Lwin Oo (Yanking) chuan a rawn ti a. lwinooyankin tih a niโฆ.
The Mongol Empire was the second largest empire in the history of the world and had a land area of 33 million square kilometers. Mongol (Mongol) is an ethnic group in the northeastern part of the country today. The Mongol king Genghis Khan (1162-1227) was able to establish the Mongol Empire (Mongol Empire), which will become the second largest in world history, between 1206 – 1368. In the Great Mongol Empire, from the Sea of Japan to Central Asia, Central Europe, Siberia, Indochina, Iran, and the Far East Includes North, Eastern Europe, and Southwest Asia. This entire region is called Euroasia. The Mongols built the famous Silk Road connecting Europe and Asia. The Mongols invaded Burma from 1287 in the Pagan era. The Mongol Empire included the world’s major religions, such as Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and Taoism. There were Turkish, Persian, Mongolian, and other regional languages and cultures. If you look at the world map of 1279, you will see the greatness of the Mongol Empire. Ref: Wikipedia Lwin Oo (Yanking) lwinooyankin
Kachin Dumsa H&S chu a incheina zawng zawng nen Kachin narrative leh sakhaw nunphung hi kum 1890 chho thleng khan thusawi vek a ni a, chutih lai chuan standardized Jainpho script-a record tum hmasak ber a ni. He culture chhunga mimal thiam ber berte chu Joiwa dumsa puithiam leh thawnthu ziaktute an ni a, thlarau sang tak takte nen darkar tam tak chhung inbiakna an nei thei a, hei hi Namjin Dua-a Mana Festival-a hmuh theih a ni. Green-a hun lai pawh khan joiwa ropui tak hmuh a har a, vawiinah chuan he hriatna nei hi kutdawh tlemte chauh an la awm. Thu lakna: Frontier Photographs atanga lak a ni.
Kachin Dumsa H&S in all its decorations The Kachin narrative and religious culture was entirely oral until the 1890s, when the first attempt was made to record it in a standardized Jainpho script. The most talented individuals within this culture are the black Joiwa priests and storytellers, who can hold hours of conversation with high spirits, as can be seen at the Mana Festival at Namjin Dua. Even in Greenโs day, it was hard to find a great joiwa, and today there are only a handful left with this knowledge. Source: Frontier Photographs.
Pumtek tih thumal hi Chin tawngin โburied thunderboltโ tihna a ni a, tunah hian he lungphun cheimawi pawl danglam tak hming hman lar ber a ni. Pumtek hmasa berte hi hmanlai hun laia Pyu/Tircul hunlai (a nih loh leh a hma deuh deuh) vela siam niin an ngai. An pianzia leh lian leh te pawh a inang lo thei a, cheimawina chi hrang hrang an pholang thei bawk. Decoration tin chu kut hmanga hnawih a ni a, beads te chu heat treated niin design chu lung chhungah a lut thei a ni. Chutiang motif awmzia dik tak chu hmanlai hunah chuan a bo tawh a ni. Design thenkhat chu India emaw Tibet emawa lungphun cheimawi tak tak hmuh chhuah atanga siam a ni mai thei a, mahse, tam tak chu Burma rama Pumtek beads hmuh chhuah te nen chuan a danglam bik ngei ang. Chin hian bead chi hrang hrang hming hrang hrang an nei bawk a, a rarer design te pawh hi an hlut hle. A hming awmzia chu buried thunderbolt tihna a ni tih hian an amuletic property emaw, leia phum anga hmuh chhuah an nih thu emaw a tilang thei a ni (hmanlai atanga lo chhuak a ni tih a tilang bawk). Pumtek hi thil danglam tak a ni a, a chhan chu silicified wood (opalised, fossilized emaw petrified wood tia hriat bawk) atanga siam niin, a then phei chuan agate emaw chalcedony emaw atanga siam an nih vang a ni. Pumteks siamna atana silicified wood hman hi agatised emaw opalised emaw a ni a, Burma rama indigenous a ni. Chuvangin hmun dang atanga thil lakluh a nih a rinawm loh. Hei hian Pumteks hi Asia rama lungphun dang hmuh tur aiin a danglam hle a ni. Pumtek hi an แนญhenawm ram, India, Thailand leh Nepal leh Tibet thlengin an zin tawh a, Tibet mi แนญhenkhat chuan dZi bead chi hrang hrang atan an lo hmang tawh a ni.Tunlai Burma ramah hian Pumtek leh Pyu/Tircul stone bead dangte hi Chin (Kuki tia hriat bawk) ta, heirloom necklace-ah hmuh tur a awm ber a, hei hi hnam pawl pakhat, Burma hmarchhak atanga India hmarchhak thlenga inzar pharh a ni. Pumtek hmasa ber (a tam zawkah chuan lung zungbun dum leh var chei, a danglamna nasa tak) chu BCE 400 vel a ni mai thei. Kum zabi 20-na tir lama Burma bead siamtute pawhin anmahni siam thar fossil wood beads atan Pumtek tih hming an hmang bawk. Heng beads te hi an heirloom necklace hlu tak tak chunga Pumtek hmuh ang chi te ang chiaha siam an ni. Heng beads bun hi tribal community chhunga hausakna leh dinhmun lantir nan an ngai a. Tin, venhimna amulet angin an thawk bawk a, pi leh pute hlui thiltihtheihnain a khat niin an ngai bawk. Mit zirtir lo tan chuan kum zabi 20-naa beads te hi Pumtek hmasa zawk nen an inthlau fo thin a, a chhan chu an in ang em em a ni. Chin te hian heirloom necklace khatah hian antique leh ancient beads te pawh an mix bawk a, hei hian an inthliarna a ti harsa fo thin. Burma cottage industry tenau tak chu kum 1990 chhoah khan a lo harh thar leh a, vawi khat chu bead siamtute chuan Pumtek hmasa zawk zawk chu an rawn siam leh a, mahse, heng a hnu lama bead siamte hi an thil siam quality leh an kutchhuak quality-ah chuan an danglam hle tih hriat theih a ni. Tunlai bead siamtute pawhin ngaihven thar an neih theih nan tunlai design hmanga bead an siam tan bawk. Tibet rama dZi beads nena inzawm tam zawk shape leh design an copy tih pawh a chiang hle. Himalayan biala dZi beads dik tak chuan man to tak tak a command avangin, design inang nei Pumtek te chuan mipui zau zawk leh sumdawnna lam hawi zawkin an hip tan ta a ni.Kum 1980 chho vel khan khawthlang ramah heirloom beads wave a lo lang hmasa ber a, private collection-ah a tawp thuai dawn a ni. Hetih lai hian an man tlawm hle a, a chhan chu an chanchin hriat tur a tlem hle. Tunah chuan Asia ramah hian man to tak tak an command a, hmun dangah pawh ngaihven bik an hlawh tan ta a ni. Dinglama B & W thlalak hi kum 1896-a Carey & Tuck-in The Chin Hills Gazetteer-a an thlalak an tihchhuah aแนญanga detail a ni a, Pumtek beads tarlanna leh sawina chhuah hmasa ber a ni ngei ang. Chin hnam zinga hmeichhe pakhatin round six stripe Pumtek necklace a ha a, zig zag decoration nei Pumtek engemaw zat a ha bawk. He thuziak vek hian heng beads chungchang hi hetiang hian sawi a ni: “pumtek thianghlimโฆvawikhatah chuan Burma chhim thlang lam Chin tlangdunga hmuh hnam Haka-ho thil neih hlu ber leh man to ber a niโฆ[leh ]โฆbawng, silai leh sal ang chi thil hlu engzat pawha awlsam taka thlak theih reng a ni.W. R. HEAD-a ziak Haka Chin Customs chungchanga Hand Book (Kum 1917-a tihchhuah) a\anga lak chhuah “Tradition-ah chuan mi pakhatin kel a nei a, a ei tur a pek dan azirin a ek chu pumtek beads a lo ni ta a ni. Chaw tha chuan beads tha tak a siam a, a lehlamah pawh. Mahooya beads (Pumtek hming dang) hi an hlut hle. Tunah chuan.” Pakku District-a Gangaw atanga lo kal an ni a, mahse, an lei na hmun chu Chin-ho chuan an hre lo : tunlai thenkhat chu bead hlui ang bawkin quality tha tak an ni : chi sawm round, flat leh cylindrical an ni a black background with white stripes.Annas 8 atanga Rs.100 thleng an inang lo a, mahse heirlooms hi a man to hle a, lei theih a ni lo.Sangte khuaa Lyen Mo hian a nei tam ber a, mahse specimen tha ber berte chu Sangpi chhungkaw zinga mi an ni.Lyen Dun, Chief of Klang Klang Tribe, pawh hian bead tam tak a nei bawk.Haka Chin chungchanga Hand Book-ah pawh hetiang hian a sawi bawk: “Chief-te chuan beads (or property) quality tha bik tak tak nei Chief-te chuan ruai an buatsaih thin a, company inkhawm hmaah chuan a ro luahtute chu beads leh gong thenkhat nen inthen khap a, chutah chuan dah ngei ngei tur tih thupek an siam thin the hmunfi [chhungkaw] : a rah chhuah chu chutianga a tih chuan Chin tumahin heng ro hlute hi an paih chhuak dawn lo va, an inthen dawn lo bawk a, vanduai a lo thleng ang a, a thi ang a, chubakah a nupui chu nau pai lo a ni ang.
N.B. A chunga W. R. Head-a report hi kum 1917-a tihchhuah a ni a, he hun lai hian Burma ramah hian โtunlaiโ Pumtek (or Mahooya) beads a awm tih a sawi a. Hei hian Pumtek thar zawk thenkhat chu kum 1920 chho hma lama siam a nih thu chiang takin min hriattir a, mahse, he thil siam hi engtik atanga tan nge tih leh, hmanlai atang tawh khan siam chhunzawm zel (or sporadic) a awm em tih erawh hriat chian a la ni lo. Pumtek bead tam tak hian kum zabi 20-na tir lama siam aiin a upa zawk tih chhinchhiahna a lang tih a chiang a, chutih rualin bead thenkhat chu โhmanlaiโ category (kum 1000 aia upa)-a tel tur khawpa upa lo an ni. Chuvangin kum hriat theih hmain material quality leh bead chu strung leh wern atanga lo piang chhuak patina chu uluk taka enfiah hmasak a ngai a ni. Kum 1920 chhoah khan Pumteks siam a ni tih kan hria a, mahse, hei chauh hi heng bead siamna hun chhung chauh a ni lo. Pumtek tih hming hi 20th C hma lam khan heirloom necklace-a beads hmuh chhuah sawina atan hman a ni a, chuvangin heng beads te hi a tlem berah kum za tam tak kalta atanga lo piang chhuak an ni ngei ang. Hmanlai Pumtek te hi kum 1000 leh 2500 inkar vel niin an ngai a, “Pyu” beads tia sawi an ni fo bawk. Mahse, Hmanlai Pyu beads (glass leh lung chi dang carnelian leh green chalcedony atanga siam te pawh a tel) chi hrang hrang lian tak tak a awm tih hriat a pawimawh hle. Pyu bead tam tak pawh hi zoomorphic an ni a, rannung, sava, sakeibaknei leh sakeibaknei te an entir bawk. Chuvangin heng beads te hi lung bead chi dang atanga thliar hran nan Pyu emaw Tircul hunlai atanga Pumtek hi โhmanlai Pumtekโ tiin ka sawi thin. Tin, hriat tur pawimawh tak chu โPyuโ tih hming pu bead tam tak (a nih loh leh Pyu/Tircul hunlai atanga lo piang nia rin) te hi a takah chuan hun hmasa zawk atanga lo piang an ni thei. Heirloom strand-a kan hmuh, agate cheimawi, a danglamna sang tak tak แนญhenkhat chu India rama sumdawnna emaw, pilgrimage emaw avanga kan neih a ni thei.A chungah: โHeirloomโ Pumtek kawrfual lem (N. E. PARRY-a โThe Lakhersโ-a a lan dan – kum 1932-a tihchhuah). Hei hi thlalak a nih loh avangin a chunga bead tam tak hi indigenous fossil wood material atanga agatised emaw opalised emaw atanga siam a ni tih kan ngaihtuah a ngai a ni. Tin, a then chu agate emaw chalcedony emaw atanga siam a nih a rinawm bawk. Design tarlan tam tak hi Pyu/Tircul hunlai atanga Pumtek hmasa ber nen a inzawm a, thenkhatah chuan India rama hmuh chhuah agate hlui nena hmuh tur motif te pawh a langsar hle. Chuvangin heng beads thenkhat hi India ram atanga hmanlai khan an hralh a, a hnuah Burma mite chuan anmahni ta atan an hmang ta a nih a rinawm. He necklace bik hi Chin hnam hruaitu Chapi hotupa ta a ni a, thlah tam tak chhunga rochun a nih rin a ni. A chunga Carey & Tuck, W. R. Head leh Parry-te thuziak hian Pumtek tih hming hi heirloom necklace-a hmuh chhuah hmรขn lai leh hmanlai beads sawina atan hman a nih tawh thu leh tun hnaia Pumtek beads thar zawk, crafted in the early to late 20th C. A chunga kan lem kan ziah lai hian kum 1920 chhoa Pumteks te hi kum tlemte chauh siam chhuah a ni. Chuvangin a chunga kan sawi tak โheirloomโ necklace-ah hian an inhmu ngei ang tih a rinawm loh hle. Chin ho hian an beads nen hian inzawmna nghet tak an nei ang a, heirloom beads te hi tunlai Pumteks te nen awlsam takin an thliar hrang thei ang. Chuvangin he kawrfual chunga beads hian hmรขn lai aแนญanga entรฎrna a tรขr lang a, Pumtek tia hriat chian a ni tih rinna kan nei thei a ni. Chuvangin Pumtek hi 20th C tir lama fossil wood beads hming chauh a ni lo tih hi sawi uar a pawimawh hle. Chin hnamin Pumtek tia an hriat beads te hi hmรขn lai atanga lo piang a ni tih a chiang hle. Bead tin hi drawing-ah hian number pek a ni a, a chhan chu Chin te hian design tin hming bik an nei a ni. Tibet mite pawhin Himalaya tlanga hmuh dZi bead chi hrang hrang tam tak hming danglam tak an neih ang chiah hian.โThe Lakhersโ-ah Parry-a chuan heti hian a ziak a: “Laltu leh mi ropui chhungkuaah chuan ro hlute hi thlah khat atanga thlah dangah an insem darh thin. Hengte hi a tlangpuiin Pumtek beads, rahongs, gongs emaw silai emaw atanga siam a ni. Chapi Chief Rachi hian Pumtek necklace tha tak tak a nei a (drawing en rawh.” above) chu a pi leh pute zinga mi Khilai atanga a hnena lo kal, engmahin hralh turin a fuih dawn lo tih a sawi. Rochan chu, a nihna takah chuan, a neitu chu harsatna nasa tak a tawk tak tak loh chuan hralh a ni ngai lo.Hakha Chin
*** แแผแฑแแปแแบ แแฑแฌแแบแแแบ Hiking & Mountaineering ** แแแบแแฏแแบแ แแบแแพแฏแแแนแแแญแฏแแบ แแผแฑแแปแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแบ 1969 แแแนแแแญแฏแแบแแฑแซแแบแธแ แฏแถ Mount Victoria (Nat Ma Taung, Chin Hills) Expedition แฆแธแแแบแธแแฝแแบ (แ แแบแแพแฏ69 แ แกแแฝแแบแธแแฑแธแแพแฐแธ)แ แฆแธแแปแญแฏแกแฑแธ (แ แแบแแพแฏ70แ แแฝแแบ แแฝแแบ) แแฒแท RIT Hiking & Mountaineering Team แกแแแบแธแแฌแธ 13 แแฑแฌแแบ แแซแแแบ แแแบแแฝแพแฒ แแฒแท*** Kea kal leh tlang lawn thlalak ** User hming a awm lo Kum 1969-a Renaissance hun lai Victoria tlang (Nat Ma Taung, Chin Hills) thlenga zin a ni. แฆแแแบแธแแฝแแบ (แ แแแแพแฏ69, แกแแแแบแธแแฑแธแแธ)แ Vanduaithlak takin (70,000 pesos) chu RIT Hiking & Mountaineering Team hian minute 13 chhung an thawk dawn a ni A vawt hle mai*** Hiking and climbing photos ** No user name 1969 Renaissance Trip to Mount Victoria (Nat Ma Taung, Chin Hills). แฆแแแบแแฝแแบ (แ แแแแพแฏ69, แกแแแแบแธแแฑแธแแธ)แ Unfortunately (70,000 pesos). The RIT Hiking & Mountaineering Team will work for 13 minutes It’s very cold
Naga hi hnam 39 tal awmna, India hmarchhak leh Myanmar hmarchhak lama piang an ni. Mi maktaduai 2 chuang awmin, hnam hrang hrangte hian nunphung leh nunphung inang an nei a, Nagaland-ah hian hnam tam zawk an ni a, India ram bial Manipur, Arunahal Pradesh leh Assam-ah te mipui an tam hle. Naga hnam tam tak chuan an hnam danah chuan patriarchal, indo mi ang leh headhunting culture nghet tak an lantir thin. Khaw chhung hmun, แนญhenawm pawl hrang hranga chiang taka insem chu Naga identity atana pawimawh tak a ni. Khaw tinte chu khel tia hriat hnam bial engemaw zatah แนญhen a ni a, chutah chuan in zawng zawng deuhthaw chuan vawk an vulh a, taksa leh khawtlang nun inang lo tak tak an nei vek a ni. Monogamous marriage chu thil awmze nei tak a ni a, rinawmna chu thil \ha ngaihhlut tak a ni. Khel chhungah chuan chhungkaw unit chu Naga identity atan a pawimawh ber a ni. Khel tin chhungah hian mahni inrelbawlna pawl pakhat, morung an tih chu hmuh a ni a, chu chuan tlangvalte chu indo mi ni tura zirtirna pein khaw humhim a tum a, an fa neih theihna chu khawtlang nunah an channel leh a ni. Morung hi a tlangpuiin khaw chhunga building chhe ber pahnihna a ni a, central town hall hnuaiah a awm a, a tlangpuiin khaw luhna bulah a awm a, a takin guard tower angin a thawk a ni. Puitling a\angin hmeichhia leh mipa naupangte chu anmahni gender dormitory-ah dah luh an ni. Upate chuan heng \halaite hnenah hian Naga nunphung, nunphung leh nunphungte chu hnam hla leh zai te, hnam thawnthu leh tawngkam hmanga thurin, leh thing phun leh puan hmangin an thlen a ni. Khawtlang thil pawimawh tak tak, inkhawm thu puan te, khaw mi pakhat thihna te, leh hlauhawm lo thleng tur chungchanga vaukhรขnna te chu morungs aแนญangin thing drum ri hmangin an siam a ni. Naga hnam zawng zawng hi kut hnathawktu thiam tak an ni. An chenna in chu thing leh hnim hring mawi tak tak hmanga siam a ni a, (a tam zawk chu sen) rawng hmanga siam a ni. Hmeichhia leh mipa pawhin jewellery tam tak an ha a, beads chi hrang hrang, tam tak leh complex tak tak an hmang a, chubakah chuan thil chi hrang hrang, glass, shell, lung, ha emaw tusk, claws, horns, metal, bone, wood, seeds, sam, leh fibre te. Naga hnam tam takah chuan, mi pakhatin a puan shawl-a thil chipchiar tak takte chuan an khawtlรขng dinhmun a hril tlangpui a, khel emaw, khawtlรขng emaw chhรปnga mi malte chuan an incheina inang chiah chiah an ha แนญheuh va, anmahni nihna chu an tizau a, an แนญhenawm hnamte a\angin an thliar hrang ang. Khel tin chhungah hian luruh in a awm a, chu chu mi tinteโn an luah khat tura puih an beisei a, chu chuan mipa pakhat zel indonaa hnehna an chante chu a pholang a ni. Tunlai hunah chuan Naga-ho chenna ram chu colonization leh economic lama hmasawnna chuan khel leh chhungkaw unit-a centrality-ah nasa takin inthlak danglamna a thlen a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan morung chu a bo ta a, แนญhalai tam tak chuan an nunphung nena inzawmna siam harsa an ti hle. India rama nunphung hman duhna a pun zel avangin upate zahna sang tak leh a kaihhnawih nunphung inthlunzawmna kalphung te, chubakah khel leh khaw chhunga khawtlang nunphung te chu tihchhiat a ni a, chhungkaw nun dan inlakhran zawk, nuclear hmanga thlak a ni ta a ni.The Nagas are a group of at least 39 ethnic groups native to northeastern India and northeastern Myanmar. With a population of more than 2 million, the ethnic groups share similar cultures and traditions, with Nagaland forming the majority of the population and the Indian states of Manipur, Arunahal Pradesh and Assam. Many Naga tribes traditionally display a strong patriarchal, warrior-like and headhunting culture. Village space, clearly divided into neighboring groups, is an important part of Naga identity. Each village is divided into several tribal regions known as khels, where nearly every household keeps chickens, each with its own physical and social characteristics. Monogamous marriage was natural and fidelity a cherished virtue. Within the game, the family unit is central to Naga identity. Within each game is found a self-governing group called the morung, which aims to protect the village by training young men to be warriors, channeling their fertility back into the community. The morung is generally the second worst building in the village, located behind the central town hall, usually near the village entrance, and actually acts as a guard tower. Starting with adults, girls and boys are assigned to their respective gender dormitories. The elders pass on Naga culture, traditions and customs to these young people through traditional songs and dances, folklore and oral traditions, and carving and weaving. Important social events, such as announcements of ceremonies, the death of a villager, and warnings of impending danger, are made from the morungs with the sound of wooden drums. All the Nagas are skilled artisans. Their homes are made of beautiful wood and moss, with (mostly red) colors. Both men and women wear a lot of jewellery, beads of all kinds, numerous and complex, as well as objects such as glass, shells, stones, teeth or tusks, claws, horns, metal, bone , wood, seeds, hair, and fibre. In many Naga cultures, the details of a personโs shawl usually determine their social status, and individuals within a khel or community each wear similar costumes, extending their identity and they shall distinguish them from their neighboring tribes. Within each game is a skull house, which each character is expected to help fill, displaying each manโs victories in battle. In modern times, the colonization and economic development of the Naga homeland has brought about significant changes in the centrality of the khel and the family unit. The morung has since disappeared and many young people find it hard to connect with their culture. With the growing interest in traditional practices in India, high respect for elders and associated traditions of cultural transmission, as well as games and village communities, have been undermined and replaced by a more detached, nuclear family system.แแฌแแแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแแแบ แกแญแแนแแญแแกแแพแฑแทแแผแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแพแแทแบ แแผแแบแแฌแแญแฏแแบแแถแกแแพแฑแทแแผแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแญแฏแทแแฝแแบ แกแแแบแธแแฏแถแธ แแปแญแฏแธแแฝแแบแ แฏ แแ แ แฏ แแพแญแแแบแ แแฐแฆแธแแฑ 2 แแแบแธแแปแฑแฌแบแแพแญแแฑแฌ แแฐแแปแญแฏแธแ แฏแแปแฌแธแแแบ แแฐแแฎแแฑแฌ แแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏ แแแฑแทแแฏแถแธแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแปแพแแฑแแผแแผแฎแธ แแฌแแแแบแธแแแบ แแฐแฆแธแแฑแกแแปแฌแธแ แฏแแพแแทแบ แกแญแแนแแญแแแผแแบแแแบแแปแฌแธแแผแ แบแแฑแฌ แแแญแแฐแแ แกแแฐแแฌแแแบแแแฌแแแบแแพแบแแพแแทแบ แกแฌแแถแแผแแบแแแบแแปแฌแธแแผแ แบแแแบแ แแฌแแแปแญแฏแธแแฝแแบแ แฏแกแแปแฌแธแกแแผแฌแธแแแบ แแพแฑแธแแแแบแแแแบแธแ แแญแฏแแบแแฌแแฑแฌแแญแฏแธแแฑแธแแปแฌแธแ แ แ แบแแแบแแฑแฌแบแแพแแทแบแแฐแแฑแฌ แแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแญแฏ แแผแแแผแแแบแ แแฝแฌแแฎแธแแฌแธแแปแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแฝแฒแแผแฌแธแแญแแผแแบแแญแฏแแบแแฑแฌ แแฑแแฌแแแบ แแฌแแแญแแฑแแแแนแแแฌแ แกแแฑแธแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌ แกแ แญแแบแกแแญแฏแแบแธแแผแ แบแแแบแ แแฝแฌแแ แบแแฝแฌแ แฎแแแบ แแแบแแฏ แแฑแซแบแแฑแฌ แแฐแแปแญแฏแธแ แฏแแฑแ แกแแปแฌแธแกแแผแฌแธแแญแฏ แแญแฏแแบแธแแผแฌแธแแฌแธแแผแฎแธ แกแญแแบแแฑแฌแแบแ แฏแแญแฏแแบแธแแฎแธแแซแธแ แแผแแบแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แ แฑแฌแแทแบแแพแฑแฌแแบแแผแแผแฎแธ แแ แบแแฏแ แฎแแฝแแบ แแแบแธแ แแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแฌแแพแแทแบ แแฐแแพแฏแแฑแธแแแนแแแฌแแปแฌแธ แแพแญแแแบแ แแฐแแฎแแฑแฌแกแญแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฑแธแแแบ แแแฌแแแปแแผแฎแธ แแ แนแ แฌแ แฑแฌแแทแบแแญแแพแฏ แแฎแแแผแ แบแแแบแ แแญแแบแธแกแแฝแแบแธ แแญแแฌแธแ แฏแแฐแแ แบแแแบ แแฌแแกแแพแแบแกแแฌแธแกแแฝแแบ แกแแญแแแผแ แบแแแบแ แแญแแบแธแแ แบแแฏแ แฎแแฝแแบ แแฑแฌแบแแแบแแฏแแฑแซแบแแฑแฌ แแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแกแฏแแบแแปแฏแแบแแฝแแทแบแแกแแฝแฒแทแแญแฏ แแฝแฑแทแแพแญแแผแฎแธ แแฐแแแบแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แ แ แบแแแบแแปแฌแธแแผแ แบแกแฑแฌแแบ แแฑแทแแปแแทแบแแฑแธแแฌ แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแ แแฝแฑแธแแฝแฌแธแแพแฏแแพแฏแแบแธแแญแฏ แแแบแแฝแฌแแญแฏแท แแผแแบแแแบแแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบแแฑแธแแผแแบแธแแผแแทแบ แแฝแฌแแญแฏแแฌแแฝแแบแแแบ แแแบแแฝแแบแแแบแ แแฑแฌแบแแแบแแแบ แแฑแแฐแแปแกแฌแธแแผแแทแบ แแฝแฌแแแแญแฏแแผแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแบแแแบแธแแแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบ แแแบแแพแญแแผแฎแธ แกแแปแฌแธแกแฌแธแแผแแทแบ แแฝแฌแแแบแแฑแซแแบแกแแฎแธแแฝแแบ แแแบแแพแญแแผแฎแธ แกแ แฑแฌแแทแบแแปแพแฑแฌแบแ แแบแกแแผแ แบ แกแแพแแบแแแแบแแฏแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแ แกแแฝแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแผแฎแธแแฐแแพ แ แแแบแ แแญแแบแธแแแฑแธแแพแแทแบ แแฑแฌแแบแปแฌแธแแฑแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแ แแแบแแญแฏแแบแแฌ แแปแฌแธแแกแแฑแฌแแบแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแฌแแแบแแฑแธแแฌแธแแแบแ แแแบแแผแฎแธแแฝแแบแกแญแฏแแปแฌแธแแแบ แแฌแแแญแฏแธแแฌ แแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏ แแแฑแทแแฏแถแธแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แคแแฐแแแบแแปแฌแธแแถ แแญแฏแธแแฌแแฎแแปแแบแธแแปแฌแธแ แกแแแปแฌแธแ แแญแฏแธแแฌแกแแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแซแธแ แแบแแพ แแญแฏแธแแฌแแแฑแทแแปแฌแธแ แแฝแแบแธแแฏแแผแแบแธแ แแแบแแฏแแบแแผแแบแธแแปแฌแธ แแผแฏแแฏแแบแแผแแแบแ แกแแแบแธแกแแฌแธแแฝแฒแแปแฌแธแ แแฝแฌแแฌแธแแ แบแฆแธแแฑแแฏแถแธแแพแฏแแพแแทแบ แกแแนแแแฌแแบแแปแแฑแฌแแบแแฑแฌแทแแแทแบ แแแญแแฑแธแแปแแบแแปแฌแธแแฒแทแแญแฏแทแแฑแฌ แกแแฑแธแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌ แแฐแแพแฏแแฑแธแแฝแฒแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแ แบแแฌแธแแฏแถแแถแแผแแทแบ แแฑแฌแบแแฝแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแพ แแผแฏแแฏแแบแแผแแแบแ แแฌแแกแฌแธแแฏแถแธแแแบ แแปแฝแแบแธแแปแแบแแฑแฌ แแแบแแพแฏแแแฌแแปแฌแธ แแผแ แบแแผแแแบแ แแฐแแญแฏแทแแกแญแแบแแปแฌแธแแแบ แแพแแแฑแฌแแ แบแแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแพแญแฏแทแแฌแแบแแปแฌแธแแผแแทแบ แแผแฏแแฏแแบแแฌแธแแผแฎแธ (แกแแปแฌแธแกแฌแธแแผแแทแบ แกแแฎแแฑแฌแแบ) แกแแฑแฌแแบแแปแฌแธแแพแญแแแบแ แแฑแฌแแบแปแฌแธแแฑแฌ แแญแแบแธแแแฑแฌ แแแบแแแบแแแแฌแแฝแฑแ แแฏแแฎแธแ แฑแทแแปแญแฏแธแ แฏแถแ แแผแฑแฌแแบแแผแฌแธแ แฝแฌแแฒแท แแพแฏแแบแแฝแฑแธแแพแแฒแท แแแบแแฝแแบแ แกแแฝแถแ แแปแฑแฌแแบแ แแฝแฌแธแ แกแ แฝแแบแ แแผแฑแแแบแธแ แฆแธแแปแญแฏแ แแแนแแฏแ แกแแญแฏแธแ แแ แบแแฌแธแ แกแ แฑแทแกแแถ แกแ แแพแญแแฒแท แกแแฌแแแนแแฏแแฝแฑแแญแฏ แแแบแแแบแแผแแผแฎแธแ แกแแปแพแแบแแฌแแบแ แแฌแแแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏ แกแแปแฌแธแกแแผแฌแธแแฝแแบ แแฐแแ แบแฆแธแ แ แฏแแปแฌแธแแกแแฑแธแ แญแแบแกแแปแแบแแปแฌแธแแแบ แกแแปแฌแธแกแฌแธแแผแแทแบ แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแ แแฐแแพแฏแกแแแทแบแกแแแบแธแแญแฏ แแฏแถแธแแผแแบแแผแแผแฎแธ แแแบแแบ แแญแฏแทแแแฏแแบ แกแแญแฏแแบแกแแแบแธแกแแฝแแบแธ แแฐแแ แบแฆแธแ แฎแแแบ แแแบแแฐแแแบแ แฏแถแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแแบแแแบแแผแแผแฎแธ แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแ แกแแฑแฌแแบแกแแฌแธแแญแฏ แแปแฒแทแแฝแแบแแฌ แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแ แกแญแแบแแฎแธแแปแแบแธ แแปแญแฏแธแแฝแแบแ แฏแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแฝแฒแแผแฌแธแแแฑแแแบแ แแญแแบแธแแ แบแแฏแ แฎแกแแฝแแบแธแแฝแแบ แแฌแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแ แบแฆแธแ แฎแแแบ แแญแฏแแบแแฝแฒแแฝแแบ แแฐแแ แบแฆแธแ แฎแแกแฑแฌแแบแแฝแฒแแปแฌแธแแญแฏแแผแแแฌ แแฌแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแ แบแฆแธแ แฎแกแฌแธ แแผแแทแบแ แฝแแบแธแแฑแธแแแทแบ แฆแธแแฑแซแแบแธแแฝแถแกแญแแบแแ แบแแฏแแพแญแแแบแ แแปแแบแแพแฑแฌแแบแแฑแแบแแฝแแบ แแฌแแแฑแแ แแญแฏแแญแฏแแฎแแผแฏแแพแฏแแพแแทแบ แ แฎแธแแฝแฌแธแแฑแธแแฝแถแทแแผแญแฏแธแแญแฏแธแแแบแแพแฏแแแบ แแแบแแบแแพแแทแบ แแญแแฌแธแ แฏแแฐแแ แบแ แแแญแฏแแปแฏแแบแแญแฏแแบแแพแฏแแฝแแบ แแญแแฌแแแบแแพแฌแธแแฑแฌ แกแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแกแแฒแแปแฌแธ แแผแ แบแแฑแซแบแ แฑแแฒแทแแแบแ แแญแฏแกแแปแญแแบแแพแ แ แแฝแแบแแฑแแแแบ แแปแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบแแฝแฌแธแแฒแทแแผแฎแธ แแฐแแแบแแปแฌแธแ แฝแฌแแแบ แแแบแธแแญแฏแทแ แแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแพแแทแบ แแปแญแแบแแแบแแแบ แแแบแแฒแแฌแแแบแ แกแญแแนแแญแแแฝแแบ แแญแฏแธแแฌแแแฑแทแแฏแถแธแแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แ แญแแบแแแบแ แฌแธแแพแฏ แแญแฏแธแแฝแฌแธแแฌแแผแแบแธแแผแฑแฌแแทแบ แแแบแแผแฎแธแแฝแแบแกแญแฏแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแฐแธแ แแบแแผแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแฌ แแแบแ แแบแแฏแถแธแแแบแธแ แแบแแฌแแปแฌแธแกแแผแแบ แแญแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแปแฑแธแแฝแฌแกแแญแฏแแบแธแกแแญแฏแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแญแแญแฏแแบแ แฑแแผแฎแธ แแญแฏแแญแฏ แแฎแธแแผแฌแธแแฝแฒแแฏแแบแแฌแธแแฑแฌ แแปแฐแแแฎแธแแฌแธแแญแแฌแธแ แฏแ แแ แบแแผแแทแบ แกแ แฌแธแแญแฏแธแแฒแทแแแบแ
Ngawn generic name kan in, Dr. Vum Son ngat mi โZo Historyโ, Sing Khaw Khai ngat mi โZo And Their Peopleโ, J.H. Steven Son ngat mi โCenter Chin Tribeโ, Dr. Lal Thang Liana Man Of The Year 1998, USA National Geographic Institute pai ngat leh K. Zawla tei ngat te cu saikak kaw kawi in ka bat zah cun kan li awng ing hi. Mah mi te ka sial ceng ten ka muh suah mi cu, Ngawnmi te hi Sizang ci khaih tin Dr. Vum Son in ngan hi. Mah ceng ten Lushei lai ngan tu pawl ten Mizo hnah thlak tin ngan leh leu haw. J.H. Steven Son in ta le Ngawn ngam map tuah territory nei in, mah le mah uktu Chieftainship nei mi te tin ngan hi. Nung no in, Bawi Aung Thang in, groupmail sung ah a posted lih mi Ngawn History UKap Tial ngat mi ka zoh ten accurate em, pha em tin mu ing hi. Anuai ah Foot Note pha zet ngeh bawl khawng leh reliable leng pam hi. Hi U Kap Tial ngat hi Ngawn History tuah seng dun in ka sial ngah nung dawl bel mi hi. Dr. Lal Thang Lian ngat bang a hi ta le, Chin Hill resettlement hi A.D 1300 pawl in pan tih ngan hi. Mizo tei Chin Hill resettlement pat nak cu Seipi, Bo Cung, Sai Hmun, Ralte, Khua Pual, Cong Thu tih mi khua te khi hi. Phek tei Chin Hill resettlement bawl nak ta le Ciim Nuai hi. Pawi pawl in ta le Lai Lun ah a masabel resettlement bawl haw hi. Mah mi te ka zoh ten, Ngawn mi ten i lai ah first resettlement bawl haw nen tim tih cu theih tuk pawi mawh bel pakhat in um hi. Kei ma research bawl nak bang a hi ta le, Zo History sung ah Ngawn mi te Ciim Nuai pen hung mi te tih khi dem no kai kalh nak um hi. Rev. Thang Kam in Ngawn History um ngawl in Zo History kan theih ma ti laih hi. A nuai ah son su suk leh Ngawn mite Bual Khua, NgawnLui ah first resettlement nei haw tih son hi. Mah ceng ten Gualnam-Hualnam tih mi te khi Manipur Ngun zui in NgawnLui, Bual Khua ah cawl khat um in, Ngawn tei lak pen Mualleng Manipur lam ah vai pe pel haw tih ngan bet hi. Mah ceng ten Sukte ngam din tu Khan Thuam pa Mang Kim hi. Mang Kim cu Zawl Nu khua Ngawn ngam pen Mualbem ah vai hi tih vang ngan bet laih hi. Dr. Vum Son ngat mi Zo History sung a lai ngat pakhat le khat kalh dun vang um hi. CiimNuai resettlement khi 16th Century A.D ti hi. Mah ceng ten Ngawn enterprise a son nak ah A.D. 1500 pawl in Chieftain din mun ah ding leng zo hi. Hi ka muh ten Zo History cu reliable ma tih mu ing hi. Kei ma note bang in Ngawn Chiefsโ name a nuai ah,
No Chief of Ngawnโs Name Region Year
No Chief of Ngawnโs Name Region Year 1 Pu Mawi Thang Vawzang 1500-1600 2 Pu Len Thuan Vawzang 1600- 3 Pu Nun Tuah Vawzang 1700- 4 Pu Zang Sum Vawzang 1700- 5 Pu Nun Thang Vawzang 1700-1800 6 Pu Za Neng Vawzang 1800-1900 Note: Pu Za Neng kum za val dam hi. Late 18th century pen pan, Kawl ngam, Lai Ngam te cak in Mikang tei uk nak nuai ah um ta hi. Ngawn ngam vang cu J.H. Steven Son in map tuah kawih in Ngawn territory tin British uk nak nuai ah um mi Tribal Area in koih hi.
A com zawng in, Ngawn ten, mai awn leh dan nei in khua sa haw hi. Hun le can te khel in, khan toh nak lam ah Leipi in cak zet a hawh lih laih tak in, Ngawn mi ten, khantoh nak a neih uh ngawl leh a hil theih uh ngawl cu pawi zet hi. Tu hun, 21st Century ah, Ngawn mi ten, lei kiuli ah, Khantoh nak lam ma nawh in, Pathian lam huaih nak tuah ke kal nawh khah zet in kal li mi te hi hung hi. Lei hum nisuah, nitum, tuilu, tuitaw ah um mi, Ngawn, nang leh kei, pakhat pakhat tek in Ngawn Khantoh nak tuk deh tuk vo nei hung hi, tih, hi lai ah tak lang ing hi. Ngawn khantoh nak man heng tik tu tuk, lai sial tu nang mah toh ci tih phawk ngil pah sun tih thei tik bet ing hi. Note: CiimNuai settlement to be supported by the chronicle of Ngawn, which says that Ngen Dawk was one among those nampi (noble tribe) who made the first settlement at Bual Khua in the northern most of Falam Area. This name is identical with the personal name Ngen Dong, the son of Kul Ngen of Guite family. It is not surely known whether Bual Khua was founded from CiimNuai or the Guite came to CiimNuai via Bual Khua. What it is certain is that the historical figure called Ngen dong in Tedim is still memorized as Ngen Dawk by the Ngawnโs as noble tribe.K. Zawla, a writer on the Lushei history, mensions a tribe with the name Chawngthu, which he says lived together, Ngentesโฆetc., in Seipui and surrounding areas. According to K. Zawla, these tribes had been in that part of northern Chin Hills in 1460. Now it looks as if Chawngthu was the same name as what the Tedim source mentions as Songthu. Writer Thang Tuan tells on the one hand that Gual Nam (Hualnam) family was not from CiimNuai, but from Kale coming along the Manipur river and making their first settlement at Bual Khua in the Ngawn Area, from where they moved to Mualleng. There is, again, mention of Songthu in the chronicle of the Ngawns who connect their origin with CiimNuai. The area inhabited by the Ngawns proper comprises Sial Sih, Zawl Nu, Kel Kong, Sih Tui and Vaw Zang. According to their tradition, the founder of these villages was Len Thuan, whose generation has been now only nine. The descent of Len Thuan is traced to Songthu and is placed at the seventh generation from Songthu.According to the Ngawn source of Ciim Nuai genealogical tree, the generation from Songthu are handed down successively as Suan Tak, Sih Zang, Nge Ngawn, Sai Za, Zil Om to Len Thuan. The chronicle maintains that the Raltes, the Khiangtes, and the Kawlnis originally inhabited Sai Hmun in the Ngawn Area from which to have been expelled into Manipur. The descent of Len Thuan clearly focused Ngawn chronicle connected with Ciim Nuai. But a critical was the background of Pu Mawi Thang, first Ngawn Chieftainship in Vaw Zang Area. Moreover, southern part of Ngawn Area and resettlement never mentioned in Ciim Nuai connection. They had no Ciim Nuai connection, but only Ngawn Lui or Bual Khua connection.
Phu, 2019. chumi Tuipui kama hnam hrang hranga innghat Burmese, . Rakhine leh Chin mite. Phu, 2019. Chumi Coastal pawl a ni Central Asia-a cheng Mongol-ho hi kum tam tak kalta khan tui thianghlim zawngin khawthlang lamah an pem a. Khawchhak lam kawngpuiah an awm a. Kawngpui pahnih, chhim lam kawng an tih hmangin an lut thin. Khawchhak lam kawng, Mekong lui atanga lut; Salwin lui kamah chuan an lut ta a. Chhim lam kawng kaltlanga lut \henkhat chu โBrahmaputra River Basinโ an tih chu an chhuk thla a, Assam-ah an khawsa ta a ni. แนฌhenkhat chu Irrawaddy lui, . Chindun lui kal tlangin an lut a. Chutiang chuan Brahmaputra lui leh Irrawaddy lui inkar tuikhuah-ah an khawsa ta a ni. Tibeto-Burman tawng hmang pawlte Burma rama an lo kal khan Pyu, . kam Mi chi hrang hrang an awm a. Irrawaddy lui kamah chuan Pyu-ho chu khawpuiah an cheng a. Chhim lam ramri bula tlangram hmuna chengte chu That an ti a. Arakan Region leh Western Region chhim lam tawp ber Bay of Bengal inkar tuipui kama awmte chu Kyangyan an ti a. Hun rei tak hnuah Pyu mite chu an bo ta a, Burma khawtlang an zawm ta niin an sawi. Tuipui kam leh tuipui kama awmte erawh chu, . Rakhine group-ah te an tel ve a ni. Kangyan-ho chenna hmunah hian Thandao, Pyu mite chaw ei that lai khan Rakhine state chhim lamah Kangyan mi an awm niin an sawi a, Buddhist an ni. Kawhhmuh Myanmar ram chanchin Encyclopaedia volume (1) a ni. Martin Boorman (Burma hlui, 8th March 2022) atanga lak chhuah a ni. A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a, a rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em bawk a.
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Aryan hnam A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a, a rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em bawk.
28845556921677819&id=100003706170069&mibextid=Nif5ozPhu, the Burmese, which is based on the same coastal tribes, Rakhine and Chin people. Phu, The Coastal group The Mongols living in Central Asia migrated to the south many years ago in search of fresh water. They were on the east road. They enter through two roads called the west road. He who entered by the east road, the Mekong River; They entered by Salwin River. Some of them who entered through the western route came down the so-called ‘Brahmaputra River Basin’ and settled in Assam. Some are the Irrawaddy River, They entered through the Chindun River. In this way, they settled in the watershed between the Brahmaputra River and the Irrawaddy River. When the Tibeto-Burman speaking groups came to Burma, Pyu, shore There were different types of people. Along the banks of the Irrawaddy River, the Pyu lived in urban settlements. The people who live in the hilly areas along the western border are called That. The people who live in the coastal areas between the Arakan Region and the Bay of Bengal, which is the southern end of the Western Region, are called Kyangyan. It is said that after a long time, the Pyu people disappeared and joined the Burmese community. As for the shores and coasts, They are included in the Rakhine groups. In the area inhabited by the Kangyans, there are seven districts starting from Thandao, It is said that during the time when the Pyu people were eating well, there were Kangyan people in the southern part of Rakhine state, and they were Buddhists. Reference Encyclopaedia of Myanmar volume (1) Copy from Martin Boorman (Old Burma, 8th March 2022)
HUNDUISM/BUDDHISM IDEOLOGY & HISTORY COLLECTION Hindu ideology: โ๏ธ Hinduism suahkehnak le a darh dan malte a shortcut zawngin rel ta sehla. Babulon pawl cun pathian 3 an nei. Nimrod, Semiramis le an fapa Tammuz an si. Nimrod cu Ni pathian, Semiramis cu Thla pathian le Tammuz cu Arsi pathian ih biak an si. Cumi ih hrinsuah cu Dragon le Rulpi biaknak a si. Cucun leitlun pumpi a dengsuak. Cuโi Babulon sakhua cun India ram Indus Valley Civilization ruangah Babulon sakhua ihsi ra lut Hinduism khal cak takin a t,hanglianih Buddhism le sakhua dang khal a hringsuak vivo. Hinduism ah pathian ropi 3 an nei. Brahma,Vishnu le Shiva an si. India ramah Hindu 1,093 billion an um. Cucu 78.9% an si. India ram hi United Progressive Alliance (UPA)Congress party le National Democratic Alliance(NDA) Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)party lalnak ram a si. BJP cun Principle hnget tak โ Na ram le hnam, na sakhua kilhim awโ ti thupi hmangin India ram hi Hinduism ramih tuah an tum. An ideology cu โ Politics dawibur le Sakhuanak dawibur cawhpolhโ mipi ah hmatheh in State tinah BJP tlinthei dan ding dapin tactic phunphun play kualtu an si. Khivek ciahin Burmese pawl khal Buddhist sakhua pomtu an si vekin an ideology cu Buddhism a siih, cumi cangsuak dingin ponglak Assimilation policy an fehpi. Kawl timi le Buddies cu rel hran theih, thenhran theih silo pumkhat an si. Kawl cun โPrincipleโ hnget tak an nei veih cucu, โSakhuanak le Miphun cawhpolh dawiburโ an humcih ringring. Cucu Atom bomb hnakin a hngawng a na sawn. An sungmurilah โ First Burmese โ ti a si ringring. Doctor operation khalih cem thei lo ding thil a um, cucu an sakhuanak le an miphun a si. Na zum asile na zum sual ringring ding. BJP lungput lannak cu 2019 ah โCitizenship Amendment Bill ( CAB) โ an putluh le โForeign Contribution Regulation Act,( FCRA)โan pass khi Sixth Scheduled huamcin, Scheduled tribe le Christian pawl hrangah a vanduai thlak hlei ce! Foreign ihsi bomnak or sumlut theinak phunphun a block nasa. Israel le France miphun thawhsal dan: โ๏ธ Israel hnam a tluksiat hnu khalih an miphun tungdingsaltu cu; *** Beiseinak petu Jehova hnam thlan an sinak. *** Leitlun lakih Pathian mit fรป an sinak. *** Hebrai tong cu Jehova pekmi tong hmaisa le thianghlim ti an theihnak in beiseinak a neih ter. *** Temple sak lai le tluksiat hnu khalih Israel hip khawmtu cu nitin Jerusalem lam hawiih voithum an thlacamnak cu anmah hip khawmtu magnet a si. *** Israel thlah tungdingsaltu ngaingai cu an Jehova a siih hleiah, an Juda sakhuanak le an hnam sinak a si. Kannih cu sakhuanak thuhman hmanseh tong khat hmang kan si lonak Phunhnam tong in mi a thenthek thluh. France ram khal 1789 France Revolution tiang kha tui France tong an hman mikhi mi za ah 50% hman an tling lo. An ram tong dingih an nemhnget laiah a hmang thiamtu tak phei cu; Za ah 12 % hrawng lawng an si hmang. Italy ram thawhsal dan: โ๏ธ Phunhnam dangdang Miphun pakhatah tuah dingih poimawh hmaisa cu; A ram mipawl thiam tlan mi le hmangtu tam tong tlanglawn sersuah hi a si. Italy ram 1870 kumih tlu darh thluh an hui khawmsal dan cu an cozah le hnam tong dingah Tuscany bial tong hman mi tui Italian tongih ra dingsuak mikhi a si. An ram tong dingah an nemhnget ih, cui tong hmangtu cu a ramsung mi, za ah pahnih le hrek % lawng an si. 97 % ai tam tong dangdang hmang an si. Hmanseh, reilote ah cuโi tong cun a hui khawmih tong khat hmang Miphun ah an cang ta riai aw!. Cutin Italy ram cu Tuscany tong khat hmang Italian in an dingsuak sal. Kannih teh ziang tong tak hmangin dingsuak leh keici maw!. Zoram Khawvel part 1-8 ngantu Pu L Keivom cun hitin a rak ti. โ Hmasawnnak zinzawh si loih mai tap pi tong thihcilh tumih puan lukhuh ih ittu cu, a khuhawknak puan cu a ruang tuamnak puan a si hngal ti a hngilh lo a thaโ a ti. โ๏ธ Leitlun an mai tongih rak tuamtu British Parliament cun โSlave tradeโ(Sumdawnnakih sรขlneih) cu 1807 ah a khapih 1833 ah a ramsung sรขlpawl a suah hai. *** Abraham Lincoln khalin 1863 kumah America ramih sรขlpawl a suah. *** Mizoram khalin Sรขl/Bawi 1426 an neih mi cu mirangpawl duhdan in an suah zalen ve a sikha. *** 1 April 1894 kumah Mizoram in โA AW B an zirthawk ih 1906 kumah Middle School an nei. 1944 kumah High School, 1958 ah College an neiih tuah College 22 neiin Doctorate Degree tiang an pe thei. *** Rev.D.E.Jones in โLeitlunah mi eng an tam bik naโn mi ngo an fimin an lal bikโ a ti bangin, British pawl cu โ direct ih mi uk dan le Indirect ih mi ukโ an rak thiam nasa. Mizoram le Chin ram khal โ Indirect Administrationโ in an rak uk hai. *** Aizawl khawpisung bikah College 16 a um. *** Mizoram sungah Sizung 96 a umih Aizawl khawpisung bikah Sizungpi 19 a um. *** Mizoram in District Court le Gauhati High Court-Aizawl Bench an nei. *** Mizo/Duhlian tong timi rak promotes tu Sailo Lalpawl kha Ngawn thlah Sihsing ih tu 2 nak Zahmuak ih tesin fapawl an si. (Thenkhat ngantupawlin Sihzang thlahin an rel nan a dik lo. Sihsing khi minung hmin a siih Ngawn Lal cithlah an si.) Thu laknak: Cabu 17 sung ta lak khawmmi le Goggle ta ka lak mi a si.
HUNDUISM/BUDDHISM IDEOLOGY & HISTORY COLLECTION Hindu ideology: โ๏ธ Hinduism suahkehnak le a darh dan malte a shortcut zawngin rel ta sehla. Babulon pawl cun pathian 3 an nei. Nimrod, Semiramis le an fapa Tammuz an si. Nimrod cu Ni pathian, Semiramis cu Thla pathian le Tammuz cu Arsi pathian ih biak an si. Cumi ih hrinsuah cu Dragon le Rulpi biaknak a si. Cucun leitlun pumpi a dengsuak. Cuโi Babulon sakhua cun India ram Indus Valley Civilization ruangah Babulon sakhua ihsi ra lut Hinduism khal cak takin a t,hanglianih Buddhism le sakhua dang khal a hringsuak vivo. Hinduism ah pathian ropi 3 an nei. Brahma,Vishnu le Shiva an si. India ramah Hindu 1,093 billion an um. Cucu 78.9% an si. India ram hi United Progressive Alliance (UPA)Congress party le National Democratic Alliance(NDA) Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)party lalnak ram a si. BJP cun Principle hnget tak โ Na ram le hnam, na sakhua kilhim awโ ti thupi hmangin India ram hi Hinduism ramih tuah an tum. An ideology cu โ Politics dawibur le Sakhuanak dawibur cawhpolhโ mipi ah hmatheh in State tinah BJP tlinthei dan ding dapin tactic phunphun play kualtu an si. Khivek ciahin Burmese pawl khal Buddhist sakhua pomtu an si vekin an ideology cu Buddhism a siih, cumi cangsuak dingin ponglak Assimilation policy an fehpi. Kawl timi le Buddies cu rel hran theih, thenhran theih silo pumkhat an si. Kawl cun โPrincipleโ hnget tak an nei veih cucu, โSakhuanak le Miphun cawhpolh dawiburโ an humcih ringring. Cucu Atom bomb hnakin a hngawng a na sawn. An sungmurilah โ First Burmese โ ti a si ringring. Doctor operation khalih cem thei lo ding thil a um, cucu an sakhuanak le an miphun a si. Na zum asile na zum sual ringring ding. BJP lungput lannak cu 2019 ah โCitizenship Amendment Bill ( CAB) โ an putluh le โForeign Contribution Regulation Act,( FCRA)โan pass khi Sixth Scheduled huamcin, Scheduled tribe le Christian pawl hrangah a vanduai thlak hlei ce! Foreign ihsi bomnak or sumlut theinak phunphun a block nasa. Israel le France miphun thawhsal dan: โ๏ธ Israel hnam a tluksiat hnu khalih an miphun tungdingsaltu cu; *** Beiseinak petu Jehova hnam thlan an sinak. *** Leitlun lakih Pathian mit fรป an sinak. *** Hebrai tong cu Jehova pekmi tong hmaisa le thianghlim ti an theihnak in beiseinak a neih ter. *** Temple sak lai le tluksiat hnu khalih Israel hip khawmtu cu nitin Jerusalem lam hawiih voithum an thlacamnak cu anmah hip khawmtu magnet a si. *** Israel thlah tungdingsaltu ngaingai cu an Jehova a siih hleiah, an Juda sakhuanak le an hnam sinak a si. Kannih cu sakhuanak thuhman hmanseh tong khat hmang kan si lonak Phunhnam tong in mi a thenthek thluh. France ram khal 1789 France Revolution tiang kha tui France tong an hman mikhi mi za ah 50% hman an tling lo. An ram tong dingih an nemhnget laiah a hmang thiamtu tak phei cu; Za ah 12 % hrawng lawng an si hmang. Italy ram thawhsal dan: โ๏ธ Phunhnam dangdang Miphun pakhatah tuah dingih poimawh hmaisa cu; A ram mipawl thiam tlan mi le hmangtu tam tong tlanglawn sersuah hi a si. Italy ram 1870 kumih tlu darh thluh an hui khawmsal dan cu an cozah le hnam tong dingah Tuscany bial tong hman mi tui Italian tongih ra dingsuak mikhi a si. An ram tong dingah an nemhnget ih, cui tong hmangtu cu a ramsung mi, za ah pahnih le hrek % lawng an si. 97 % ai tam tong dangdang hmang an si. Hmanseh, reilote ah cuโi tong cun a hui khawmih tong khat hmang Miphun ah an cang ta riai aw!. Cutin Italy ram cu Tuscany tong khat hmang Italian in an dingsuak sal. Kannih teh ziang tong tak hmangin dingsuak leh keici maw!. Zoram Khawvel part 1-8 ngantu Pu L Keivom cun hitin a rak ti. โ Hmasawnnak zinzawh si loih mai tap pi tong thihcilh tumih puan lukhuh ih ittu cu, a khuhawknak puan cu a ruang tuamnak puan a si hngal ti a hngilh lo a thaโ a ti. โ๏ธ Leitlun an mai tongih rak tuamtu British Parliament cun โSlave tradeโ(Sumdawnnakih sรขlneih) cu 1807 ah a khapih 1833 ah a ramsung sรขlpawl a suah hai. *** Abraham Lincoln khalin 1863 kumah America ramih sรขlpawl a suah. *** Mizoram khalin Sรขl/Bawi 1426 an neih mi cu mirangpawl duhdan in an suah zalen ve a sikha. *** 1 April 1894 kumah Mizoram in โA AW B an zirthawk ih 1906 kumah Middle School an nei. 1944 kumah High School, 1958 ah College an neiih tuah College 22 neiin Doctorate Degree tiang an pe thei. *** Rev.D.E.Jones in โLeitlunah mi eng an tam bik naโn mi ngo an fimin an lal bikโ a ti bangin, British pawl cu โ direct ih mi uk dan le Indirect ih mi ukโ an rak thiam nasa. Mizoram le Chin ram khal โ Indirect Administrationโ in an rak uk hai. *** Aizawl khawpisung bikah College 16 a um. *** Mizoram sungah Sizung 96 a umih Aizawl khawpisung bikah Sizungpi 19 a um. *** Mizoram in District Court le Gauhati High Court-Aizawl Bench an nei. *** Mizo/Duhlian tong timi rak promotes tu Sailo Lalpawl kha Ngawn thlah Sihsing ih tu 2 nak Zahmuak ih tesin fapawl an si. (Thenkhat ngantupawlin Sihzang thlahin an rel nan a dik lo. Sihsing khi minung hmin a siih Ngawn Lal cithlah an si.) Thu laknak: Cabu 17 sung ta lak khawmmi le Goggle ta ka lak mi a si.
(Union of Burma). Thlalak a thuziak sen chu. Line hi FASPA sorkarin kum 1947 khan a siam thar a, a then chuan Panglong contract aia tam an hmu a ni. Burman bigoted anga puhtu chu “Karenu” a ni. Nakinah ka sawifiah ang.
โช๏ธ Bumna (1) . “Inthenna hi Ne Win-a’n a sawifiah a ni. Colonial hunlai leh zalenna hun lai khan a awm lo,” tiin dawt an sawi. Thudik tak chu – . Division pasarih (7) a awm a. Map-ah i hmu tur a ni. Sagaing ni lo curved Mandalay Bago, Arakan Tanintharyi hmuh tur a awm.
โช๏ธ Bumna (2) . “Chin leh Kachin hi state an ni” tiin thu dik lo an sawi. Thudik tak chu – . Chin Kachin Karen Mon hian provincial state a nei lo. Rakhine chu state a ni lo. Arakan Division Arakan Division a ni. Rakhine state a awm lo. Arakan hi mi chi hrang hrang a ni.. Map en rawh.. Sagaing hmun thenkhat chu Kachin State (red line) ah then a ni. Magwe Division hmun thenkhat chu Chin Vishita Division (red line)-ah dah belh a ngai a ni. U Nu Ne Win Thanshwe hian hnam hrang hranga innghat state a tihbuai hian, Anmahni chauh ni lovin region lo ni tawh leh ethnic egos a kang mek a ni. Myanmar (Burmese) hi ka ngaina hle.
โช๏ธ Bumna (3) . Kachin, Shan, Chin te hi Burma ramah an awm a. Tlรขng mite chuan Myanmar-ah an awm leh awm loh an sawi aโฆ check dan awlsam ber leh awlsam ber ka hrilh ang che.. Colonial hunlaia India leh Burma sorkar official gazette map tihchhuah. Stamp a awm bawk. En la, zir rawh.. Myanmar ramri hi chiang taka hmuh a ngai. (Tunlai hunah hian computer hmanga ziah leh ginger hmanga dah map lem hriat theihna tur finna i neih a ngai a niโฆ.. .. Mi an tam em avangin chu fake ginger map chu live-in ka entir a ni. ) . Chin Kingdom Shan State Kachin (Chin Paya Dang, Shan Paya Dang, Kachin Paya Dang) map hi a awm loโฆ min ring lo a nih chuan han en teh. Chutiang chuan a chiang em? Entirnan, colonial George VI postage stamp thlalak ka entir a. Burma (Burma) national flag embroidered, mi lian Burma incheina ha, A hnungah chuan Myanmar map a awm a. Hei hi plot pakhat chauh a niโฆ A chhan chu ka ti a Kachin leh Chin te hian Panglong Treaty hma pawh khan state status an nei lo. Tlang chunga khaw te te. If Shan, Shan, wa Father Taโan lal fapa (duke) te hi province hrang hrang a awm a. Tunlai angin Shan State a awm lo. Shan Kachin Chin sorkar a awm lo. Chuvangin, chu sorkarte chu Panglong Treaty-ah an awm loh avangin, .. Committee din a, hming ziah chu finfiahna a ni. Hun kal tawh, tunlai leh hmalam hun thudik ka hre loโฆ thuthang, thuthang, leh oral historyโฆ federal sorkar ka hmu thei lo.
๐๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ๐ ๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ข๐ซ๐ ๐๐ฆ๐๐ฌ๐๐๐๐ซLal hmasa ber tel lo chuan tuna kan hriat angin China hi a awm ngai lo mai thei. Engtin nge Qin Shi Huangdi hian China inpumkhatna a duhthusam chu a tihhlawhtlin theih?Olivia Barrett, BA & MA chanchin ziaktuA hnuaia lalram zawng zawng hi an te vek a, luitein a then a, rang takin an inthen darh vek a ni.BCE 221-ah chuan โQin Shi Huangโ chu โQinโ Dynasty rorelna hnuaia China ram tam zawk inzawmkhawm hmasa ber a ni ta a ni.Dan a siam a, sorkar kalphung a nei bawk. Qin Empire hi, QinโCH-IN-Chin tia lam tur a ni. He lalram inzawmkhawm hian tunla, QinโCHINโ hi a hring chhuak ta a ni. Qin hian ram zau lo tak atanga tan in ram tak thiltihtheihna a thleng a, kum za ropui zet chu lal ropui dang zawng zawng chu chawima pe turin a siam ta a ni.Jia Yi (201-169 BCE) Han lalram chhunga hla phuah thiamleh ram hruaitu, BCE 259-a Lalber hmasa ber tur zheng a pian meuh chuan Qin state (CHIN tia lam tur) chuchu kum zabi ruk dawn lai a liam tawh a ni. Rome-in mediterranean tuipuiah thuneihna chang turin carthage a beih lai vek hian a thenawm ramte nen indona a nei a ni. Qin pawh hian rome ang bawkin a tawpah a hneh ang. Qin Shihuang, a nih loh leh Qin lalber hmasa ber kaihhruaina hnuaiah china rama indo ram pasarih te chu vawi khat nan hnam pakhat angin an inpumkhat ta a ni.๐ฐ๐ BCE 259-ah China ram a awm lo. โChineseโ tia inchhal tur mipui pawl inpumkhat an awm lo va, empire pawh a awm lo va, chiang takin, Chinese lalber pawh a awm lo.Dik tak chuan, China lalber hmasa ber ni ta Ying Zheng-a pian kum, BCE 259-ah chuan Yellow lui chhehvelah hian indo ram pawl khat chauh an awm a. Engtin nge he mi pawimawh lo anga lang hi mihring chanchina lal pawimawh berte zinga mi a nih? Tin, engtin nge China inpumkhatna a duhthusam chu hlen chhuah tumin indo ramte chu a inpumkhat tir?
๐ช๐๐๐๐ ๐ฏ๐๐ โ ๐น๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ฏ๐๐ ๐๐๐ Tuna kan hriat angin Warring States hunlai kha kum zabi hnih chuang zet sipai inelna nasa tak leh thisen chhuak nasa tak hun lai a ni. Hun buai tak chu a tawp ta a, a tawpah chuan Qin ram hnehtu chuan a khingpui ram parukte chu hnehin centralized power pakhat hnuaiah a inzawm khawm thei ta a, Qin (or โChin) lalram dinna tur a ni a, chuta tang chuan tunlai China chuan a Western chu a la ta a ni hming. Mahse Ying Zheng-a chu China lal hmasa ber a nih hma chuan he ram indona hmunpui chhim lam chhehvela hmun hrual leh mikhual lo nia lang aแนญanga lo kal lal fapa mai a ni.Chinese lal hmasa ber awmna ram Qin chu a tlangpuiin lalram dangte aiin nunphung lamah a hniam zawkah ngaih a ni a, hmun hrang hrangah a inhlat deuh a, a chhim lam ramri thlenga awm, nomadic hnamte nen pawh a inang zawk niin a lang a, Qin-a nen hian an indo fo thin.Vawi khat chu a แนญhenawm state Wei-a lal fapa pakhat chuan Qin-a chu โhmun rapthlak leh rapthlak takโ โnungchang แนญha chungchรขng engmah hre loโ tiin a nuihzat a. Chuti a nih chuan engtin nge Ying Zheng, he khawvel โcivilizedโ tawp lama ram hring leh changkang lo nia sawi atanga lal fapa lo piang chu China lalber hmasa ber a nih theih?Chu chu chhanna tur chuan Qin-a defining philosophy lairil ber chu kum 100 dang kan kir leh hmasa tur a ni.Qin state chu a khingpuite aiin eng thilin nge a danglam bik tih hrethiam tur chuan eng thilin nge state tick tirtu te, state culture bulpui ber ideology te, a tawpah chuan a hlawhtlinna te hi kan hrethiam hmasa tur a ni.China lal hmasa berin indo ramte a inpumkhatna kawnga hlawhtlinna a chan chhan ber chu a state-a Legalism bulpui ber a nih vang niin a lang. Qin-a politics leh khawtlang nun kalphung leh sipai lama thiamna nunphung nen chuan a roreltu zinga pakhat chuan a แนญhenawm lalramte chu a hneh thei ta a ni.BCE 246-a Ying Zheng-aโn Qin lalแนญhutthlenga a แนญhut lai chuan, state chu hun rei tak aแนญanga zahngaihna nei lo thuneihna hmanga thuneihna kalpui danah a inher chhuak tawh a, sipai hlawhtlinna chu engkim a ngaih pawimawh ber a ni.Heng hlutnate hi Qin-a chungah hian Shang Yang-a siamthatna hmangin an lo nghat tawh a, a ngaihdan chu thisen chhuak (cold-blooded pragmatism) lam a ni ber a ni.Shang-a chuan Confucian-ho thu bul, dikna, thil tha tihna, leh thil dik tihna, state dangte duhsak chu a hnawl a ni.Chu ai chuan, a hriat chian principle pakhat leh แนญhatna pakhat chauh hmangin a thlak ta zawk a ni: state thuneihna centralization, engti kawng pawhin a tul angin.Shang Yang-a thununna hnuaiah chuan Qin chu a inkhauh ta a ni. Chinese Sparta ang bawkin a chetna apiang chu state hausa zawk, loneih hlawk zawk leh sipai chak zawk neih theihna tura chhut a ni. Tin, (state dangteโn an sawi fo angin) Qin hi a khingpuite aiin culture lamah a hmasawn lo deuh niin a lang a, mahse he chak lohna langsar tak hian hlawkna pawimawh tak a ni tih a chiang ang.Arts, etiquette leh decorum lam ngaihtuah lovin Qin hian sipai chakna nei tura a rilru a pe thei a ni. Aristocratic structure thar dintu system a siam a: thuneihna leh thuneihna rochun kalphung hlui ai chuan official-te sipai hlawhtlinna lawmman pe thin meritocracy.Khawtlang dinhmun leh dinhmun chauh hian sipai hnathawh dan a tarlang a ni. Mipui zahawm tak tan sipai rawngbawlna chu tih ngei ngei tur a ni. Mipa zawng zawng chu sipaiah an thawk vek tur a ni a, hmeichhiate pawh an khawpui emaw, an khawpui emaw beih a nih chuan indonaah an tel ve tura beisei an ni. Qin-a sipai kalphung sang zawk leh a mipui punkhawmna chu state dangte lakluhna kawngah hlawhtlinna a neih theih nan a hnuai ber a ni tih rinhlelh rual a ni lo.Hetihlai hian lawmman leh hremna pek dan (legalist system) khauh tak chuan Qin mite chunga state thuneihna chu a tikhauh ta a ni. Shang chuan rorรชl theihna awmchhun chu ram mipuite chu intulรปt tรปra tihhlum mai a ni tih ngaih dรขn chu a pawm a: thlรชm, hlauhawm, lawmman pรชk leh hrem. Tin, hremna chu a na hle bawk. Entรฎr nรขn, Han Fei (Shang Yang-a zuitu)-in he thu a sawi hi han ngaihtuah teh: โmisual thiltih report lo apiang chu a kawrfual chu pahnih-ah an แนญhen ang,โ tiin. Chutiang chu Qin dan khauhna chu a niโkhawngaihna a awm lo vang, snitch thei lo mai mai entu sual nei lo tan pawh.Shang-a chawimawi tur chu, he dan bawhchhiatna kalphung rapthlak tak hian hna a thawk niin a lang a; kum zabi thumna BCE-ah chuan Qin khuaa mite chu mak tak maiin dรขn zawmtu niin a lang (hremnate ngaihtuah chuan mak lo deuhin), loneih aแนญanga thil siam chhuah a pung a, direct taxation chuan state-ah sum tam tak a lalut ta a ni. He khawtlang, sum leh pai leh loneih lama inpumkhatna lungphum nghet tak hian Qin-a chu a sipai sang zawk chu a chin theih phah a ni. Wei khuaa Marquis Wu-aโn a pawm angin, โQin-a mizia hi a chak hle. A sawrkar chu a na hle. A lawmman leh hremna te hi thutlukna siamtu a ni. A mite chu an inpe lo.โ State dangte chuan a chanve an hre lo; a tlem berah chuan, a la ni lo.
๐ช๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐ ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ต๐๐- ๐ช๐๐๐๐ ๐ฐ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ BCE 230-ah Ying Zheng-a chu lalแนญhutthlengah a แนญhu a, kum sawm hnuah chuan Qin-a sipai chakna zawng zawng chu independent state la awmte chungah a thlawk chhuak ta a ni. Pakhat hnu pakhatin indo ramte chu Qin thununna hnuaiah an tla ta a ni. A chancellor Li Si leh general Meng Tian-te puihnain China lal hmasa ber chuan an khingpui lalramte chu beihpui thlakna rapthlak tak tak a nei nual a. โSilkworm-in mulberry hnah a eiโ angin, Qin-a chuan Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Chu, leh Qi state-te chu a ei zo vek a, lalram leh an mite chu lalram inpumkhat hnuaiah a hruai lut a, Qin Dynasty bul tanna chu a din ta a ni. BCE 221-ah chuan Ying Zheng chuan China hmar lam tuipui kam atanga chhim lama Lintao thlengin a la vek tawh a, hmar lama Yalu lui atanga khawthlang lama Lang tlang thlengin a la vek tawh a, ram pakhat chu tuna Vietnam ram hi khawih turin a tla thla hial a ni.China chu a taksa piang hmasa berah a piang a, chu mi rual chuan China lal hmasa ber a ni bawk. Chutiang chuan Ying Zheng chuan a hming leh a hming hlui chu a paih chhuak a, a lalna thar, hmingthang tak chu hmรขn lai Chinese lalte thawnthu nen a inzawm khawm ta a ni.Title thar a fashion a: Qin Shi Huangdi. Chinaโs fabled past-a hman lai thawnthua rorรชltu hming pahnih, huang, leh di tia hriat lar sovereign sage hming chu a thlunzawm a, โHuangdiโ hi a chungnunna leh a hlawhtlinna tluk loh lantir nan a ni.Qinโ tih thuhmahruai hian a pianna dinhmun a kawk tih chu a chiang a, chu chu chutiang khawpa ropuina, a hmaa a la awm ngai lohah chuan a chawisang a ni. Tin, โShi,โ tih awmzia chu โa hmasa berโ tihna a ni a, a lalram leh a mumang (a thlawna) lalram din chu chatuan atan a puang chhuak bawk.
๐ฏ๐๐๐ ๐ท๐๐๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐๐ ๐ซ๐๐ China lalber tia inchhal hian kum za chuang zet sipai lama inelna nasa tak chu a titawp tawh a ni.Mahse thawnthu hi chutah chuan a tawp thei lostate hrang hrang leh beidawng tak pawl pakhat inpumkhat leh rorel chu thil awlsam a ni lo.Emperor thar challenge leh Chinese hnam din chu a la intan chauh a ni.Chutiang chuan Qin Shi Huangdi chuan hmรชlma hlui pawl in\hen darh tawh chu hnam inpumkhat takah chantir a tum ta a ni.Hei hian dan leh dinhmun inthlak danglamna tam tak a mamawh a, thil thar leh standardization te pawh sawi loh, pawisa pakhat hman te, standardized measurement te, leh ziak tawng hman tlanglawn te pawh a tel a ni.A ram zau tak, a neih tharte chu a thunun tha zawk theih nan leh inbiakpawhna leh lirthei inzawmna sang tak a neih theih nan Qin Shi Huangdi chuan empire pum huapa kawngpui siamna project lian tak chu a kalpui ta a ni. A แนญhen hmasa ber, speedway (chidao) chu BCE 220-a sak a ni a, khawpui Xianyang aแนญanga hmar lam hawiin a inher chhuak a ni.A แนญhen hnihna, Straight Road (zhidao) chuan chhim lam a ngaihtuah a, a bul berah chuan empire thar chhim lam ramri chu empire chhehvel beih fo แนญhin, nomadic Xiongnu hnamte lakah a humhim a ni.Empire humhalhna, inkalpawhna leh inbiakpawhna tihchangtlun bakah, kawngpui inzawmna chuan hmar leh chhim lama lal hmรชlma laka sipaite rang taka inzawmkhawm theihna a siamsak bawk.BCE 215 khan Qin Shi Huangdi chuan sipai 300,000 chu hmar lam pan turin a ti a, Steppes-ah chuan Xiongnu nomads te chu bei turin a ti a, Yellow River chhim lama an ran vulhna hmun atang chuan an chhuah tir ang.Hetihlai hian Qin Shi Huangdi chuan hun remchang hmangin a empire hmar lam ramri chu a tichak a, mihring chanchina invenna kawng lar ber pawh ni thei: Great Wall of China a siam ta a ni.Taksa leh rilru lam ramri siam leh vawn reng a ngai a ni. Lal hmasa ber official-te chu empire inpumkhatna leh inremna vawnhim tumna dan khauh tak tak kalpui leh thehdarh tura tih an ni.Heng dante hian sorkar thil neih himna atanga tawlailir leh tawlailir atana lubricant hman dik thlengin a huam vek a ni.Heng dan atanga inthlak danglamna tlemte pawh hremna na tak a tawk thei a, hei hi Qin Shi Huangdi-a thiltih rapthlak ber leh sawisel hlawh ber pakhat atang hian a lang thei a ni.Lal hmasa ber chuan ngaihtuahna thunun tumin a Orwellian attempt a siam a, chu chu Legalist rilru put hmang nen a inmil hle.Qin Shi Huangdiโs chancellor, Li Si chuan emperor chu literature chungchanga lehkhabu eng pawh leh engkim hal vek turin a fuih a (a tlem berah chuan- agriculture leh medicine chungchanga hnathawh thenkhat chuan a cut a ni). He mipui halralna hi mipui hriatna โtam lutukโ tihbo leh Legalist state dodal thei tur philosophy eng pawh tihtawp tumna a ni.Mithiam tam tak chuan hriatthiam theih takin status quo thar chu ngilnei lutukin an la lo va, sorkar laipui sawiselna an siam a, empire-a intellectual tyranny tihtawp an phut bawk. Rei vak lovah sorkar sawiselna eng pawh chu dan kalh a ni a, (mak tih tur a awm lo ang) hremna nasa tak pek a ni.Mithiam 460 aia tlem lo chuan he mihring nihna nei lo dan thar hi an bawhchhia a, an dodalna an sawi ngam avangin nung chungin an phum a ni.
๐ธ๐๐ ๐บ๐๐ ๐ฏ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐-๐จ ๐ป๐๐๐ ๐ฏ๐๐๐ (๐ณ๐๐๐๐๐) ๐จ ๐ต๐ Controversial (leh downright cruel) ni mahse, Qin Shi Huangdi hi China formation-ah a pawimawh hle. China lal hmasa ber thir kut hmanga kaihhruaina tel lo chuan tuna kan hriat angin China hi a awm ngai lo mai thei.Qin Shi Huangdi-aโn zahngaihna nei lo pragmatism, Machiavellian tumruhna leh a tawpah China tana a hmathlir chhunzawm zelna chuan khawvela hnam chak ber zinga mi dinna lungphum a phum a ni.Lal hmasa ber chuan he thuneihna ro hlu hi a hnua China sorkar zawng zawng hnenah a hnutchhiah vek a;imperial emaw, republican emaw, Maoist emaw, post-Maoist emaw pawh ni se.A thiltih avang hian China hnam chu inpumkhat tirtu leh a tir atanga hnam anga siamtu principle a siam ta a ni.Qin Shi Huangdi chuan ram pumah central authority principle a din a, chu thuneihna chu China mipui ram zawng zawng enkawl thei, inpumkhatna tak tak leh hmuh theih tak siam thei tur control source pakhat, pakhat chauh atanga lo chhuak a ni.Qin-a lalram ngei pawh hi a thih atanga kum li chauh chhungin a tawp dawn a, mahse a ro hlu chu kum 2000 chuang zet a nung reng dawn a, tun thlengin a hming la pu hnam angin a la awm reng a ni.
Chin nomenclature & 1960s a Reunification movement – แแปแแบแธแกแแแบแ แฌแแแบแธแแพแแทแบ แแแแ แแฏแแพแ แบแแปแฌแธ แแผแแบแแแบแแฑแซแแบแธแ แแบแธแแฑแธแแพแฏแแบแแพแฌแธแแพแฏ
โChin nomenclature & 1960s a Reunification movement kipatdanโ Nam lianzawte’ vaihawmna nuai a i gam kisehkhen a om ahihlam i phawkkhiat ua kipan kigawmnawnna leh suahtakna ding a panlakna ana om toutou hi. Burma pansana kiphuan – Chin National Organization (CNO-1957), Chin National Liberation Front (CNLF-1964), Zomi National Front (ZNF-1966) leh a dangdang ana om ngeita hi. India a ana kipankhia Chin Reunification – Chin Liberation Army (CR-CLA) kichi ahi hi. Nam sepaih ka va houlimpihte ‘Chin Reunification ai hi Chin Liberation Army or Chin Army’ ana kichite ahi uh hi. Captain R.B Pemberton in 1830 a aleh(translate) Pong Chronicle ah eite Zomi in hon chiamteh hi. Bang hang a kigawmnawnna (reunification) min ding a ‘CHIN’ min ana teel uh hiam chih ka dong hi. Tua hun lai a simleivai huih nundan thei baan lou ka hihman in lung-aphuai ka sa hi. Pu Khen Pau Baite’ gendan in, “1955 vel a kipan India leh Burma ukna nuai a om Zo suante’ lak ah kigawmnawn ding lunggulhna; khanlawhna khat piang a mipi’n boulimna ah bang min in kigawm le’ng akua-akua a dia pomtheih (acceptable) ding hiam chih kigen kheukhou” chi hi. Tua hun lai a heutu leh makai khenkhat in kiim-le-kiang ana dapkual ua, ami kibang hile zong solkalte’n min tuamtuam neu nounou a honna chiamtehta(recognized) uh ahihman in kigawmnawnna ding leh za uap theipen ding chi’n ‘CHIN’ ana teel uh hi. Burma ah Zo suante ‘CHIN’ min in Burma kumpi in chiamteh (recognized) a Chin State nuai a tawndan leh hihna kepbitna ding phalsak hi. Gam leitang alianzaw, Zo suan tamzawtham Burma ukna nuai a om ahihman in khaap tamzaw lam zui in ‘CHIN’ paipih in State omsa keek (extend) a “Greater Chinland’ bawlkhiak ding ana chi uh hi. Chin Nomenclature anamkip ma un kiim-le-kiang leh simleivai paidan leh khovel kipeikual in a sukkhak Zo suan nam neu nounou a kiloute ana sui masa uh hi. 1962 kum bul lam in Pu Tun Kho Pum Baite in bial vehna masa pan hi. Manipur a khua tuamtuam a phakkual ban ah Burma a Chin State dapkual ding in zin hi. Chin State ah Tedim, Sihzang, Hakha tanpha va pha a Zo suante’ dinmun leh simleivai paidan enchian hi. Chin State dung-le-vai tuankual a kha bangzahhiam a vaak nung in Lamka (India) ah chiahkik a a taktak in va (reunification) min pen ‘CHIN’ ding mah ahi chi hi. Tua hun lai (1960s) mah in pawlpi ‘level’ ah Zo suante ‘scheduled tribe’ min tuamtuam a kiloute kigawm a gam khat; khovel theihphak dinmun (political status) ngah theihna ding a khodak pat tung uh ahi. Paite National Council (PNC) in zong khawmpi kum thum (1958-60) akizom ziahziah a kumsim a neihna uah (Hanship, Mualnuam, Tangnuam) kigawmna min ding leh Zo suante hon khaikhawmtu ding, akua-akua pom theih ding nomenclature tawh kisai ngaihdan lakkhawmna leh kikupna ana nei uh hi. A tawp in ‘CHIN’ min ah ana namkip uh hi. ‘CHIN’ min a anamkip khit un dolkhaat (memorandum) leng gelh ngal uh hi. 1960 May 30, in Paite National Council (PNC) in India Prime Minister (Late) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru kiang ah dolkhaat(Memorandum) va pia(submit) uh hi. Hiai dolkhaat pen laibuta(booklet) a bawl in amin(title) ding in, “Reunification of the Chin people of India and Burma under one country” chi uh hi. Dolkhaat ah Pu T.Goukhenpau (President) leh Pu S.Vungkhawm (Chief Secretary) in suai kaai uh hi. Dolkhaat sung a thutun tuamtuam tampi’ lak ah point 3na, “THE PEOPLES OF CHIN” ah “Linguistic Survey of India by G. A. Grierson” pansan in India a Zo suante’ lak a recognized tribes 31 te nomenclature “CHIN” nuai a gelhlut (recognized) ding leh amau a a kivahawmna (political status) khat bawlsak ding in India phualpi ah ngen uh hi. New Delhi a makaite’ lungsim kihong lolou hi in mu ua, thagum-thatang leh thauvui- thautang a bawhzui poimawh ahi chih a muhdan uh ahi. Tua ahihman in huchilam a makai ding a lunglut gamsung ah zong uh hi. ding Pu Tun Kho Pum Baite in ‘CHIN’ min a ‘movement’ pat lunggulh a akisakkholh hun leh PNC in zong tuabang mi makai ding poimawh a, a dawpkual hun kituak hi. Ama’n leng, “Ke’n ma ka kai ding, United Chin Government nuai a ei-le-ei kivaihawm ding” chi hi. Reference Thang Ginlun Valte (2013). โVaimasateโ sulnung khekhapโ, in Thang Ginlun Valte, Thang Biak Sang Ngaihte, Golan Suanzamung Naulak, Chinkhanlun Guite, Pum Za Muan Baite (Eds.), Tun Kho Pum Baite: A tullou lungtup (pp. 93-96). Manjunath: Bangalore
NGAWN CHIN CULTURE SA AIH TEN A KUL MI LE, LA SAK DAN, DAK KHEN DAN. Saaih ten sa ai tu pan cawh pi bel ( 1 ) khat, zan hun bel bel ( 1 ), lu pu in, sain aihaw hi. Siah au in a lik in pan haw hi, pa pi khung hem poh in, aw e tin na lik haw hi.Mah sung ah in sa ai tu pan sang aw sang aw,siah lu sang aw, buan nial sang aw, lung lul len hung aw, kam kei len hung aw, a ha pak hung aw, a ho suak hung e, sim hawl e, ( Za Tin ) pu, zo hawl e ( Za Tin ) pu, Za Tin pu kap e man zo ei, tin na au haw hi. Vei5 lik in saha zawl au haw hi. A celh haw ten a tawp leh nak ah, zing khalh tei tawn khal, eih theih na ve leh, hawl ta le ei sing, hawl ngawl vang ei sing tin sa in, saha zawl in ceng haw hi. Saaih auten ( Za Tin ) tin ngat mi cu sa lu pu pai min khi sal haw hi. Siah au ten, Ngaih to pawl ten – Mang Lun siah. Sih sing ten – Len Thuan siah. Hup biang ten – Do Ling siah, tin naau haw hi. A celh nak ah dak khenvang a manlang thek in, pal kawn dim, pal kawn dim, Palpal kawn dim, Palpal kawn dim tin kheng in na ceng haw hi. Ngawn van silh zincimuh na thei nuam ta le pu le pai neih mi dan pha no thei tuk zuam in hi.
NGAWN CHIN CULTURE SA AIH DEM DUN NAK LE A CO HAW MI Pu le pa ten sa aih cu demdun nak in mang haw hi. Pa no sa ai ngawl cu a thih haw ten sei sem ngah haw ma hi. A thih haw ten nu mei bang in, ke huang in koih haw hi. Mah tak heh tin, sa vai in, sa ai tuk in zuam haw hi. Sa aโaih haw ten in tual ah mei sem in, cawh pi zu hut in, vok ngo in na ai haw hi. Vei thum ai te cu a thih haw ten, sei sem sem khat ngah haw hi. Mah pawl te cu asei sem haw com in , a vang in phan haw hi. Sapi ngah ten vok aโngeng tuah in phel phah in, na ai haw hi. Sapi kapte cu sei sem sem nih ngah haw hi. Mei pual vei tam pi sem in, vei sawm ai te cu, a thih haw ten, sei sem sem nih ngah haw hi. Sei sem cu zing cilcel in, phan in, lei phiat in sei sem tak haw hi. Pu lepa ten adem dunhaw ten, thinkhek vei aizong khek, sawlphah vei aizong phah tin na demdun haw hi. Zangsial-sai kapten, bawmlang sacim tin-mi nadem haw hi. Sialkap, saikap cu , asa puak hawnak tuk bawmlang kulhang in, Veitam pi aiten,vok tuah in phel phah in, zu sawng hung in ai haw hi. Thin khek tih cu in pen vok tuah, sial tuah aih khi son haw hi.Sawl phah cu ngam pen, lem tham ngah khi son haw hi. Sapel angah cu nazawh ngeu nammat tin demhaw hi. Sa vei tampi ai in, conngle lam tuah a thuah pawl te cu, a thih haw ten, kem pen mei pual sem in , ngal la sa in,khua taw la sam in,a sa ei pawl ten, zu sawng tuah in na ai leh haw hi. A zo ngawl pawl te cu, in tual pen mei pual sem in, ta vung lual ko lam in cawh pi hung in lam haw hi. Pu lepa ten tangvak khi nasunsak zet haw hi.
“Ngawn Chin Pu le Pa tei La” 1-Kengleng ii lai hawh tuk, 2-Nu tei cakmual hawh tung, 3-Ii dek tuk kam ci law? 4-Baal cuuk cawh lawh tung, 5-Kei khut khat no khiak aw, 6-Zan kham leh tuk mangโฆ. 7-Kham maw kham ma kam ci law.. 8-Kham pik pek pah ing Theih kul mi Pu le pa tei Dawng sawm an zan zei nak la hi. Khua khat le khat cun ngawl nak vang um thei hi. Mah na ven, Miphun kilkhawl nak pa khat nahi hi..
Posted by Rev Dr Joshua Ai Za Len
Saek la tengtol in tumtuk hi – Tengtol atumtu-Pian Cem
Ngawn la no ngai ten nung maw. ๐๐ข๐ฆ๐ข la แแแฏแแบแแฑแฌแแบ tu VLSiam le Mawite te hi 2012 kumpawl khin Saimun khuasung khang noten khuasung pen khanglai tangval melpha bel natih uh mi laidal no sem kawkawi haw in mah laidal sung ah ngan tek vuau tin atih haw mi pen Siampi le mawite in tambel ngah haw tak amuhte cu khawicรฃk in azingten kala phuah mi ah แแแฏแแบแแฑแฌแแบ sak le uh ci katih ten nialviang ngawl no in mahpoh sitin video shooting nak nei vawk paih ung ana, Mawite in tale mualliam san zo tak amah phawhleng nak in adam lai nun video comno zohnak, ngaih nak in na huncan cankhat sung no thapia bok in maw?
PhotoNews | The current view of Thantalan city May 31 Chin Journal In October 2021, Chin State, which was burned down by the Terrorist War Council, Scenery in Thantalan city. Currently, 75% of Thantlang is controlled by the Chin National Army (CNA) and CDF-Thantlang, according to members of the CNA and CDF forces serving on the front lines of Thantlang. chinjournalThlalakChanchin | Tuna Thantalan khawpui thlir dan May 31-ah Chin Journal-ah a awm Kum 2021 October thla khan Thantalan khawpui chhunga Terrorist War Council, Scenery-in Chin State an halral tawh chu a ni. Tunah hian Thantlang hmun 75% chu Chin National Army (CNA) leh CDF-Thantlang ten an thunun niin Thantlang hmatawnga thawk CNA leh CDF sipai member-te chuan an sawi. chinjournal a ni
Shinshingaywa is five villages ( VaYang, Siti Inral, YawLu, Shielshi) . Shinshingaywa is often spoken of by “Burman’s” language. “THE CHIN HILLS, CAREY & TUCK, Vol. II, Pp.Xlix, 1896”
Ngawn language derived from Burman’s language. Ngawn language is from Burman which is called Tibeto-Burman.
Ngawn awn cu Burman awn pen piang mi hi. Burman tih mi cu Tibeto-Burman / Tibetan- Burman khi son hi.
Burman awn tih cu Kawl awn “kha Ma” hi. Kawl awn pian nak cu “Palih” awn pen piang mi hi.
Burman awn le Kawl awn cu a dang tek hi.Pian nak cun kha ma hi.
Ngawn awn cu Babylon uk nak bo in, Persian uk nak sung ah Daniel khan Israel tei suah keh nak awn pen piang mi bel tuk, tin ngaih sung theih mi awn na hi.
NGAWN AWN cu “upa bel” / masabel/ upabel awn (oldest language) pakhat hi, tin ngai sung theih mi awn na hi.Centeral Chin hills awn te cu Ngawn Awn pen piang bel tuk tin ngai sung theih hi.
Ngawn Awn cu Pathian piak mi awn hi. Upat thiam kul hi.
1# Ref:- THE CHIN HILLS, CAREY & TUCK, VOL.II, Pp. Xlix, 1896.
CHIN PIAN NAK.
Chin tih mi cu: –
CINA tih mi awnkam pen le CIN tihmi awnkam pen CHIN tih mi tul hi. Mahmi CHIN pen CHINA tih mi tul hi. CIN tih mi awnkam cu PERSIAN awn pen tul mi hi, tin CIN history sung ah record in um hi. The word “CHINA” is derived from the PERSIAN word “CIN” .Mahmi CIN cu ailai pen tul kaw tih a zohleh hawten, Persian miphun Sanskrit tei awn “CINA” pen tul mi hi tin, record in um hi. (..,(….) which is from the Sanskrit word “CINA” .
CINA pen CIN ah, CIN pen CHIN ah, CHIN pen CHINA ah tin a tul mi na hi. China in the Middle Ages record zoh leh ten, China” cu Persian awn “CIN” pen tul mi tin ngan hi. The word China ” is derived from “CIN” (….) a Persian name.Mahten, Europe, Marco-Polo lamah miphun pungzai zet in um haw hi. China in the Middle Ages lam ah a hen haw tecun, CIN cu QIN (…) pronounced “CHIN” tin, ngat in um hi. Mah mi Chin miphun tei umnak cu Chinese kingdom ngam sung western lam ahcun “CHIN” tin nunkhuasa in um haw hi.CIN or QIN miphun te cu Tibeto, Mongoloid miphun te haw hi. CIN or QIN miphun cu, CHIN dynasty (BC221-206) neitu mi phun tin ngat in umta hi.
CHIN tih cu Persia miphun Sunskrite awn CINA pen le Persian awn” CIN” pen QIN “pen CHIN ah tin a tul mi na hi hi. CHIN dynasty nei tu hi.”We are Chin” tih cu ciang hi.
Theih kul Chin tih mi sung ah Ngawn um hi tih cu thei kinken ten ta un hi.
2#””” LAI LUN”””
Tihmi awsuahdan le theih kulmi
Lai Lun tih mi awn kam…
Lai …tih cu lai cin, suahpih, u le nau, miphun pih tik nak hi.
Lun… tih cu vai,tai, thawn, khuai thawn a thawn, a group a thawn tih nak le
Hausa, milian tih nak na hi.
Lai Lun tih cu Ngawn ngam Ngawn awn pen tul bel tuk tin muh theih hi.
Lai Lun tih mi ailai ah um kaw? tih zoh ten VA ZAANG khua ah le SUNTHLA ah Lai Lun tih mi um hi.
Va Zaang Lai Lun cu VaZaang khua bangla tawng inn sak ah mualsang thing nim tukhang khat um in,Vazaang khua sat tu Pu Lun Zom in mah Lai Lun Zuan in khua na sat hi ,tin pi Kulh Lem le khuapa khua nu ten na son haw hi.
Mah Lai Lun cu mual hum suang pi nuai ah, kua thuk zet,zal zet um in, mah Lai Lun hum pen po mi, mawng kung, li kung, zomsaei kung te a ngah min ten vapual, vano phunkim ten taan haw hi. Mahmi cu LAI LUN tin sam haw hi.Lai Lun cu tukhaang thing nim haduah in a um tak cu, Vapual ,vano phunkim tei kawl zaang bang in tak nak, cotnak tin VaZaang tin khua min na sa ung hi tin le mihempoh ten hawza zet haw tin HawZaang min sa ung hi tin,Pi Kulh Lem le khuanu khuapa ten na son haw hi. Tu nung kum 200 pawl ngei laih ah khin, mah Lai Lun mualpi cu kaih naven, Lai Lun kua cu sia kha ngawl in um hi.
Ngaalpi veinih tho ten, Brtish Levi ngal kap 300 cu VaZaang khua ah ha 3 sung sakhan chiah haw hi. Japan ten van hum pen Vanzuang tuah heleheh tin, bom a khiak haw ten Mikang Levi ngalkap 300 te cu mah Lai Lun kua sung ah bu haw hi, luat nak ngah haw hi.VaZaang cu ngalpi veinih nak lamzin pi na hi.
Mah Lai Lun bul ah cun suang kua panih um bok hi. Pakhat cu mithi phum nak Cawnsin ngol tin sam haw hi, mi lian, upa, hausa vui nak hi.
Pakhat cu Suangnu ngol tin sam haw hi.Mi nauta , mizang pawl le sendai pawl te vui nak hi. Ka tangval tian in, mah lai ah cun pu le pa tei nguh ngeh um hi. Mah ten tapidaw le zusung ngol tin a khen haw ten,hi ngol panih te cu zam thong in um ta hi.Mahten khipi, khimkul, kep, cau, te manpha in a um ten, mahmi ngol pa nih lal thong ta hi. Poi zet hi.Tucun mithi nguh muh tuk vaangta hi. Mahmi Lai Lun kua cu VaZaang khua taw inn nuailui tian paihleng hi tin pu le pa ten na son awng hi.
Tuni tian Lai Lun tin le Lai Lun kua tin um ta hi.
” LAIMI cu Lai Lun ih sin suak mi kan si ” an ti.Lai Mi cu Lai Lun pen tul ung tin ti haw hi, cang thei tuk nem tim maw? Ngai sung teh in, Sunthla Lai Lun cu, suang kua neuno bek si.Laimi hempoh mah laipen tul tuk cu cang thei awh ma hi.
STEVENSON aibu “”Centeral Chin Tribes”” sung ah zohten, LAIMI cu KHAWRUA pen tul tin ngan hi.Oral history sangin, record history hi pom saw awh si.Geography lam zo tele Chin miphun te cu, Kalay pen Chin hills ah kai haw a tih ten mi, Kalay pen VaZaang Lai Lun nai saw hi,Sunthla Lai Lun Khuala saw hi. Mah tak LAI LUN tih cu VaZaang Lai Lun saw khi bel tuk hi.Lai Lun tih a pian pat nak cu VaZang pen piang bel tuk tin, khua nei tu ten son haw hi.
Ngaih sut tuk tampi um hi.Lai Lun tih cu U le nau Miphun pih tei luatnak na hi.
Shinshingaywa is five villages ( VaYang, Siti Inral, YawLu, Shielshi) . Shinshingaywa is often spoken of by “Burman’s” language. “THE CHIN HILLS, CAREY & TUCK, Vol. II, Pp.Xlix, 1896”
Ngawn language derived from Burman’s language. Ngawn language is from Burman which is called Tibeto-Burman.
Ngawn awn cu Burman awn pen piang mi hi. Burman tih mi cu Tibeto-Burman / Tibetan- Burman khi son hi.
Burman awn tih cu Kawl awn “kha Ma” hi. Kawl awn pian nak cu “Palih” awn pen piang mi hi.
Burman awn le Kawl awn cu a dang tek hi.Pian nak cun kha ma hi.
Ngawn awn cu Babylon uk nak bo in, Persian uk nak sung ah Daniel khan Israel tei suah keh nak awn pen piang mi bel tuk, tin ngaih sung theih mi awn na hi.
NGAWN AWN cu “upa bel” / masabel/ upabel awn (oldest language) pakhat hi, tin ngai sung theih mi awn na hi.Centeral Chin hills awn te cu Ngawn Awn pen piang bel tuk tin ngai sung theih hi.
Ngawn Awn cu Pathian piak mi awn hi. Upat thiam kul hi.
1# Ref:- THE CHIN HILLS, CAREY & TUCK, VOL.II, Pp. Xlix, 1896.
CHIN PIAN NAK. —————-+———— Chin tih mi cu: – CINA tih mi awnkam pen le CIN tihmi awnkam pen CHIN tih mi tul hi. Mahmi CHIN pen CHINA tih mi tul hi. CIN tih mi awnkam cu PERSIAN awn pen tul mi hi, tin CIN history sung ah record in um hi. The word “CHINA” is derived from the PERSIAN word “CIN” .Mahmi CIN cu ailai pen tul kaw tih a zohleh hawten, Persian miphun Sanskrit tei awn “CINA” pen tul mi hi tin, record in um hi. (..,(….) which is from the Sanskrit word “CINA” .
CINA pen CIN ah, CIN pen CHIN ah, CHIN pen CHINA ah tin a tul mi na hi. China in the Middle Ages record zoh leh ten, China” cu Persian awn “CIN” pen tul mi tin ngan hi. The word China ” is derived from “CIN” (….) a Persian name.Mahten, Europe, Marco-Polo lamah miphun pungzai zet in um haw hi. China in the Middle Ages lam ah a hen haw tecun, CIN cu QIN (…) pronounced “CHIN” tin, ngat in um hi. Mah mi Chin miphun tei umnak cu Chinese kingdom ngam sung western lam ahcun “CHIN” tin nunkhuasa in um haw hi.CIN or QIN miphun te cu Tibeto, Mongoloid miphun te haw hi. CIN or QIN miphun cu, CHIN dynasty (BC221-206) neitu mi phun tin ngat in umta hi.
CHIN tih cu Persia miphun Sunskrite awn CINA pen le Persian awn” CIN” pen QIN “pen CHIN ah tin a tul mi na hi hi. CHIN dynasty nei tu hi.”We are Chin” tih cu ciang hi.
Theih kul Chin tih mi sung ah Ngawn um hi tih cu thei kinken ten ta un hi.
2#””” LAI LUN””” Tihmi awsuahdan le theih kulmi
Lai Lun tih mi awn kam… Lai …tih cu lai cin, suahpih, u le nau, miphun pih tik nak hi. Lun… tih cu vai,tai, thawn, khuai thawn a thawn, a group a thawn tih nak le Hausa, milian tih nak na hi. Lai Lun tih cu Ngawn ngam Ngawn awn pen tul bel tuk tin muh theih hi. Lai Lun tih mi ailai ah um kaw? tih zoh ten VA ZAANG khua ah le SUNTHLA ah Lai Lun tih mi um hi. Va Zaang Lai Lun cu VaZaang khua bangla tawng inn sak ah mualsang thing nim tukhang khat um in,Vazaang khua sat tu Pu Lun Zom in mah Lai Lun Zuan in khua na sat hi ,tin pi Kulh Lem le khuapa khua nu ten na son haw hi. Mah Lai Lun cu mual hum suang pi nuai ah, kua thuk zet,zal zet um in, mah Lai Lun hum pen po mi, mawng kung, li kung, zomsaei kung te a ngah min ten vapual, vano phunkim ten taan haw hi. Mahmi cu LAI LUN tin sam haw hi.Lai Lun cu tukhaang thing nim haduah in a um tak cu, Vapual ,vano phunkim tei kawl zaang bang in tak nak, cotnak tin VaZaang tin khua min na sa ung hi tin le mihempoh ten hawza zet haw tin HawZaang min sa ung hi tin,Pi Kulh Lem le khuanu khuapa ten na son haw hi. Tu nung kum 200 pawl ngei laih ah khin, mah Lai Lun mualpi cu kaih naven, Lai Lun kua cu sia kha ngawl in um hi.
Ngaalpi veinih tho ten, Brtish Levi ngal kap 300 cu VaZaang khua ah ha 3 sung sakhan chiah haw hi. Japan ten van hum pen Vanzuang tuah heleheh tin, bom a khiak haw ten Mikang Levi ngalkap 300 te cu mah Lai Lun kua sung ah bu haw hi, luat nak ngah haw hi.VaZaang cu ngalpi veinih nak lamzin pi na hi. Mah Lai Lun bul ah cun suang kua panih um bok hi. Pakhat cu mithi phum nak Cawnsin ngol tin sam haw hi, mi lian, upa, hausa vui nak hi. Pakhat cu Suangnu ngol tin sam haw hi.Mi nauta , mizang pawl le sendai pawl te vui nak hi. Ka tangval tian in, mah lai ah cun pu le pa tei nguh ngeh um hi. Mah ten tapidaw le zusung ngol tin a khen haw ten,hi ngol panih te cu zam thong in um ta hi.Mahten khipi, khimkul, kep, cau, te manpha in a um ten, mahmi ngol pa nih lal thong ta hi. Poi zet hi.Tucun mithi nguh muh tuk vaangta hi. Mahmi Lai Lun kua cu VaZaang khua taw inn nuailui tian paihleng hi tin pu le pa ten na son awng hi. Tuni tian Lai Lun tin le Lai Lun kua tin um ta hi.
” LAIMI cu Lai Lun ih sin suak mi kan si ” an ti.Lai Mi cu Lai Lun pen tul ung tin ti haw hi, cang thei tuk nem tim maw? Ngai sung teh in, Sunthla Lai Lun cu, suang kua neuno bek si.Laimi hempoh mah laipen tul tuk cu cang thei awh ma hi. STEVENSON aibu “”Centeral Chin Tribes”” sung ah zohten, LAIMI cu KHAWRUA pen tul tin ngan hi.Oral history sangin, record history hi pom saw awh si.Geography lam zo tele Chin miphun te cu, Kalay pen Chin hills ah kai haw a tih ten mi, Kalay pen VaZaang Lai Lun nai saw hi,Sunthla Lai Lun Khuala saw hi. Mah tak LAI LUN tih cu VaZaang Lai Lun saw khi bel tuk hi.Lai Lun tih a pian pat nak cu VaZang pen piang bel tuk tin, khua nei tu ten son haw hi. Ngaih sut tuk tampi um hi.Lai Lun tih cu U le nau Miphun pih tei luatnak na hi.
By Saya Mang. 8.3.2018. #crd
By Saya Mang. 7.3.2018. #crd share theih leleng hi.
ZI NGET LA
Cawicawm citciat, Phiangkum hengzo Nu aw khuai nei, ton zuh nung..
mah ti bang in la cang cu la-puul nak bang in sa pepel tuk haw hi, mai thinlung sung suak bang in sa haw hi.
Ngawn pu le pa tei khan ah, tangval ten zi huai nuam in mo dot sak tuk nu te nuul nak la na hi, zi ngeet la tin sam bok haw hi.
Zeisu Suahna Mun: Ka neulai la in lungdambawl ciangin la kisa zel, ka lungsim hong sukha mahmah khat, tu dongin lungdambawl kuan ciangin tua la mah in hong phawng zel hi. Tua la a sakkik in bang hiam cih leh, Aw Bethlehem vang khua neu bel phalbi daidam si-al tangnuai,.. gan annkuang ah gumpa hong suak zo hi. Phalbi daidam si-al tangnuai acih bek zong sutleng laimai tampi phaphial dingin ka lamen hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh phalbi daidam si-al tangnuai ah I it lawm le gual, Lia. leh Tg. te tawh kikholh bek zong nuam mahmah hi. Zogam lo ngal tua dan a, phalbi daidam si-al tangnuai ah kikholh na ding mun le gam tamin ka um kei hi. US leh Australia bangah a piannang baihlo mahmah ding hi. Laphuak pen siam kasa a, kua hiam cih tuni dongin ka thei kei hi. Hih la atom mahmah hangin a deihna kicing mahmah kasa hi. Bethlehem khua pen laphuak pa gen mah bangin khuaneu mahmah khat hi-a, Jerusalem khuapi leitawlam tai 6 na kimkhawng ah om hi. Tanglai in tua khua pen Efrath or Efrathah kici hi. Lai Siangtho sungah Bethlehem Efrathah khua aw, nang pen Judah gam ah khuaneu pen khat na hih hangin nang sung panin Israel te a uk ding khat ka piang sak ding hi. Ama gui pen tangtawng pek tawh kizom hi, na ci hi( Mik 5:2). Bethlehem a khiatna in Annsal or ann omna Inn cihna ahi hi. Leihoih mahmah in Zogam khuate danin Mualtung khua hi-a, tuipipan in a sanna Pi 2460 in kiciamteh a, (2500 aci zong om hi). Sakol tutphah bangin a nawltuak sangto in a Khuasung pen niamsuk hi. Bethlehem Khua tawh aki zom tangthu tampi omsak uh hi. Jakob in a zi Rachel vui-in a zi phawkna dingin mual a bawlna mun in Bethlehem khua ahi hi(Pian 48:7;35:20). Ruth leh Boaz a kiten ciangin Ruth tenna Khua hong suak hi( Ruth 1:22;2:1). Bethlehem khua panin Ruth in Jordan gungal khat aom ama pianna Moab gam gal muh thei hi, kici hi. Kumpi David khan khiatna khua ahi hi(I Sam 16:1;17:12;20:6). Filistia te tawh kido in mual tungah aom lai tak in David in a lunggulh mahmah tui in Bethelem khua a tuikhuk tui ahi hi(II Sam 23:14-14). Solomon tapa Rehoboam in a muanhuai dingin Kulh tawh Bethlehem khua um hi( IIKing 11:6). Israel te tangthu sung leh mite ngaihsutna ah Bethlehem Khua pen David khua in ngaihsun niloh uh hi. AD 150 kim pawl in a nungtalai, Bethlehem khua gei a teng, Pawlpi makai lian masa pen pawl ahi, Justin Martyr a kici mipa in Zeisu suah na mun tawh kisai a genna ah Bethlehem khua a innte pen amun kham muansuang lak a kilam hi-a, a inn nuai san ah gankhumna ding suanghawm a nei inn tam mahmah hi. Zeisu suahna mun zong tua bang inn nuai suanghawm sung hiding hi, naci hi. Zeisu suahna mun hi, aki ci leihawm khat tudong in Bethlehem khua ah om a, tua mun tungah Rom Pawlpi biak-inn khat kilam hi. Tua kawhawm sung pen Zeisu suahna mun hi, ci-un ki ngaihsun tawn tung hi. Hadrian in Christian thu a suksiat nopna hangin tua mun ah Adonis a kici milim pasian biakna phut hi. Rom ukna mite Christian a suah hun AD 300 khit, Rom kumpi Constantine hong khan ciangin tua san ah biak-inn lianpi khat lam in tu dongin tua biak innpi omlai hi. H.V.Morton in Bethelehem khua a, Zeisu suahna mun a paina thu a genna ah, Zeisu suahna mun a kci I tun ciangin Kulh na om a, tua kawm a om kong khak niam mahmah ahih manin mipoi aneu mahmahte nangawn alut ciangun a kun loh uh ki phamawh hi. Tua kongah lut in I tum khit ciangin a langkhat a kulh ah biak inn khat kilam hi. Tua biak-inn biak natau nuai ah leihawm khat om a, tua sungah kumsuk leng pi 40 val sau in pi 10 val a zai mun khat na om a, tuasungteng mial khipkhep ahih main meivak 53 kivak hi. A sual tungah aksi khat om a tua aksi kimkot ah Latin pau in Nungak Mary sung panin Zeisu Khirish hih lai mun ah suak hi, ci-in ki gelh hi, naci hi. Zeisu suahna mun taktak pen tua a ciapteh na munte uh hitakpi maw, hitakpilo cih I thei kei hi. A hi zongin tua suanghawm sung lutna ding biak-inn kong vang aniam mahmah in ki bawl a, kunsa in lut loh a phatmawhna in a thupi mahmah khat ahi hi. Kunsa in lut keileng tuasung I tun theih loh mah bangin Zeisu kiang a zuan peuhmah ki niamkhat ding kilawm ahih na thu hong phawksak hi. A suahna mun leh hun ni le khate sangin Zeisu I sungah hong suak taktakta hiam? Hong tektang taktakta hiam?Zeisu sungah I om taktakta hiam, cihte thupizaw hi. Mi pawlkhatte ahun leh a mun a ni, a kha te tawh buailua uh ahih manin Zeisu suah Lungdambawl dawn ding zong mangngilh liang uh hi. Tuni in lungdambawl I bawlna ah Zeisu koi mun ah bang hun in suak hiam? cih sangin Zeisu tawh lungdambawl I bawl takpi hiam? I zangh takpi hiam, cihte thupizaw hi. Bang zahta in sum le pai tampi beiin Lungdambawl I bawl hang, Zeisu I sungah, I inn sungah, I Pawlpi ah, I Khua I tui I gam I lei ah hong suak kei leh a mawkna taktak ahi hi. Bethelehem khua pen Zeisu suahma in mi tangpi lak-ah amin thangke khua hi peuhmahlo hi. Ahi zongin tua khua ah Zeisu asuah a kipan leitungbup ah ki zel in kumsim in zin a mausap kul peuhmahlo in lungdambawl kuan ciangin a tawm pen million 4 ta neiden uh kici hi. Sum lut zong tam mahmah ding cihna hipah hi. Zeisu a suah manin khua minthang leh khua hausa khat suakziau hi. Tukum lungdambawl ah Zeisu koilai mun ah na suahsak sawm hiam.
(ii) Phaza ( แแฏแแฌแธ)bk&m; biakna AD 1918 kum hunsung tengin Pu Kai Za Tuang makaih natawh hong piang thu hi. A mahpen kum___ in suak aa, 1945 kum in si hi. A mau pawlpi-inn 15 bang phaman hi. Dawi hawl khiatna, mailam thu theihna, cina damsak na cihte sem hi. Beel tung mut in, asi bup bangin pukin khasapna neithei hi. Inn a phiat/ Inn a siansuah teh lasa kawm sa-in Innsung pan innpua ah kigual diudeu in pusuah uh hi. Tua-ala sungah "Zeisu vanah a-om ee, nithum ni ciang nung leh ta" cih kammal themkhat kihel zel hi. Tua lo a dangte pen ei theih kammal om lo hi. Aman teh baangtung Signboard dan in laisuan neizel a kuaman a lai thei lo-in amah bekmah in thei hi. Suaicin zum kong khak o, lai at o, cihta tawh man zel hi. A ma biakpen "Phaza" ci hi. Bang pau hiam cih zong ki theilo hi. Tu-in hih biakna omnawn lo hi. A makai pa-a sihteh beibei lel hi.
(iii) Lai Pian biakna Hih Lai Pian upna-ah zong Pasian mah um uh hi. Ngawn gam lam pan gospel hong pai zel uh a, 1993 Oct 4 in, Pa Thang Sian Mang tang suah hi. Laisang hipah hi. Amau upna ah a nungta Pasian mah um napi’n Zeisu sanglo in zawlta hi ci uh hi. Tua Zeisu pen mikangte a ding hi. Ei Zomite a ding pen Pu Pau Cin Hau hi ci uh hi. Amah pen kamsang khat hi a, laizong sang hi. 1956 kum-in Valvum khua ah meeting pi khat nei-uh a, LPPR leh PJP in kikhen uh hi. Pakzaang khua a om pen LPPR pawl ahi hi. Laipian Pau Cin Hau Pasian’paaina Religion leh Pau Cin Hau Jesu Pawlpi cihna ahi hi.
1-LPPR – LAIPIAN PAU CIN HAU PASIAN PAAINA RELIGION..
2-PJP- PAU CIN HAU JEISU PAWL..
Pu Pau Cin Hau in Jeisu pen Isua naci laihi.. Isua cih kammal pen Mizo kici Hualngo Duhlian kampau zang te hi’a lal Isua kici hi . Pu PCH in koipan pasian thula hiam? Hualgo ngam Vangva Khua pan cihi ‘ Hmardarngawn pa kiang zong natung hi laizong nasin hi. Zomi pau in : Jesuh kici hi Pu Pau Cin Hau inznog Isua cih kammal nazang hi a thu angenciang pasian tapa Lal Isua cih kammal nazang ngei hi. Anungzuite hi zu duhman in laipian pawl naom hiโฆ.
BCE 259-ah China ram a awm lo. โChineseโ tia inchhal tur mipui pawl inpumkhat an awm lo va, empire pawh a awm lo va, chiang takin, Chinese lalber pawh a awm lo. Dik tak chuan, China lalber hmasa ber ni ta Ying Zheng-a pian kum, BCE 259-ah chuan Yellow lui chhehvelah hian indo ram pawl khat chauh an awm a. Engtin nge he mi pawimawh lo anga lang hi mihring chanchina lal pawimawh berte zinga mi a nih? tin, engtin nge China inpumkhatna a duhthusam chu hlen chhuah tumin indo ramte chu a inpumkhat tir? ๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ฆ๐ : ๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐ง๐๐จ๐ง๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ง
Tuna kan hriat angin Warring States hunlai kha kum zabi hnih chuang zet sipai inelna nasa tak leh thisen chhuak nasa tak hun lai a ni. Hun buai tak chu a tawp ta a, a tawpah chuan Qin ram hnehtu chuan a khingpui ram parukte chu hnehin centralized power pakhat hnuaiah a inzawm khawm thei ta a, Qin (or โChโinโ) lalram dinna tur a ni a, chuta tang chuan tunlai China chuan a Western chu a la ta a ni hming. Mahse Ying Zheng-a chu China lal hmasa ber a nih hma chuan he ram indona hmunpui chhim lam chhehvela hmun hrual leh mikhual lo nia lang aแนญanga lo kal lal fapa mai a ni.
Chinese lal hmasa ber awmna ram Qin chu a tlangpuiin lalram dangte aiin nunphung lamah a hniam zawkah ngaih a ni a, hmun hrang hrangah a inhlat deuh a, a chhim lam ramri thlenga awm, nomadic hnamte nen pawh a inang zawk niin a lang a, Qin-a nen hian an indo fo thin. Vawi khat chu a แนญhenawm state Wei-a lal fapa pakhat chuan Qin-a chu โhmun rรขpthlรขk leh rรขpthlรขk takโ โnungchang แนญha chungchรขng engmah hre loโ tiin a nuihzat a. Chuti a nih chuan engtin nge Ying Zheng, he khawvel โcivilizedโ tawp lama ram hring leh changkang lo nia sawi atanga lal fapa lo piang chu China lalber hmasa ber a nih theih? Chu chu chhanna tur chuan Qin-a defining philosophy lairil ber chu kum 100 dang kan kir leh hmasa tur a ni. ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐๐๐ก ๐๐ข๐ง(๐๐ก๐ข๐ง) ๐๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐ข๐๐ฆ๐๐๐ง
Qin state chu a khingpuite aiin eng thilin nge a danglam bik tih hrethiam tur chuan eng thilin nge state tick tirtu te, state culture bulpui ber ideology te, a tawpah chuan a hlawhtlinna te hi kan hrethiam hmasa tur a ni. China lal hmasa berin indo ramte a inpumkhatna kawnga hlawhtlinna a chan chhan ber chu a state-a Legalism bulpui ber a nih vang niin a lang. Qin-a politics leh khawtlang nun kalphung leh sipai lama thiamna nunphung nen chuan a roreltu zinga pakhat chuan a แนญhenawm lalramte chu a hneh thei ta a ni.
BCE 246-a Ying Zheng-aโn Qin lalแนญhutthlenga a แนญhut lai chuan, state chu hun rei tak aแนญanga zahngaihna nei lo thuneihna hmanga thuneihna kalpui danah a inher chhuak tawh a, sipai hlawhtlinna chu engkim a ngaih pawimawh ber a ni. Heng hlutnate hi Qin-a chungah hian Shang Yang-a siamthatna hmangin an lo nghat tawh a, a ngaihdan chu thisen chhuak (cold-blooded pragmatism) lam a ni ber a ni. Shang-a chuan Confucian-ho thu bul, dikna, thil \ha tihna, leh thil dik tihna, state dangte duhsak chu a hnawl a ni. Chu ai chuan, a hriat chian principle pakhat leh แนญhatna pakhat chauh hmangin a thlak ta zawk a ni: state thuneihna centralization, engti kawng pawhin a tul angin.
Shang Yang-a thununna hnuaiah chuan Qin chu a inkhauh ta a ni. Chinese Sparta ang bawkin a chetna apiang chu state hausa zawk, loneih hlawk zawk leh sipai chak zawk neih theihna tura chhut a ni. Tin, (state dangteโn an sawi fo angin) Qin hi a khingpuite aiin culture lamah a hmasawn lo deuh niin a lang a, mahse he chak lohna langsar tak hian hlawkna pawimawh tak a ni tih a chiang ang.
Arts, etiquette leh decorum lam ngaihtuah lovin Qin hian sipai chakna nei tura a rilru a pe thei a ni. Aristocratic structure thar dintu system a siam a: thuneihna leh thuneihna rochun kalphung hlui ai chuan official-te sipai hlawhtlinna lawmman pe thin meritocracy.
Social rank leh status hian sipai hnathawh dan chauh a tarlang a ni. Mipui zahawm tak tan sipai rawngbawlna chu tih ngei ngei tur a ni. Mipa zawng zawng chu sipaiah an thawk vek tur a ni a, hmeichhiate pawh an khawpui emaw, an khawpui emaw beih a nih chuan indonaah an tel ve tura beisei an ni. Qin-a sipai kalphung sang zawk leh a mipui punkhawmna chu state dangte lakluhna kawngah hlawhtlinna a neih theih nan a hnuai ber a ni tih rinhlelh rual a ni lo.
Hetihlai hian lawmman leh hremna pek dan (legalist system) khauh tak chuan Qin mite chunga state thuneihna chu a tikhauh ta a ni. Shang chuan rorรชl theihna awmchhun chu ram mipuite chu intulรปt tรปra tihhlum mai a ni tih ngaih dรขn chu a pawm a: thlรชm, hlauhawm, lawmman pรชk leh hrem. Tin, hremna chu a na hle bawk. Entรฎr nรขn, Han Fei (Shang Yang-a zuitu)-in he thu a sawi hi han ngaihtuah teh: โmisual thiltih report lo apiang chu a kawrfual chu pahnih-ah an แนญhen ang,โ tiin. Chutiang chu Qin dan khauhna chu a niโkhawngaihna a awm lo vang, snitch thei lo mai mai entu sual nei lo tan pawh.
Shang-a chawimawi tur chu, he dan kengkawhtu kalphung rapthlak tak hian hna a thawk niin a lang a; kum zabi thumna BCE-ah chuan Qin khuaa mite chu mak tak maiin dรขn zawmtu niin a lang (hremnate ngaihtuah chuan mak lo deuhin), loneih aแนญanga thil siam chhuah a pung a, direct taxation chuan state-ah sum tam tak a lalut ta a ni. He khawtlang, sum leh pai leh loneih lama inpumkhatna lungphum nghet tak hian Qin-a chu a sipai sang zawk chu a chin theih phah a ni. Wei khuaa Marquis Wu-aโn a pawm angin, โQin-a mizia hi a chak hle. A sawrkar chu a na hle. A lawmman leh hremna te hi thutlukna siamtu a ni. A mite chu an inpe lo.โ State dangte chuan a chanve an hre lo; a tlem berah chuan, a la ni lo. ๐๐ข๐ง ๐๐ก๐ข ๐๐ฎ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ข ๐๐ข๐ก ๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ง๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ค๐ก๐๐ญ ๐๐
BCE 230-ah Ying Zheng-a chu lalแนญhutthlengah a แนญhu a, kum sawm hnuah chuan Qin-a sipai chakna zawng zawng chu independent state la awmte chungah a thlawk chhuak ta a ni. Pakhat hnu pakhatin indo ramte chu Qin thununna hnuaiah an tla ta a ni. A chancellor Li Si leh general Meng Tian te puihnain China lal hmasa ber chuan an khingpui lalramte chu beihpui thlakna rapthlak tak tak a nei nual a. โSilkworm-in mulberry hnah a eiโ angin, Qin-a chuan Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Chu, leh Qi state-te chu a ei zo vek a, lalram leh an mite chu lalram inpumkhat hnuaiah a hruai lut a, Qin Dynasty bul tanna chu a din ta a ni. BCE 221-ah chuan Ying Zheng hian China hmar lam tuipui kam atanga chhim lama Lintao thlengin a la vek tawh a, hmar lama Yalu lui atanga khawthlang lama Lang tlang thlengin a la vek tawh a, ram pakhat chu tuna Vietnam ram hi khawih turin a tla thla hial a ni.
China chu a taksa piang hmasa berah a piang a, chu mi rual chuan China lal hmasa ber a ni bawk. Chutiang chuan Ying Zheng chuan a hming leh a hming hlui chu a paih chhuak a, a lalna thar, hmingthang tak chu hmรขn lai Chinese lalte thawnthu nen a inzawm khawm ta a ni. Title thar a fashion a: Qin Shi Huangdi. Chinaโs fabled past-a hmรขn lai thawnthua rorรชltute hming pahnih, huang, leh di tia hriat lar sovereign sage hming chu inzawmkhawmin, โHuangdiโ hi a chungnunna leh a hlawhtlinna tluk loh lantir nan a ni. โQinโ tih thuhmahruai hian a pianna dinhmun a kawk tih chu a chiang a, chu chu chutiang khawpa ropuina, a hmaa a la awm ngai lohah chuan a chawisang a ni. Tin, โShi,โ tih awmzia chu โa hmasa berโ tihna a ni a, a lalram leh a mumang (a thlawna) lalram din chu chatuan atan a puang chhuak bawk. ๐๐ง๐๐ฆ ๐๐๐ค๐ก๐๐ญ ๐๐ข๐๐ฆ๐๐๐ง
China lalber tia inchhal hian kum za chuang zet sipai lama inelna nasa tak chu a titawp tawh a ni. Mahse thawnthu hi chutah chuan a tawp thei lo; state hrang hrang leh beidawng tak pawl pakhat inpumkhat leh rorel chu thil awlsam a ni lo. Emperor thar challenge leh Chinese hnam din chu a la intan chauh a ni. Chutiang chuan Qin Shi Huangdi chuan hmรชlma hlui pawl in hen darh tawh chu hnam inpumkhat takah chantir a tum ta a ni. Hei hian dan leh dinhmun inthlak danglamna tam tak a mamawh a, thil thar leh standardization te pawh sawi loh, pawisa pakhat hman te, standardized measurement te, leh ziak tawng hman tlanglawn te pawh a tel a ni.
A ram zau tak, a neih tharte chu a thunun tha zawk theih nan leh inbiakpawhna leh lirthei inzawmna sang tak a neih theih nan Qin Shi Huangdi chuan empire pum huapa kawngpui siamna project lian tak chu a kalpui ta a ni. A แนญhen hmasa ber, speedway (chidao) chu BCE 220-a sak a ni a, khawpui Xianyang aแนญanga hmar lam hawiin a inher chhuak a ni. A แนญhen hnihna, Straight Road (zhidao) chuan chhim lam a ngaihtuah a, a bul berah chuan empire thar chhim lam ramri chu empire chhehvel beih fo แนญhin, nomadic Xiongnu hnamte lakah a humhim a ni ๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ก๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ข ๐๐ข๐๐ง๐ญ๐๐ค ๐๐ก๐ฅ๐๐ฅ๐๐ค
Empire humhalhna, inkalpawhna leh inbiakpawhna tihchangtlun bรขkah, kawngpui inzawmna chuan hmar leh chhim lama lal hmรชlma laka sipaite rang taka inzawmkhawm theihna a siamsak bawk. BCE 215 khan Qin Shi Huangdi chuan sipai 300,000 chu hmar lam pan turin a ti a, Steppes-ah chuan Xiongnu nomads te chu bei turin a ti a, Yellow River chhim lama an ran vulhna hmun atang chuan an chhuah tir ang. Hetihlai hian Qin Shi Huangdi chuan hun remchang hmangin a empire hmar lam ramri chu a tichak a, mihring chanchina invenna kawng lar ber pawh ni thei: Great Wall of China a siam ta a ni.
Taksa leh rilru lam ramri siam leh vawn reng a ngai a ni. Lal hmasa ber official-te chu empire inpumkhatna leh inremna vawnhim tumna dan khauh tak tak kalpui leh thehdarh tura tih an ni. Heng dante hian sorkar thil neih himna atanga tawlailir leh tawlailir atana lubricant hman dik thlengin a huam vek a ni. Heng dan atanga inthlak danglamna tlemte pawh hremna na tak a tawk thei a, hei hi Qin Shi Huangdi-a thiltih rapthlak ber leh sawisel hlawh ber pakhat atang hian a lang thei a ni.
Lal hmasa ber chuan ngaihtuahna thunun tumin a Orwellian attempt a siam a, chu chu Legalist rilru put hmang nen a inmil hle. Qin Shi Huangdiโs chancellor, Li Si chuan emperor chu literature chungchanga lehkhabu eng pawh leh engkim hal vek turin a fuih a (a tlem berah chuan- agriculture leh medicine chungchanga hnathawh thenkhat chuan a cut a ni. He mipui halralna hi mipui hriatna โtam lutukโ tihbo leh Legalist state dodal thei tur philosophy eng pawh tihtawp tumna a ni.
Mithiam tam tak chuan hriatthiam theih takin status quo thar chu ngilnei lutukin an la lo va, sorkar laipui sawiselna an siam a, empire-a intellectual tyranny tihtawp an phut bawk. Chumi hnu rei vak lovah sorkar sawiselna eng pawh chu dan kalh a ni a, (mak tih tur a awm lo ang) hremna nasa tak pek a ni. Mithiam 460 aia tlem lo chuan he mihring nihna nei lo dan thar hi an bawhchhia a, an dodalna an sawi ngam avangin nung chungin an phum a ni. ๐๐ข๐ง ๐๐ก๐ข ๐๐ฎ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ข-๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ก๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ข (๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ฒ) ๐๐ง๐ข
Controversial (leh downright cruel) ni mahse, Qin Shi Huangdi hi China formation-ah a pawimawh hle. China lal hmasa ber thir kut hmanga kaihhruaina tel lo chuan tuna kan hriat angin China hi a awm ngai lo mai thei. Qin Shi Huangdi-aโn zahngaihna nei lo pragmatism, Machiavellian tumruhna leh a tawpah China tana a hmathlir chhunzawm zelna chuan khawvela hnam chak ber zinga mi dinna lungphum a phum a ni.
Lal hmasa ber chuan he thuneihna ro hlu hi a hnua China sorkar zawng zawng hnenah a hnutchhiah vek a; imperial emaw, republican emaw, Maoist emaw, post-Maoist emaw pawh ni se. A thiltih avang hian China hnam chu inpumkhat tirtu leh a tir atanga hnam anga siam thei principle a siam ta a ni. Qin Shi Huangdi chuan ram pumah central authority principle a din a, chu thuneihna chu China mipui ram zawng zawng enkawl thei, inpumkhatna tak tak leh hmuh theih tak siam thei tur control source pakhat, pakhat chauh atanga lo chhuak a ni.
Qin-a lalram ngei pawh hi a thih atanga kum li chauh chhungin a tawp dawn a, mahse a ro hlu chu kum 2000 chuang zet a nung reng dawn a, tun thlengin a hming la pu hnam angin a la awm reng a ni.
Chin mite hi tute nge ni? (1) Mite (2) Cookies te (3) Dan anga Chin Hill-a awm phalsak Burma mite (4) Chin tawng leh hnam nunphung pawm tawh leh Chin Hills-a awm reng tawh tu pawh. He hrilhfiahna hi Chin Hill Act of 1896 atanga siam a ni. Chipchiar takin ka sawifiah ang. (1) Lushai (Lushai) . Lushai ho hi British-in tuna Mizoram an rawn beih laia Mizoram roreltu lal fapate an ni. Ralte, Biate, Khiangte, Fanai etcโฆ te hi Lushai rorelna hnuaia awm an nih avangin Lushai tawng an hmang thin. Mahse, mihring an ni lo. Hnam hrang hrang Lushai, Ralte, Khiangte, etcโฆ te hi Sap hovin Lushai tiin an sawifiah a. Mizo tiin an inko a. Chuvangin kum 1896-a Lushais tih hi Mizo tihna a ni. (2) Kuki Manipur lam a Chin mite hming an vuah kha. Bengali tawng hman a ni. Lushai pawhin cookies a group bawk. Paite, Hmar, Vaiphei, Gangte, Lushai, Thadou, etcโฆ hi Kuki pawla mi an ni. Thadou chauh hi Kuki an ni lo. (3) Sawifiah ngai lo. (4) . Eng hnam pawh ni se, . Chin tawng hrang hrang hriatna, . Traditional Chin culture hmangtute chu Chin mi anga ngaih theih an ni. Chin Hill biala cheng tawh tualchhung mite chu; Tunlai Chin State-a chengte tihna a ni. (Tedim, Falam, Hakha, Matu, etcโฆ
A brief history of the origin of the ๐๐ ๐๐ฐ๐ง Chin people.
The ๐ง๐ ๐๐ฐ๐ง Chin people are people who were captured as slaves from the Middle East during the growth of the Persian Empire. In the Persian Empire, when they were enslaved, they cut cin kung trees from the forest, peeled the bark, and obtained yarn. The yarn was woven into blankets and jackets. Since they were sold to other countries, in order to recognize each other’s people, the threads in the blankets and jackets were left uncut and the threads were tied. They were called Cin Mi Phun because they used cotton from the Cin Mi Phun to weave clothes. When the Persian Empire collapsed, they left the Silk Road and arrived in the Tibet Mountains. I have not been told by a Chin older than me that I have become a Chin because it is called chin with the ch sound.
The origin of the ๐๐ ๐๐ฐ๐ง Chin people is that according to the words of our ancestors, they were among the people who invaded Pappa from Yunnan and lost the war to King Inwa. They were captured and forced to serve as slaves in the construction of the Mandalay Palace. Then they were taken to build the palace of King Shwe Jo, O Pyu, and escaped again. He is making a living by working as a lawyer. Falang Township There are 19 villages and there are 9 villages in Kalay Township. They are moving to different parts of Myanmar. One is India, Australia, Canada, America, Norway, New Zealand. From Kale City to Chin Taung, they are divided into two groups. The descendants of Ngai๐กTho Oh๐๐๐ข๐ฅ๐จ๐ฅ, ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ๐จ๐ญ and ๐๐ฎ๐ง๐ณ๐จ went to the ๐๐๐ฐ๐ฅ๐ง๐ข area along the Manipur River, and from there, the descendants of ๐๐ ๐๐ข๐ก๐ญ๐จ Tho Oh came to Si Khin Village. The Tilal Lalsut Monzo lineages came to (Ngawn hang ta).One group is the Sising Hupbiang,Hauhup Luahnel,Zasuang, Lente, Haizang, whose lineages descend from children to plums.
The ancient people said that they arrived in the Kein Nu area and from there to the Sezang region and from there to the Colony region and from there to the Vazang village. It is known according to the word While dancing in the shop. Freedom from slavery It is a dance of joy and victory for coming north.
แแฑแซแแบแแฐแแปแญแฏแธ ( แแแ) แแญแฏแทแแแฑแฌแแบแแญแแบแแฑแซแบแแพแแญแแญแแฝแแบแแฝแฌแแฌแแฑแแแฝแแบแแพแญแแฑแฌแแญแฏแธแแฑแธแแปแฌแธแแพแแบแทแแแแผแแบแแญแฏแแบแแฑแฌแแฏแแฌแธแแแฝแฌแแญแแบแธแแฏแแฌแธแแญแฏแแ แบแแฐแแฑแฌแบแแผแแบแธแกแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแ MUAL SANG BIAK DAN NGAWN MI PHUN TEI NUN TU KHUA SAK DAN แแฑแซแแบแแฐแแปแญแฏแธ ( 414 ) แแแบแแแฏแกแแฑแซแบแแแฑแธแแฑแแแพแแฝแแบแแฝแฌแแฌแแฝแแบแกแฏแแบแ แฏ ( แ) แแฏแแฝแฒแแผแฎแธแแฝแแบแแฝแฌแแฌแแซแแแบแแแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแธ (ngaihto) แแปแญแฏแธแแญแฏแธแ แแฎแธแแฑแฌ (Teilol)แแปแญแฏแธแแญแฏแธแแแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบ (Lol sot)แแปแญแฏแธแแญแฏแธแแแฝแแบแแญแฏแธ (Mun zo)แแปแบแญแฏแธแแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแแแบ (Hal Ta Ngun Zui Kai To)แแแญแแฐแแแผแ แบแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแกแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแแฌแแผแฎแธ Kawl ni แแฑแแแญแฏแทแแแบแธแ แแแบแธแแพ (Ngaih To)แแญแฏแแบแแญแฏแธแแปแญแฏแธแแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแแแบแแ แญแแฝแฑแธแแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบแแพแญแแแบแ แ แญแแแบแธ(Sihsing)แ แแฏแแบแแฎแธแแแบ (Hup biang)แแแฌแแฝแฌ (Za suang)แ แแฑแฌแแบแแฎแแบแธ (Zawng ngil)แ แแฌแแฏแแบ (Ha hup)แ แแแบแแฒ (Len te)แ แแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแธ (Hai zang)แแปแญแฏแธแแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแแแบแแแบแธแแแแบแธแแปแฑแฌแแบแธแแพแแฎแธแแปแฑแฌแแบแธแกแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแแฌแแแบแแแญแฏแแพแแ แบแแแบแทแแแบแแฝแฌแแบแแฑแฌแแบ (Thang mual)แแญแฏแทแแแบแธแ แแญแฏแแพแแ แบแแแบ แแฒแทแแแบแธแแฑแ(Sek zang)แแญแฏแทแแแบแธแ แแญแฏแแพแแ แบแแแบแท Kawl ni (แแฑแฌแแบแแฎแธแแฑแแแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบแแพแญแแฌแแผแแแบแแแญแฏแแพแแ แบแแแบ แ แญแแแบแธ(sih sing)แแปแญแฏแธแแญแฏแธแแแบ Haw zang แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแแบแแพแญแแผแฎแธแแฝแฌแแแบแแแบแ แแแแแพแฌแแฑแฌแทแแแญแแฐแแแผแ แบแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแกแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแแแบแแฌแแฑแฌแกแฏแแบแ แฏแแแบแ แแปแฏแถแธแแฏแแบ (Cung hum)แแฑแฌแแบแแพแแบแท (Suai nuai) แแฝแฒแแฝแฒแแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแแบแธแแฝแฌแธแแผแฎแธแแญแแญแแฝแแบแแฝแฌแแฌแแฑแแกแแพแฑแทแแญแฏแแบแธแแพแแบแทแแผแฎแธแแ แบแแฐแแฑแฌแบแแผแแแบแ แแฎแธแแปแฑแฌแแบแธแกแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแแแบแแฌแแฑแฌแ แญแแแบแธ (Sihsing)แกแฏแแบแ แฏแแแบ แ Thang mual( แแแบแแฝแฌแแบ)แแพแแ แบแแฐแแฑแฌแบแแผแแแบแ แแญแฏแทแแฑแฌแบแแฝแฌแแปแฌแธแกแแแบแแแปแแผแ แบแแฌแแฑแฌแกแแซแแแญแแญแแฝแฌแแพแแบแทแแฎแธแแฏแถแธแแฑแฌแแบแแญแแบแแแฑแ แแญแแญแแญแฏแทแแญแฏแธแแฑแธแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบแแฝแซแแฌแ แกแแพแฑแทแแญแฏแแบแธแแญแฏแทแแปแแบแแพแฌแแฐแแปแแบแแแญแฏแธแแฑแธแแปแฌแธแแพแแบแทแแแผแแบแแญแฏแแบแแฑแฌแแฏแแฌแธแแแฝแซแแญแแบแธแแฏแแฌแธแแญแฏแแ แบแแฐแแฑแฌแบแแแบแ Ngawn sak ta แแฝแฌแ แแฑแฌแแแบแธแแ แญแแฝแฑแธแแแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแธแแแพแฌแแบแ แญแ แแฒแแบแแฑแฌแแบแธแแฝแฌแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแแพแฌแแแฝแฌแกแแญแฏแแบแแ แบแแพแ แบแแ แบแแผแญแแบ แแฝแแบแแฐ (Kum lu) แแฑแฌแแบแแพแ แแญแแบแกแแฎแธแแ แบแแฑแฌแแบแแผแแบแทแแญแฏแธแแฑแธแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบแแฝแซแแฌแกแแพแฑแทแแแบแแญแฏแแปแแบแแพแฌแแฐแแปแแบแแ แบแแฐแแฑแฌแบแแแบแแแญแแบแฅแฎแธแแฑแซแแบแธแแญแฏแแแบแธแกแแพแฑแทแแแบแแพแแบแทแแผแฎแธแ แแบแแฑแซแบแแพแญแแญแฏแแบแแฝแแบแแปแญแแบแแฌแธแแแบแ Ngawn Hang ta (Mun pi, Ngamual, Suang Do, Thut mual แแฝแฌแแปแฌแธแแแบ Cung Hum (แแปแฏแถแธแแฏแแบ)แแฑแฌแแบแกแแผแแบแทแแฏแถแธแแฑแแฌแแพแแ แบแแฐแแฑแฌแบแแแบแแแพแแบแแปแแบ แ phai zawl, Bual khua แแฝแฌแแแแบแธแแปแฏแถแธแแฏแแบแแฑแฌแแบแกแแผแแบแทแแฏแถแธแแฑแแฌแแฝแแบแแฐแแญแฏแทแแแบแธแแ แบแแฐแแฑแฌแบแแปแแบแแฑแฌแบแแแบแธ Ngawn hang ta แแฝแฌ(แ)แแฝแฌแแพแแฝแแบแทแแแผแฏแแฒแ Pauram แแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบแแฌแแ แบแแฐแแฑแฌแบแแแบแบแSai mun, khua Dak แแฝแฌแแฝแแบแ Suai nuai แแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบแแ แบแแฐแแฑแฌแบแแแบแKhua pual แแฝแฌแ Mu len (แแฐแธแแฒแแบ) แแฑแฌแแบแแฝแแบแแ แบแแฐแแฑแฌแบแแแบแ แแฑแฌแแแบแธแแฝแฌ (Haw zang) แแฌแธแแปแฌแธแแแบ แแฝแฌแแฐแแผแฎแธ (Pu Tial Cuai) แฅแฎแธแแฎแแบแธแแผแฝแแบแแฑแแบแกแแญแ แแพแ แบแ แฅแบแแพแ แบแแญแฏแแบแธแ แแญแแบแกแแฎแธแแ แบแแฑแฌแแบ ( a ki melh zo mi) แแพแแบแทแกแแแบแธแแแฌแธ (แ)แแฑแฌแแบ แแ แบแแแฑแฌแแญแแบ(Pu Tial Cuai) แแญแฏแทแแแบkumlumual แแญแฏแทแแฝแฌแธแแแบแแแฑแซแแบแแแบแกแญแฏแธแแฑแธแแฑแธแแฑแธแแแฑแแแแบแทแแฒแแแบแแฝแฌแธแแแบแแแฑแฌแแบแแญแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแพแแฑแแแบแทแแผแฎแธแแ แบแแแฑแฌแแญแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแผแ แบแแแบแแแพแถแแ แบแแปแฑแฌแแบแธแแฐแแฝแฌแธแแแบแแแฐแแฎแแบแธแแผแฝแแบแแแบแแฑแซแแบแธแแฑแซแแบแธแแแบแแแบแTai leh แแแบแแแบแแกแแบแแฎแธแแแบแธแแปแฝแฒแท (ang ki ban coih) แแผแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแบแแฝแแบ (cawng lak puan) แแผแฏแถแแแบแแแฑแฌแแบแแญแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแพแ แแบแแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแแฐแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแฑแฌแแญแแบแแญแฏแ แแบแแฑแซแบแแฝแแบแแแบแแแบแแแญแแบแแฑแซแแบแธแแญแฏแ แแบแแฑแซแบแแญแฏแแบแแฝแแบแแแญแฏแธแแฑแธแแปแฌแธแแฝแแบแแฝแซแแฌแกแแพแฑแทแแแบแ แแปแแบแแพแฌแแฐแแผแฎแธแแปแญแแบแแฌแธแแแบแแแญแแบแแฌแธแแปแแบแแแบแ Lu sei awn in phua haw hi.แแ แบแแแฑแฌแแญแแบแแพแแฑแซแแบแแแบแแญแฏแแซแธแ แแบแแพแแพแฏแแบแแฏแแบแแผแฎแธแแฐแแพแฑแ แแฌแธแแฒแทแแฑแแฝแแบแแแบแแกแแฌแธแแปแแบแแพแกแแฑแฌแแบแธแแฏแถแธแกแแแบแธแแแบแ แฎแ แแบแแฑแซแบแแฝแแบแแฌแธแแฒแทแแแบแแแญแแบแแฌแธแแญแฏแกแฌแธแแฏแถแธแ แฌแธแแฑแฌแแบแแผแฎแธแแญแฏแแปแพแถแ แแซแแญแฏแแ แบแแแฑแฌแแญแแบแกแแฝแแบแแฝแฌแแญแฏแทแแผแแบแแแบแแฌแแซแแแบแ Pu Tial Cuai 1958 แแฏแแพแ แบแแฏแถแธแแผแฎแธแแฑแฌแแบแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแแฐแแพแแแฏแแบแแฑแฌแทแแฒแแฅแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแปแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแฌ(แแ)แแพแ แบแแแบแทแแพแญแแผแฎแแผแ แบแแซแแแบแKum Lu แแฑแฌแแบแแญแแบแแญแฏแทแแญแฏแแบแแฐแธแแฑแฌ Pu Khen Theu, Pu Ceu Ling แแญแฏแท แแญแฏแแฑแธแแผแแบแธแแฒแทแแฑแฌแบแแแบแธ (Lu sei awn in phui sam) Luseiแ แแฌแธแแผแ แบแแฌแแผแฑแฌแแบแทแแฐแแญแฏแทแแแพแแบแแญแแฑแ แแแฑแทแแฐแแแบแแปแฌแธแแแปแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแธแแฑแแฑแฌแแฅแบแแปแฑแธแแพแฏแแญแฏแแผแแบแแฐแธแแแผแฌแธแแฐแธแแแบแแแบแทแ แญแแบแแแบแ แฌแธแแฑแฌแแฐแแแบแแปแฌแธแกแแฝแแบแแแญแแบแแ แบแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแผแฎแธแแแบแแฝแฑแทแแแฏแแบแแผแแแญแฏแแบแธแแผแแบแธแแฌแแผแ แบแแซแแแบแ Ngawn แแฐแแปแญแฏแธแแปแฌแธแแแบแธแแแบแแฌแแฏแถแแแญแฏแแบแธแแพแฌแแฝแฑแแปแแบแแฐแแปแฌแธแกแแฝแแบแกแแฑแฌแแบแกแแฐแแผแฏแแญแฏแทแแปแพแฑแฌแบแแแบแทแแญแแซแแแบแ แ แแบแแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฌแแฝแแบแกแแพแฑแทแแแบแแญแฏแแปแแบแแพแแฐแแผแฎแธแแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแแบแแแญแแบแฅแฎแธแแฑแซแแบแธแแญแฏแแแบแธแแญแฏแแบแแญแแบแแฝแแบแกแแพแฑแทแแแบแแปแแบแแพแฌแแฐแแผแฎแธแแปแญแแบแแฌแธแแแบแแคแกแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแกแแฌแแปแฌแธแแฒแแพแแแบแแฝแฌแแบแแพแแฒแทแแแบแธแแฑแแแญแฏแทแแแบแธแแแแบแธแแพแแฑแฌแแบแแฎแธแแฑแแแญแฏแทแแแบแธแแแฑแฌแแบแแฎแธแแฑแแแพแแฑแฌแแแบแธแแญแฏแทแกแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบPu Tial Cuai แแพแกแแบแแแญแแบแแปแฌแธแแถแแแบแแผแแแบแทแกแแญแฏแแบแธแแฑแธแแฌแธแแผแแบแธแแผแ แบแแซแแแบแแแปแแบแแแบแทแกแแญแฏแแบแธแแปแฌแธแแญแฏPu Ceu Ling แแพแแบแท Pi Kulh Lemแแญแฏแทแแพแแพแฏแแบแแฝแแบแ แแฌแธแกแแแแบแธแแแแญแแฐแแบแแแผแ แบแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแกแแญแฏแแบแธแแแบแแแบแแฌแแฑแฌแกแแฝแฒแทแกแแผแฑแฌแแบแธแแญแฏ Pu Kheu Theu แแแพแฏแแบแแฝแแบแ แแฌแธแกแแแฑแธแแฌแธแแผแแบแธแแผแ แบแแแบแ Mual Sang Biak Dan แแญแฏแแฑแฌแทPi Kulh Lem Pu Ceu Ling Pu Khen Theu แแญแฏแทแแแพแฏแแบแแฝแแบแ แแฌแธแกแแแแฑแธแแฌแธแแซแแแบแ แแฐแแแบแธแ แ แฅแฎแธแกแญแฏแแบแแฌแแแบแธ Copy แแฐแธแแผแฎแธแแผแแบแแแบแแฝแแบแทแแแผแฏแแซแ แแฝแแบแแแบแ แฝแฌshareแแญแฏแแบแแซแแแบแNGAWN CHIN PU LE PA TEI NUN PIH
Ngawn Chin miphun pu le pa ten, aidam sat / khua a sah haw ten, Ak luipi keng in, Sial hah in, sial nung zui in, sial zan cam nak ah caam haw hi. Zan ngil ten Ak luipi khuang le khuang ngawl khi ngai haw hi. A khuan pha le pha ngawl khi ngai haw hi. Ak lui pi a khuan pha ta le, sial zan caam nak mah lai mun ah, khua sat in nun khua na sa haw hi. Ak luipi a khuang ma ta le sial hah in, sial nung zui le leu in, sial zan caam nak ah caam in, ak luipi khuang le khuang ngawl ngai in, kal suan pepel in nung ca haw hi. Ngawn Chin pu le pa tei nun pih liim sign cu Sial le Ak luipi hi.Sial cu mi pakhat bang in koih haw hi. U le nau mihing tuah mawh kha dun ten thuson in, a luang cu sial in ou hen ti haw hi. Mah ten mohuai ten mo man cu sial ngen haw hi.Ak lui pi cu zan ngil laih tak in ak vei khat khuang in,mi khua phawk tik tu, ngal tei khut thih nak pen luat tik tu, lam huai tu tin na nunpih haw hi.Ak luipi cu Dawng sawm paui sial ten, ak tui but in, phuisam thiam ten a cam in cam haw hi. Ak lui pi cu sung lawi zet koih in phuisam thiampi pan a phuat ten “MUL TAM HI PA ” tih loli in sal in phuisam nak in mang in nunpih haw hi. SO SUAH NAK. ++++++++ยฑ+++ Ngawn Chin U le Nau te, Ngawn miphun tuah a seng un mi, Tacikdung-Seal, Alan-flag te le Ngawn Chin Ni Thupi te a neih theih uh ten, SIAL LE AK LUIPI Le THAL, COOI TE CUANG TIK thei en tih, deih sak nak le Ngawn SIGN–LIIM pa khat in mang thei tuk in deih sak nak tuahโฆso suah mi hi.
Photos:- -Facebook. Saya Mang~ 22.9.2017.INN KHAT SAK TEN MIN SAM DAAN NGAWN CHIN. Kil co. Sakpi ni. Sutpi khuam. Kulpi. Kulpi zawl/Zawl zangpi. Inn sun. Inn kan. Cuum. Meh pek.Liang pek Sol. Pang sak. Pang hang. Dom pang. Bai buk/ Vok kuang sawh. Kuang lai. Zau nak/ih khun. Dom. Pang hang khuam. Pangsak khuam. Vah hoi. Diha khai. Suat nual zawl. Tuk velh/ Tuk vilh/ Tuk pelh. Thu kaam. Pial. Thuang thu. Caw lawn. Ngap leng. Vai nim taang. Inn kun.Inn bo.Kong biang. Calet. Kel khak. Inn tual. Kem. Kem ban. Khal buk. Sum bul. Tui kuang. Tui teu. Na thei uh mi no te bet pepel tuk kun ing hi.
Saya Mang. 27.9.2017.
“Ngawn Chin Pu le Pa La”
Kengleng ii lai hawh tuk,
Nu tei cakmual hawh tung,
Ii dek tuk kam ci law?
Baal cuuk cawh lawh tung,
Kei khut khat no khiak aw,
Zan kham leh tuk mangโฆ.
Kham maw kham ma kam ci law..
Kham pik pek pah ingโฆ.. ~~~
Theih kul:- Pu le pa tei Dawng sawm an zan zei nak la hi.
Khua khat le khat cun ngawl nak vang um thei hi. Mah na ven, Miphun kilkhawl nak pa khat na hi.
” ZUA NU “ “““““ยด โ 1.Nim bang pian nak, ngomei zaam nuai ah, lenlung sial in, sim lei dongdawh, zua nui lo mapat nak, cabel thin lai sung no pen, maimit suan ingโฆ
Zua nui zei aw, cabel din nak, lai lung sung ah, cam leng a tu’n, zua nui awh laih nau bang, cabel au aw, mual za liam in, zua nu’n za leh toh si ngawlโฆ..
Alai saw hi siar un hi Khua Sung aum hempoh tei theihkul zet mi. Khua elkimpen Khuadinkum tangthu adong khapang hawta le. Tangthu athei te le Khua elkim a tangthu atheite nadong masa un hi.
Mah upmawhpoh in tangthu son male hung Deihsak nak in.
Hi AD 1400 khi mantuk mahi atheisual maw upmawh poh son saw nemtim ngaihsut tuk tampi um?.
SIHTUI KHUA ๐๐๐๐๐ Alai saw hi siar un hi Khua Sung aum hempoh tei theihkul zet mi. Khua elkimpen Khuadinkum tangthu adong khapang hawta le. Tangthu athei te le Khua elkim a tangthu atheite nadong masa un hi. Mah upmawhpoh in tangthu son male hung Deihsak nak in. Thukhup ๐๐๐ Sihtui khua dinkum angat khi zoten un hi AD-1400 tin muhtuk in um hi. Hi AD 1400 khi mantuk mahi atheisual maw upmawh poh son saw nemtim ngaihsut tuk tampi um?. Sihtui khua cu, Sialsih pen khuasat pheimi hi. Sialsih Khua dinkum AD-1258 kum 762 kum nalutleng zohi. Sihtui khua cu AD- 1400 kumin muhtuk um Mahten Hawzanng khua cu, Sihtui Khuapen Pu Lun Zom hi zawltolh nak hang in Haw Zanng khua nacang suak si, Ita heng- Haw Zang khua dinkum AD-1380 kumin ngansi? Sihtui khua dinkum AD-1400 kum in ita heng hitin nganthei? Thudot dunnak nopoh hei neidun ma hang maw?. Hawzanng Khua dinkum vang manma hi, Kum 710 lutzo hi mahhang AD- 1310 nahi sawtuk hi. Mahten – Sihtui Khua hi kum 740 pawlzo hi Aman in AD- 1280 kum hituk hi. Sialsihpen khuasat pheimi nahi hi Sihtui Khua cu thusaupi ngaisung masa in khuatohthu Khua tangthu Ngantuk in deuh sak nak ngengpi tuahโฆ..
๐๐๐ง๐ญ๐ก๐ฅ๐๐ข ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ He hnam lo pian tirhna hi thawnthu deuh takin heti hian an sawi Hman lai thawnthua chawngchilhi leh, Rulpui fa an thah bang, se ek hnuaia biru bo, puitling ta khan, zana naupang tualchaite hi a la fo thin a, an hriat chhuah chuan an that ta a, a sa an insem a, hmeithaite hian a lu a chang a. Achhum hmin zo ta lo va, a paih a, an khua zawng zawng chu a min zo ta a, ama in chauh chu a min ve lo va. A mangang chuan um mu hi a tuh rawk a, Chu mi zamna apiang chu a zui ta a. Leng zawlah a zam lut a, pakhat chauhvin a rah a, chu um mu chu Chhura`n pakhat chuah a ni tih a lo hriat hi a ni a, tun thlengin “Chhura umpui mu hriat” an tih hi. Tin, chu hmeithaite a tuhtu chuan chu umpui chu inah a nei ta a, chuta a awm lai chuan Ngawn/Pawite khualzin hian a rai a, chuan Renthleia hi a lo piang a ni, an ti. Hman laia vawk lu an invuak thlaksak lai hian Renthleiho hi an huai ber a ni, an ti. ( Mizo Chanchin by Rev. Liangkhaia) Renthlei-hnam hi Renthleia thlahte an ni a, chu chu an hnam hmingin a put chhan bul ber a ni. Renthleia chu Chhakchhuaka fapa naupang ber Chรชra fa upa zawk a ni a, Hnamtea u a ni Renthlei upate leh upa dangten Renthlei thlah kal dan an sawi thin chu hetiang hi a ni:- Renthleiho khaw neih hmasak ber chu Liangzawl a ni a. Rul sa an ei avangin an khua chu a minchiam a, mi dang chu an thi vek a rul sa ei ve lo hmeithai Thluaisingi chauh a thi lo va, ani chuan a thlah pung leh ta a ni. Tin, an khua Liangzawl chu a min tak achinah chuan Liangtรชn an ti ta ani. Thluaisingi chuan ๐๐ ๐๐ฐ๐ง pakhat lakah fa a nei a, a hmingah Chhingbula asa a. Chhingbula chuan fapa panga a nei a (1) Chhingthlanga te, (2) Chalrรชla te, (3) Chhonghekate, (4) Zachhinga te, (5) Thuandurha te an ni. Heng mi pangate hi (Renthlei hnam) thlah darhtu an ni a, an hming pawh Renthlei hnam siper hminga hman a ni thin. Lusei sakhua an bia a, Lusei dangte nen dawisa kil zain an awm thin, Amaherawhchu ๐๐ ๐๐ฐ๐ง chawn an hmang tel thin. Vawkpasรปtnghรขk a hmรปi aศanga a mei thleng a zรขng thlur an la a, khanchhuk an zemtir thin. ๐๐๐ง๐ญ๐ก๐ฅ๐๐ข ๐๐ง๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ง๐ญ๐ก๐ฅ๐๐ข Lianhlun 2.Zachhing 3.Thangthawl 4.Tinkulh 5.Chhingthlang 6.Sawhnel 7.Thuandurh 8.Chhonghek
“Table of Tribes of the Falam Subdivision.” PAWI :- Means those who wear their hair in a top knot and includes also many southhern Chin tribes. MAR :- Means those who wear their hair in a bun at the nape of the neck, and includes the Lushei-Kuki clans, and the (Sukte Sokte) and (Sihzang Siyin) Chin. ” The Economics of The Centeral Chin Tribes, 1931, Pp.13, H.N.C.STEVENSON”” laibu sungah record mi hi. Centeral Chin Hills sungah tribes cu group nih in kheen haw hi. PAWI le MAR tin group nih in koih haw hi. PAWI = Malam Tuktum(mailam samtum) miphun tih nak hi. MAR = Nunglam Tuktum( nunglam samtum) miphun tih nak hi. Oh NGAWN pu le pa te cu Malam Tuktum haw hi. PAWI group sungah koih haw hi. Ngawn miphun cu PAWI loli hi tih nak kha ngawl in Culture Daan cun / bangve tih nak hi. Samtum/tuktum dan bangve hang hi. Source: -“H.N.C.STEVENSON.Pp.13.The Centeral Chin Tribes ,1931.” By Saya Mang. 6.3.2018. crd
๐ป๐ผ๐จ๐ณ ๐ถ๐น๐ฐ๐ฌ๐ต๐ป๐ฌ๐ซ ๐ท๐ถ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ป๐ฐ๐ช๐จ๐ณ ๐บ๐๐บ๐ป๐ฌ๐ด๐บ ๐ป๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ณ ๐จ๐พ๐ด ๐ซ๐จ๐ต Thuthlung hluiah chuan Chin-ho hian politics kalphung hrang hrang pathum an siam a, chungte chu Khua- bawi kalphung, Ram-uk kalphung leh โTlaisun Democratic Councilโ (Stevenson 1943: 213) te an ni. ๐ฒ๐ฏ๐ผ๐จ ๐ณ๐จ๐ณ ๐ณ๐ฌ๐ฏ ๐น๐จ๐ด-๐ผ๐ฒ ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐ Khua-bawi kalphungah chuan khaw zalen tak chu hier- archical local chief-in a awp a, ani hian a ram chhunga politics, sakhaw, khawtlang leh sum leh pai lama thil awm zawng zawng thunun leh enkawl theihna thuneihna leh tih tur a nei a ni. Khua-bawi tih awmzia chu โKhua roreltuโ tihna a ni. Khaw roreltu chuan khua council ruat theihna a nei a, ram sem theihna a nei a, a hnuaia mite hnen atanga chhiah lak theihna dikna. A hnuaia awm khawtlang zawng zawng aiawhin Tual Khua- hrum inthawina hlan theihna a nei a ni. A tawi zawngin, ama khuaah pawh โlei lalโ a ni. Khua-bawi kalphungah chuan lal thuneihna leh tih tur awm dan chu a tlangpuiin Ram-uk kalphungah chuan lal ber nen a inang vek a ni. Frederick Downs-a ang history ziaktute chuan hetiang political system hi โindependent village-stateโ an ti (Downs 1983: 11). A nihna takah chuan khua-ram zalen tak chu a tlem hle. Kawng khat emaw kawng dangah emaw chuan khaw dang leh khawtlang dangte nen emaw, hnam lal chak zawkte nen emaw indona inzawmna an siam a. แนฌhenkhatah chuan indonaa แนญangrual hotu ber pawh zahna an hlan hial a ni. Amaherawhchu, Tual ground-a Khua-hrum biakna chu mahni inrintawkna neia an tih chhung chuan, Khua-bawi system of independent village-states-ah kan categorize a. Ram-uk system hi political system a ni a, hierarchical tribal chief chuan hnam pum emaw, hnam thenkhat emaw, khaw pahnih aia tam emaw, Tual khawtlang pum emaw a thunun a ni. Hetiang political system hi tribal feudalism tia sawi theih a ni. Ram-uk kalphung hi hnam dan anga Chin khawtlang nunah chuan politics kalphung pawimawh ber leh hman tlanglawn ber a ni. Principle-ah chuan ram uk lal-pa hian khaw hnih tal a awp tur a ni a, mahse a tlangpuiin hnam pumpui Sailo lalpain tuna Mizoram State-a Mizo hnam pumpui a awp angin, a nih loh leh khaw 300-500 vel a awp ang khan – Chief Hau Cin Khup-a Burma rama tuna Chin State-a Tiddim leh Tawnzang khawpui zawng zawng a awp angin. Ram-uk thiltihtheihna leh tih tur chu a chungah kan sawi tawh a. I leh Ram-uk system te chu Tual biaknaah dan anga siam leh nemngheh a nih avangin Khua-bawi Khua-hrum-a chief thuneihnate engtin nge a bung leh lamah kan sawi dawn a ni. ๐ป๐ณ๐จ๐ฐ๐บ๐ผ๐ต ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ด๐ถ๐ช๐น๐จ๐ป๐ฐ๐ช ๐ช๐ถ๐ผ๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ณ-๐ฐ๐ต ๐จ ๐บ๐จ๐พ๐ฐ Khua-lalleh Ram-uk system bakah hian Chin-ho hian an hnam danin democratic political system โTlaisun Democratic Councilโ an tih chu an siam a, chu chuan โdemocratic constitutionโ a nei a, โuppa council-in a thunun a, chu chu an vai vek nia ngaih a ni mi hausa tak takteโn an sawi (Lehman 1963: 141). Dik tak chuan Chin ho hian hetiang democratic council hi an siam chhuak ta mai mai a ni. Tlaisun ho hi Sunthla leh Haka te ang bawkin, Laimi hnam awmna hmasa ber Lai-lun thlahte an ni. Kum zabi sawm leh parukna leh sawm leh pasarih chhung khan Haka-ho chu an chak hle a, chuvangin kawng khata Haka leh khawthlang lama Sunthla leh Tlaisun inkara thuneihna inchuhna chu a nasa ta hle a ni. Indona chu vawi eng emaw zat a chhuak a. Pakhatnaah chuan Sunthla leh Tlaisun te chu hnehtu niin a lang a, mahse Haka lal Lian Nawn lal lai khachuan khaw pahnih [Sunthla leh Tlaisun] chu a bei a, a tichhia a, a chhunga chengte chu a tidarh darh a, kum tam tak chhung chu tlanchhia angin khawsakna hmunah an khawsa a ni. Mahse, hun kal zelah ShunKla-ho [Sunthla]-ho chuan Haka-ho nen inremna an siam a, mahse Tlaisun-a chuan chenna thar a hmu ta a, chu chu tuna Falamโ (Carey and Tuck 1976: 141). Tlaisun hlui kha thlaler ni lo mahse Falam chu an khawpui a lo ni ta a ni. Chu indona an chak loh hnu chuan Sunthla te hian Chin history-ah politics lamah chanvo an chang leh tawh ngai lo. Tlaisun erawh chu politics kalphung danglam tak takin an lo chhuak leh ta a ni. Ram-uk kalphung pangngai ni lovin democratic council an din ta a ni. Historian hrang hrangte chuan hetiang democratic council dinna tur chhan hrang hrang an sawi a. Carey leh Tuck-a sawi dan chuan an khawtlang hi ram dang mite awmna a nih avangin paramount chief Ram-uk lal-pa an thlang thei lo. Chumi awmzia chu, aristocratic headmen-te chu an khawpui hmasa ang bawka Hlawn Ceu hnam atanga lo piang chauh ni lovin, khaw thenkhat chu Za Hau hnam leh Mizo hnam Hualngo-te pawhin an awp a ni. A chhan dang chu Za Peng Sakhong-a sawi dan chuan โsettlement thar leh democratic council din a, hnehna thuthlung an zawm duh lo mai maiโ (1983: 9) vang a ni. Khawpui hluiah an cheng chhunzawm zel a, Khua-hrum ang chiah kha an biak chhunzawm zel a nih chuan Khua-man leh chhiah dangte chu anmahni hnehtu Haka hnenah an pek a ngai dawn a ni. Tribal indonaah chuan party pakhatin indonaah an chak lo a nih chuan mipuite an hneh mai ni lovin, Khua-hrum pawhin an hneh tihna a ni. Chutichuan, an chak loh hnuah chuan anmahni vengtu pathian, Khua-hrum chuan an Khua-hrum chu hnehtu Khua-hrum hnuaiah a awm tawh avangin a venghim tawh lovang, malsawmna pawh a pe tawh lovang. Hnehna changa zawm a, an Khua-hrum chu hnuaia awm tura tihhniam ai chuan Tlaisun-ho chuan system pumpui lakah an hel a, chutiang chuan an siam tha ta a ni. An khawpui leh an Khua-hrum chauh ni lovin, paramount chief Ram-uk system ngaihtuahna pawh an kalsan vek a ni. System hlui kha vawng reng se chuan Haka lal rorelna hnuaiah hian an awm reng ang. Chuvangin fing takin Democratic Council an din a, chu chu hlawhtling leh chak takin a lang. Kum zabi khat vel chhungin an แนญhenawm ram zawng zawng deuhthaw chu an la vek a, Za Hau leh Haka tih loh chu an la vek a ni. Zomi hnam zinga Sizang leh Sokte te, Hualngo leh Mizo hnam dangte pawh an hneh ta a ni (cf. Carey leh Tuck 1976: 143). Kum 1896-a British-hoin Chinram an hneh khan Carey leh Tuck-a te chuan Tlaisun-te chu Chinram pumpuiah โthiltithei berโ an nih thu an report a. Chin chanchin ziaktute, Za Peng Sakhong leh Vumson-a te pawhin British-ho chu hmuna lo lang lo se chuan ni khat chu Tlaisun-ho hian Chin mi zawng zawng chu an thuneihna hnuaiah an inzawm khawm vek mai thei tih an pawm a ni (Z. Sakhong, 1983; Vumson 1986: 103). Heng thil thleng ropui tak takte hi ka pan hma hian phunglam-a thil pawimawh dang, biakna leh tih dan phung hlui (traditional patterns of worship and rituals) te hi ngun zawkin kan en a ngai a ni. ๐ฏ๐น๐ฐ๐จ๐ป๐ป๐ผ๐น๐ป๐ฌ 1 Khawthlang mithiamte zingah Lehman-a chauh hi โkhuaโ awmzia hi a ngaihven tawk a, tuna a lehkhabu hlui, The Structure of Chin Society-ah Khua โ tih thumal hi โthlarau lam thilsiam chi khat tlangpuiโ tiin a sawifiah bawk. Lehman-a (1963), pp. 172-174-ah en rawh. Chin tawng hrang hrang a zirin Khua-zing spelling pawh a danglam thei a. Entirnan, Parry chuan- Lakher tawngin โKhazangpaโ a spell laiin, Carry leh Tuck-a te chuan Lai tawngin โKhozinโ 2 an spell thung. 3 chu a awmzia takah chuanโ (1994: 126). A thusawi hi ka ngaihdan chuan a dik a, a dik lo bawk eng a zirin. Chin tawng hrang hrangah chuan zing hi thim leh zing a ni tih lehlin theih a ni a, chu chu รชng a ni. A awmzia pahnihah chuan Zing hi hmuh theih loh chakna a ni a, chu chuan รชng leh thim chhuahna bulpui a pe vek a ni. Chuvangin thim hi Zing awmzia tak tak ni lovin Zing chhinchhiahna a ni. 4 Chester U. Strait-a chuan Ding-thlu le Lai-rel chu Pathian laka pathian danglam tak niin a sawi a, Chin tawngte a hriatthiam loh vang pawh a ni mai thei (Strait 1933: 57). 5 Hetah hian Sing Kho Khai ka zui a, Zomi tawng ka hmang bawk. Mizo tawngah chuan an ti a mahse Lai tawngah chuan Tual leh Mual an ti ve ve a ni. Zophei leh Lakher-ah te dialects Tual hi Tlenlai an ti a, chuvangin inthawina lung chu Tlenlai tia koh a ni. 6 Thingtli thing pahnih chu Nawi ruamah an la ding reng a. 7 Aibur khuaa Mang Lung nena an inbiakna, 29 March 1986. 8 He concept chungchangah hian mi engemaw zat ka interview tawh a, tehkhin thu chhanna ka hmu tlangpui. Van level pathum chu tlangte nen an khaikhin a – a sang ber chu Khua-zing chenna in nen, a sang ber pahnihna chu Lulpi chenna in nen, pathumna chu Mithi-khua nen; leilung ruam nen, leh Khua-chia chenna chu khawvel hnuaiah a awm laiin. Sing Kho Khai (1984), Hre Lian Kio (1972), Pu Sakhong (1971) leh Lian H. Sakhong (1988b) 9 Mithi-khua leh Khua-vang Mithi Tlawn lam panna thawnthu Lian H. Sakhong (1988b)-ah en la, a bikin Bung 6-naah; leh Hre Lian Kio 1975, a bik takin Bung 5-naah pawh. 10 Carey leh Tuck-a te 1976: 152-153. Hetah hian local oral tradition ka zawm a, Capt. Sui Mang-a Haka Thawhkehnak-a sawi dan chuan. 11 Rung awmzia chu โa chungnung ber, thiltithei, hlauhawmโ a ni a, Met chu thiltihtheihna, a bik takin Pathian thiltihtheihna, thiltihtheihna thuruk a ni a; Met hi nun chhunga thil pawimawh ber, nun bulpui ber, cream leh nun chhunga thil tha ber tia lehlin theih a ni bawk. Hrinzung emaw Hrinzung Kung emaw hi Chin hnam sakhaw-a Pathian thu thuk tak atanga lo chhuak โnunna thingโ a ni. Vawikhat chu he leiah hian Khua-zing hian โnunna thingโ Hrinzung Kung an tih chu a lo phun a. Mahse ni khat chu he thing vengtu ui pakhat chu a muhil lai chuan van atanga Thlarau Mi chuan thing chu a ru a, thla chungah a phun ta a. Nunna thing chu thla chungah awm tawh mah se, Chin hnam dan chuan malsawmna atan Khua-zing atanga Zing tia koh, Van-ni, inthawina inkhawm hmangin Zing-dangh an tih hmangin โnunna chhuahnaโ an la dawng thei tih a vawng tlat a, Khua- hrum biakna. 12 Burma rama Chin State khawpui ber โHakaโ tih thumal hmasa ber hi Chin hnam dan anga sakhaw ngaihdan โHaukaโ atanga lo chhuak niin an ring a, a theological awmzia chu โVan Kawngkharโ a ni. 13 Aibur khuaa Chief Sang Bill fanu Pi Par Cin nen 25 March 1986-a an inbiakna. Next time ๐โฉ๏ธ
Mizoram ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ต๐ผ๐ต๐ท๐ฏ๐ผ๐ต๐ฎ-๐ท๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ Chin tawng โnun dan-phunglam – hi phung tih thumal bul atanga lo chhuak a ni a, a awmzia takah chuan โcultureโ tihna a ni. Phung tih thumal awmzia hi sakhaw lam thuk tak a ni a, sakhua ngei nen pawh a inang deuh ber a, Chin mite hian Lai phung in kan rak um! ‘Chin hnam sakhua kan zawm a!’ emaw Chin hnam nunphung angin kan khawsa a ni! emaw Krifa phung in kan um! ‘Kristian kan ni! Hemi kawngah hian Chin-hoin โsakhawโ an sawi dan hi Clifford Geertz-aโn โsakhaw chu culture system anga ngaih a sawifiahna nen hian a inhnaih hle a ni (cf. Geertz 1973: 87- 125). Mi pawl emaw, pawl emaw chuan chhinchhiahna kalphung inang chu a ruala an hman hian rinna inang mai ni lovin โnun danโ pawh an nei ve ve a ni. Hei hi Chin-hoin phunglam an tih, โnunphungโ, โmipa rilru put hmang leh chรชttรฎrna chak tak, zau tak, leh rei tak daih theiโ an tih chu a ni a, chu chu nunphung leh nunphung ni bawk leh khawtlรขng hlutna lungphum petu a lo ni ta a ni. Hei hi mi zawng zawng huapzo โfunctionalโ tih awmzia a ni a, chutih rual chuan chiang taka ruahman a ni bawk. He inclusiveness hian tribal society kan buaipui hian a thatna a nei a, chutah chuan sakhaw, khawtlang, nunphung leh politics thilte chu inzawm tlat a ni. Heng terminological inang lo tak tak leh expression metaphor inang chiah chiah awm mahse, Chin concept of religion chhungril lam awmzia chu โcultural systemโ chauh a ni lo va, โa system of symbolsโ pawh a ni lo. Geertz-aโn โsakhaw chu culture system angaโ a tih hian โmihring chungnung zawkโ, โthianghlimโ emaw, โtranscendental elementโ emaw pawh a kawk lo. Chin concept of religion-ah erawh chuan he transcendent element – Supreme Being leh thlarau lam thil dang, thlarau leh thih hnua nunna rinna telin – sakhaw leh politics, leh nunah social leh economic element hrang hrangte a thliar hrang a ni. inzawmna nghet tak nei mah se. Chu bรขkah, Chin-ho tรขn sakhaw chu rinna mai a ni lo va, pรขwn lam thiltihtheihna engemaw tak awm tรปra chhรปngril lama inpekna mai a ni lo. He thiltihtheihna hi mihring duhdan nena inzawm a ni tih ngaihdan pawh a huam tel bawk. He thiltihtheihna nena inbiakpawhna kawngah hian ringtuin hma a la thei tih hi pawm a ni. Chin Identity zawngin khawvel hmun dang tam takah chuan a tlangpuiin โthumal leh tawngkam ni lo, chi hnih a neiโ (Firth 1996: 158). Chin sakhaw kalphung hluiah chuan tawngkam hmanga inpawlna chu a kaihhnawih tawngkam ni lo thiltih, thilhlan leh inthawina ang chi awm lovin a awm lo. Phรชn dangin sawi ila, ritual tel lova แนญawngแนญaina a awm lo. Hetiang แนญawngแนญaina leh sakhaw thiltih inzawmkhawmna inzawmkhawm hi khawtlang emaw, kohhran emaw inzawmkhawmna hmanrua a ni. Chin hnam dan anga inpawlna chu Pathian leh mihringte inpawlna mai a ni lo va, mihringte inkara inpawlna a ni bawk: tawngtaina pe thin hotupa leh mipui pawl, inthawina inkhawma chaw ei tur zuitu leh a hnena insem thinte inkara inpawlna a ni. He bung hian Chin hnam sakhaw leh a theology conceptual structures te, Tual community-a religious concept, political structure leh economic system inzawmna te ka chhui dawn a ni. Khawthlang lama rinna kalphung leh ritual kalphung hrang hrang, leh kawng dangah chuan politics kalphung leh khawtlang nunphung hrang hrang thliar hrangtu, hmanraw pangngai zawm ai chuan heng thil zawng zawng hi phunglam chi khatah ka dah vek ang. An then hran ai chuan rinna kalphung, khawtlang nunphung leh politics kalphung te hi he bung hian kan sawi ho dawn a ni. Chutiang bawkin Chin hnam sakhuaah inthawina inkhawm leh biak inkhawm te, leh thih hnua nunna hun engemaw chen Mithi-khua tia hriat lar atana inbuatsaihna anga leia nunna ngaihdan te pawh bung lehlamah kan sawiho dawn a ni. ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ป๐ฏ๐ฌ๐ถ๐ณ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ - ๐ป๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ณ ๐จ๐พ๐ด ๐ซ๐จ๐ต Chin sakhaw hlui thu bulpui hriatthiam theih nan leh theology, Khua tih concept a angin ka an a. Chin ngaihtuahnaah chuan Khua hi philosophical concept emaw category emaw a ni a, chutah chuan: Thlarau mi zawng zawng: Khua-zing, Pathian Chungnung ber ang chi; Khua-hrum, vengtu pathiante; Khua-chia, thlarau sual; leh Khua-vang, shaman emaw diviner emaw a ni. Hun leh hmun: kum-khua, hunbi tawp nei lo, hun tawp nei lo emaw, chatuan emaw ang chi; minung-khua, leia mihring chengte; Mithi-Khua, vanram boral tawhte awmna; vancung-khua, van emaw, hmun emaw; khua-ram, leilung chunga leilung leh hmun (geographical land and space) a ni. Cosmic forces of rain, thli, lumna leh mei: khua-hnaw, ruahtui chhuahna leh tui bul tanna emaw, ruah pathian emaw ang chi; khua-ri, thli leh thawm chhuahna; khua-tek, รชng leh mei chhuahna; khua- lum, lumna leh lumna thlentu; khua-sik, khaw vawt chhuahna; ni-khua, Ni, Thla, Universe leh Nature โ khaw lum pawh tiamin. Chuvangin Khua chu thil awm zawng zawng, hun leh hmun chhung leh a piah lama thil awm zawng zawng a ni. Khua chu basic term of reference atan pek a nih chuan tracditional Chin religion-a conceptual structures leh belief systems te chu concepts of. แแฝแฌแแญแฏ แกแแญแฏแธแกแแฌแธแกแแผแ แบ แกแแผแฑแแถแกแแฑแซแบแกแแฑแซแบแกแแผแ แบ แแแบแแพแแบแแฌแธแแฑแฌ แแญแฏแธแแฌแแปแแบแธแแฌแแฌแแแฌแธแ แกแแฐแกแแแแบแแฑแฌแแบแแฏแถแแปแฌแธแแพแแทแบ แแฏแถแแผแแบแแปแแบแ แแ แบแแปแฌแธแแญแฏ แแแฑแฌแแแฌแธแแปแฌแธแกแแผแ แบ แกแแปแญแฏแธแกแ แฌแธแแฝแฒแแผแฌแธแแญแฏแแบแแแบแ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ : ๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐: ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐: ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ Pathian Chungnungber (Concept) Khua-zing Chin Sakhaw hluiah thil pawimawh tak, thil pawimawh tak pakhat chu Pathian Chungnung ber ngaihdan, Khua-zing tia hriat hi a ni. 2 Khua-zing tih hming hi โthumal hrang hrang pahnih: Khua leh zing inzawmkhawmโ a ni (Laisum 1994: 126) Khua leh zing concept hi a hranin ka ngaihtuah hmasa a, chutah chuan Khua-zing concept pum pui ka sawifiah leh a. Khua awmzia chu โhun leh hmun chhung leh a piah lama thilsiam zawng zawng leh thil awm zawng zawngโ tih a ni a, zing awmzia tak tak chu โthil hmuh theih loh chaknaโ a ni. 3 Thu dangin sawi ila, zing hi thiltihtheihna pawimawh tak emaw, nunna bulpui emaw a ni a, chu chuan thil pawimawh tak pawh a huam tel a ni mihring nunna chakna leh thil zawng zawng chakna pawh: thlarau chakna, ni leh thla, eng leh thim, ruah leh lui, hun leh hmun chakna thlengin. Chin ho chuan zing lo chhuahna ngei pawh Khua- zing atanga lo chhuak niin an ngai a. Chuvangin Khua-zing hi Pathian Chungnungber, khawvel pum pui siamtu, thlarau lam thil leh mihringte pawh tiamin, he Universe chhunga thil nung zawng zawngte tana nunna chakna pawimawh tak petu a ni. N. E. Parry-a chuan Khua-zing tih hi โMi zawng zawng Paโ, โengkim awmziaโ leh โnunna bulpuiโ tiin a sawifiah a (cf. Parry 1932: 349). Khua-zing hi nunna petu leh bulpui a nih avangin Chin rinna chuan Universe chhunga thil zawng zawng thununtu a ni bawk tih a vawng tlat a: leia thim leh รชng, tlang leh lui chunga ni eng leh ruah sur, ni tlak leh thla, mihring leh thlarau thlengin chanvo. Chin ho chuan Khua-zing an hriatna chu thawnthu, thawnthu, tawngtai, sakhaw inkhawm, hla leh thufing hmangin an sawi chhuak a. Khua-zing chatuan nihna chu a awlsam zawngin an sawi chhuak a; Khua-zing hi Minung-khua leh Mithi-khua piah lamah a nung a, a piang lo va, a thi lo va, tu nge piang leh thi tih a hria. Minung- khua leh Mithi-khua piah lama awm a nih avangin mipa tumahin an thleng thei lo a, mahse mihringte hi a hnaih em em a, a chhan chu Khua-zing a nih avangin a nihna peng pakhat an nih avangin. Zing hi mihring tinah nunna chakna poimawh tak angin aom a. Chuvangin mihring chancin engkim a hrevek a ni rites tih a ni, thilsiamte an chanvo pawh, Engkim a hmu thei a, thimah pawh a hmu thei a, a chhan Chu zing le zan, chhun leh zan, eng leh thim thununtu zing a nih vang a ni. Ani chu absolute a nih chhan chu absolute zing chauh hi Khua-zing a nih vang a ni a, mihringte hian zing te tak te chauh kan nei a, chu chu Khua-zing absolute zing atanga lo chhuak a ni. Khua-zing chu kumkhuain a nung a, a chhan chu zing hi a thi ngai lo va, mihring nun leh Khua-zing zing pawh hi nunna ngei a ni (cf. Sing Kho Khai 1984: 130-140; Parry 1932: Khua-zing nihna hi thil tak tak awmna bulpui ber anga sawi theih a ni a, chutah chuan mihringte leh mihring institution te pawh a tel a, mahse, a duhthusamin enkawlna leh chhandamna thiltih hmangin thilsiam kalphungah a inrawlh tam lo hle. Khua-zing hi a hnuaia kan hmuh ang hian nungchang hlutna lungphum a ni thei a, mahse โPathian chu Hmangaihna a niโ tih ang chi general expression a awm lo. Pathian nihna bakah hian Chin-ho hian Pathian thianghlimna leh nungchang lama mizia chungchangah ngaihdan chiang tak tak an nei a. Chin ho chuan Pathian thianghlimna chu Pathian angin an sawi chhuak a, Kristian an nih hnuah pawh Pathian chu Kan Khua-zing le kan Pathian, Kan Pathian Chungnungber leh Thianghlim tiin an ko thin. Literally chuan Pathian hi a thianghlim a ni. Chin hnam sakhaw tawngtaina leh ngaihdanah chuan Pathian tih hi pathian hming ni lovin Khua-zing thianghlimna attribute a ni a, chu chu zing-dangh tawngtainaah chiang takin kan hmu thei a, chu chu ‘ tih thupui hnuaiah ka sawi a ni. Inthawina inkhawm leh biakna’ tih bung leh lamah chungah Khua-zing thianghlimna chu Khua-zing lam hawi ritual an tih hian dan khauh tak takte pawhin a tilang bawk. Entirnan, inthawina rannungte chu rawng thup pakhata awm tur a ni a, inthawina titu puithiam emaw, upate emaw chuan inpawlna leh emaw, ei leh in emaw, thiltih emaw thenkhat chu ritual hma leh tih zawhah an insum a ngai a ni. Heng ritual formalities te hian mipuiten Khua-zing hi thil thianghlimah an ngai tih chiang takin a tilang a ni. Chin-ho chuan Khua-zing-a nungchang lama mizia leh แนญhatna chu โding-thlu le lai-relโ tiin an sawi chhuak a. Literally, โding-thluโ chu felna kawng hawnsaktu a ni a, โlai-relโ chu dik leh dik taka roreltu a ni bawk.4 Khua-zing thatna chu chhiatna a pumpelhnaah, ruah a surtir a, fa neih theihna a pe a ni mi leh an bawngte hnenah (cf. Carey leh Tuck 1976: 195-196; Parry 1932: 349-350). Chin hnam dan anga sakhaw inkhawmah tawngtai hian Khua-zing thatna chu chiang takin a tarlang a ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐: ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ A chunga kan sawi tawh ang khan Chin ho chuan mihring tin hian nunna chakna pawimawh tak, zing an tih, nunna ngei pawh vengtu thlarau anga humhimtu kan nei tih an ring a. Mimal vengtu thlarau emaw pathian emaw bakah hian chhungkaw pathian an ring bawk a, chu chuan chhungkua leh hnam a humhim a ni. In chhunga pathian chu chung-um an ti a, chu chu in chhunga awm vengtu pathian a ni. Chung-um chu kum tin inn-chiat inthawinaah an biak tlangpui a. Functionally chuan Chin sakhaw hluiah chuan vengtu pathian pawimawh tak chu mimal โguardian angelโ emaw, in chhunga pathian emaw a ni lo va, khaw emaw khawtlang emaw vengtu pathian, Khua-hrum tia koh a ni. Chin khawtlang nunah Khua-hrum biakna chu a pawimawh em em a – sakhaw hnathawhna kawngah leh khawtlang inpumkhatna tihhmasawn nan – Chin sakhaw hlui chu Khua-hrum biaknak, a nih loh leh Khua-hrum sakhaw tia hriat hial a ni. Mihringte vengtu pathian zing leh khua leh khawtlang vengtu pathian Khua- hrum inthlauhna chu zing chakna pawimawh tak chu Khua-zing atanga lo chhuak nghal a nih laiin Khua-hrum thiltihtheihna chu a awm niin an ring a ni cosmic forces chauh atanga siam a ni. Phรชn dangin sawi ila, Khua-hrum hi leia thil thleng, tlangram chak tak tak, lui lian tak tak, ruam thuk tak tak, etc,te vengtu pathian a ni a, chu mi atan chuan thlarau thiltihtheihna chu ni, thla leh ruah ang chi cosmic force atanga lo chhuak a ni . Khua-hrum hi cosmic forces thlarau anga ngaihna hian mihring tinte hian zing an tih, vengtu thlarau an neih angin hmun emaw hmun tin emaw hian pathian emaw thlarau emaw an nei a, chu chu vengtu a ni tih a tilang lehzual a ni. Thlarau ha emaw pathian emaw veng nia rin hmun emaw hmun emaw chu hmun \ha emaw, hmun thianghlim emaw anga ngaih a ni. A nihna takah chuan chutiang hmun chu mihring chenna atan pawh duhthlanna tha ber a ni a, a chhan chu hnam danah chuan Chin-ho chuan Khua-hrum thuneihna chhunga an awmna an siam chuan Khua-hrum vengtu Khua-hrum hnen atangin humhimna leh malsawmna an dawng ang tih an ring a ni hmun. Chutiang hmun tha takah an awm duh chuan an tih hmasak ber chu chu hmun vengtu thlarau hnenah thilpek hlan a ni. Vengtu thlarau hnenah tawngtaina an hlan a: โMin venghim la, min pui la, malsawm rawhโ (cf. Pu Sakhong 1971: 27). Khua-hrum hnena thilhlan leh tawngtaina an siam hmasakna hmunah chuan inthawina lung an phun a, chu chu bungkung (banyan thing) phun a ni tlangpui. A chhan chu Strait-aโn a hmuh angin: Banyan thing hi thlarau awmna atana duhthlanna tlanglawn tak a ni a, thing dang aiin a danglam a, a lo than chhoh zelnaah pawh a pianzia danglam tak a nei fo thin. Mihring hriatrengna aiin a lo thang lian zel a, thingte chu bul tanna nei lovin sawi theih a ni. An tlem deuh a, an chungchangah hian thuruk element an nei (rinhlelh rual lohvin thlarau teโn Banyan thingte chu an awmna hmun duh ber atana an thlan avanga thutlukna siam vang a ni tih rinhlelh rual a ni lo), chu chuan khaw thlarau (Strait) chenna atana duhthlanna pianpui a siam a ni 1933: 52-ah a tarlang bawk) Khaw mipuiten an thilhlan leh tawngtaina an siam hmasakna hmun chu Tual an ti a.5 Thuthlung sawi danah chuan he hmun hi thlahthlam ngai lo tur a ni a, inthawina lung chu hlih ngai lo leh bungkung pawh hrual ngai lo – a hnah te ber pawh ni lo; an inzawm khawm chuan a tawpah chuan khawtlang leh inpekna chhinchhiahna an lo ni ta vek a ni. An khua dintu a thih chuan thlan lung chu thing bulah an dah a. Sakhaw lam atanga thlir chuan Tual hi hmun thianghlim, khawtlang inthawina chi hrang hrang leh rites tih a ni. Socio-political organizational lam atanga thlir chuan khawtlang pum huap member pakhat zel inzawmkhawmna culture center a ni. Tin, a dintu leh khawtlang, pi leh pute leh thlah nungte inzawmna chanchin (historical link) a entir bawk. Inthawina inkhawmah pawh mi nung leh mitthi (pi leh pu) inhmuhkhawmna hmun a ni bawk. Sing Kho Khai chuan tual chu Chin khawtlang inrelbawlna hmunpui a nih thu a sawi nghet a, Chin khawtlang chu Tual lam hawi khawtlang, a nih loh leh โTual khawtlangโ tiin a sawi (1984: 205). ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ : ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ A chunga kan sawi tawh ang khan thlarau lam thil chi hrang hrang (leh prefix) tlangpui chu Khua a ni. Thlarau sual chu Khua-chia an ti a. Chin sakhaw hlui zirtirna chuan Khua-chia chi hrang hrang tawp nei lo a awm tih a vawng tlat a, Khua-chia tumahin malsawmna pe thei an awm lo. Chu ai chuan, mi zawng zawng chu thil sual titu, chhiatna, accident, natna leh thihna thlentu nia ngaih an ni. Khua-chia category-ah hian โhmun thlarau tam tak, a bik takin lung lian tak tak, tuikhuah, leh topographical feature langsar dangteโ pawh a tel a ni. Anni pawh hian natna an thlen a, mahse hmun an neih avangin chiang taka hriat theih an niโ (Lehman 1963: 175). Thlarau pakhat Khua-chiaโn a man emaw, a man emawโ tih hian Chin sakhaw hluiah natna chungchanga ngaihdan bulpui chu a khaikhawm a ni (cf. Parry 1932: 325). Thihna concept hi โindonaa thi angin a thi emaw, Khua-chia-in a that emawโ (Vaipum 1980: iv) tiin a siam theih bawk. Chuvangin Khua-chia hlauhna hi hnam dan sakhaw nunah thil pawimawh ber pakhat a ni. Dik tak chuan, Chin hnam nunphung chu khawi lam hawi zawnga boruak ang maia kal, sawi lawk theih loh Khua-chia-te lam atanga mawhphurhna nei lo thiltih hlauhnain a tuam a ni. Khua-chia chi hlauhawm ber, โnatna thlentu ber nia rin chu rai an ti (Lehman 1963: 175). Rai hi thlarau che thei tak a ni a, hmun leh hmun bik nen pawh hriat theih a ni lo. Chutiang chuan, natna nena inzawm inthawina inkhawm chi hrang hrang chu a tlangpuiin category hrang hrangah an dah a, rai-thawi tia hriat a ni a, chu chu thlarau che tihrehawm tihna a ni. Natna enkawlna kawng awmchhun chu, Chin sakhaw hlui ang chuan, thlarau tantirtu Khua-chia tihrehawm hi a ni (cf. Parry 1932: 133; Sing Kho Khai 1984: 184). Natna a lo awm veleh Khua-chia hnenah inthawina hlan a ngai ta a ni. Khua-chia hrang hrangte chuan inthawina hrang hrang an phut a. Mithan- demanding Khua-chia chu vawk emaw, vawk mamawh Khua-chia chu vawk nen emaw inremna siam tum chu a tangkai lo. Mi pakhat a damloh chuan sava no, inthawina ran te ber a hlan a. A dam leh chuan Khua-chia chu a lungawi a, natna chu a hnukkir tawh tihna a ni a, mahse a dam lo a nih chuan a tisual tihna a ni; inthawi tur sava ni lovin, vawk a ni mai thei. Vawk a hlan hnu pawha a la damlo a nih chuan inthawina ran zinga lian ber mithan chu hlan a tum mai thei. Natna a la chhunzawm zel chhung chuan a thil neih zawng zawng chu a hlan chhunzawm zel ang (cf. Carey and Tuck 1976: 197). โถ๏ธ๐ Next pt2 photocredit
MIZO Chanchin Bu Kum 1895 ah British India ah Mizoram(Lushai Hills) chu a awm a. North leh South Lushai Hills tia แนญhen hran a ni a, Aizawl leh Lunglei chu Headquarters an ni. Kum 1898 ah Lushai Hills District tiin North leh South Lushai Hills chu chhun fin a ni. Kum 1894 ah Missionary te an lo lut a, A Aw B min siam sak. Kum 1896 ah ‘Mizo zir tirna bu(A Lushai Premier)’ chu tih chhuah a ni. Hetih hunlai hian Mizo kan la in ti lo. Kum 1898 ah ‘Mizo Chanchinbu Laisuih’ kut ziak chu chhuah a ni. Mizo kan la in ti lo. Kum 1902 kum aแนญangin ‘Mizo leh Vai Chanchinbu’ chhuah แนญan a ni. Mizo kan la in ti lo. He chanchinbu hian nasa takin Duhlian/Mizo แนญawng a ti darhzau. Kum 1935 ah ‘Young Lushai Association(YLA)’ din a ni. Mizo kan la in ti lo. Kum 1946 ah ‘Mizo Union Party’ a lo ding แนญan. Mizo tiin kan inchhal แนญan. Kum 1947 ah ‘Young Lushai Association’ chu ‘Young Mizo Association’ tia hming thlak a ni. Mizo tiin kan inchhal tawh. Hindi/Korean/Turkish Serial Movies Mizo แนญawnga Dubbed ho hian Mizo แนญawng nasa takin a theh darh a, a ti lar bawk. Mizoram Population: Kum 2011 Cencus ah Mizoram 11+ lakhs. Mizo แนญawng hmang 9+ lakhs kan awm tawh. Chin State Population: 5+ lakhs vel an ni. Falam bialin Falam แนญawng, Hakha bialin Halkha แนญawng, Teddin bialin Teddim แนญawng. แนฌawng thuah pawh a tlem zawk chuan a lian ber chu a din chan khalh thei lo hrim hrim a ni. Mizoram chu Zofate zingah Literature ah a sang fal nalh a, Lehkhabu lah Mizo แนญawngin a chhuak hnem em em tawh a ni. Zofate zinga แนญawng dangin a khum thei tawh dawn lo a ni. Eng dang vang ni lovin min pe tu Pathianin he Mizo แนญawng hi mal a sawm tlat a ni. MIZO tih hi Sap Missionaryte min pek a ni. Credit..
China chanchin hi kum 5,000 vel kalta atanga Three Sovereigns leh Five Emperors thlenga sawi tawh, traditional historical record-ah sawi a ni a, kum zabi 16-na BC-a archaeological record-te pawhin a tihpun belh bawk. China hi khawvela continuous civilization hlui ber pawl a ni. Turtle shell-ah hian Shang Dynasty hunlai Chinese ziak hlui hriatrengna chhinchhiahna a awm a, carbon dated chu BC 1500 vel a ni. Chinese civilization hi Yellow River valley-a city-state atanga lo chhuak a ni.
Chu lui sen chu a hmingah chuan loess a lo awm ang a, lei kamah leh lei hnuaiah a lo awm ang a, chutah chuan a pil ang a, tuiah chuan yellowish tint a siam ang. 221 BC hi lalram lian tak emaw, lalram lian tak hnuaia China inpumkhatna kum pawm tlanglawn tak a ni. China chanchina lalram inzawmkhawmte chuan bureaucratic system an siam a, chu chuan China Emperor chuan ram zau tak chu a thunun thei ta a ni.
China hi Qin Shi Huang-aโn BC 221 khan a inzawm khawm hmasa ber a ni. China chu politics lama inpumkhatna leh inpumkhat lohna hun lai a inthlak a, a chang chuan ramdang miteโn an thunun a, a tam zawk chu Chinese mipui zingah an inzawm khawm a ni. Asia ram hmun tam tak atanga culture leh political influence, immigration, expansion leh assimilation thlipui inzawm zelin a phurh chu a inzawm khawm a, Chinese culture a siam ta a ni.
๐๐๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ Tuna China an tih hi kum maktaduai khat chuang kalta khan Homo erectus-in a lo luah tawh a ni. Tun hnaia zirchianna atanga a lan dan chuan Xiaochangliang hmuna lung hmanrua hmuhchhuah te hi magnetostratigraphically chuan kum maktaduai 1.36 kalta a ni. Shanxi Province-a Xihoudu-a archaeological site hi Homo erectus-in mei a hmanna record hmasa ber a ni a, kum maktaduai 1.27 kalta aแนญanga chhut a ni.
Yuanmou leh a hnu lama Lantian-a lei laihchhuahnaah hian a hmaa chenna hmun a awm tih a lang. China rama Homo erectus specimen hmuhchhuah lar ber chu kum 1923-a Peking Man an tih hi a ni mai thei a, Guangxi Province-a Liuzhou-a Liyuzui lungpuiah BC 16,500 leh 19,000-a siam bรชl pahnih an lai chhuak a ni.
Proto-Chinese millet agriculture chungchanga finfiahna hmasa ber chu BC 7,000 vel atanga carbon-dated a ni a, Jiahu hmun (music instrument playable hmasa ber awmna hmun pawh) nen a inzawm a ni. He hun chhung hian Chinese written language hmasa ber (inhnialna awm mek) leh khawvela wine siam hmasak ber pawh a huam tel bawk. Jiahu-ah hian Xinzheng county, Henan-a Peiligang culture a awm a, kum 2006 thleng khan 5% chauh laihchhuah a ni.
Agriculture nen chuan mihring pun chakna te, thlai chi hrang hrang dahkhawm leh sem leh theihna te, leh specialist craftsmen leh administrator te tanpui theihna te a lo thleng ta a ni. Neolithic hun tawp lamah chuan Yellow River ruam chu culture center-ah a insiam tan a, chutah chuan khaw hmasa berte chu din a ni a; chutiang zinga archaeologically significant ber chu Banpo, Xiโan-ah hmuh a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
China ram chanchin hmasa ber chu he hun laia ziak tawng hman loh vang leh kum zabi engemaw zat kalta a thil thlengte sawifiah tumna hun hnuhnung lama document awm vang a ni. Buaina hi kawng engemaw takah chuan kum zabi tam tak chhunga Chinese mipuite introspection atanga lo chhuak a ni a, chu chuan he history hmasa lam chungchangah hian fact leh fiction inthliarna chu a ti fiah lo hle a ni.
BC 7000 a lo thlen meuh chuan Chinese ho chuan millet an lo ching tawh a, chu chuan Jiahu culture a lo piang ta a ni. Ningxia-a Damaidi-ah chuan BC 6,000-5,000 vela lungpui lem 3,172 hmuhchhuah a ni tawh a, “mimal character 8,453, ni, thla, arsi, pathian leh ramsa man emaw, ran vulh emaw scene te a awm a ni.” Heng pictographs te hi Chinese ziah nia finfiah character hmasa ber nen an inang nia sawi a ni. A hnuah Yangshao culture chu BC 2500 vel khan Longshan culture chuan a thlak ta a ni. Archaeological site Sanxingdui leh Erlitou-ah te hian China rama Bronze Age civilization a awm tih finfiahna a awm a. Bronze chemte hmasa ber chu Gansu leh Qinhai province-a Majiayao-ah BC 3000-a hmuh a ni.
China chanchin kimchang hmasa ber, kum zabi 2-na BC-a Chinese historiographer Sima Qian-a ziah Records of the Grand Historian leh Bamboo Annals-ah te hian Chinese history hi BC 2800 vel atanga chhui a ni a, August Ones pathum leh Emperor panga te chanchin a awm bawk. Heng roreltute hi semi-mythical sage-king leh moral exemplar an ni. Tradition chuan an zinga pakhat Yellow Emperor chu Han Chinese mite thlahtuah a ngai a.
Sima Qian chuan inherited ruler-ship system hi Xia Dynasty lai khan din a ni tih a sawi a, he model hi recorded Shang leh Zhou dynastyes-ah pawh a awm reng tih a sawi bawk. Hetih lai hian Three Dynasties hunlai hian historical China chu a lo chhuak ta a ni.
Tang leh Song-ho inkara politics lama inpumkhat lohna hun, Five Dynasties leh Ten Kingdoms Period tia hriat chu kum zabi chanve aia rei lo, kum 907 atanga 960 thleng khan a ni a, he hun rei lote chhung hian China chu kawng engkimah multistate system a nih lai hian, sawrkar panga chuan China hmar lama Imperial heartland hlui chu rang takin an thunun ta a ni. Hetih lai vek hian sawrkar nghet zawk 10 chuan China khawthlang leh chhim lam hmun thenkhat an luah a, chuvangin chu hun chu Lalram sawm hun lai tia sawi a ni bawk.
Warring States Period hi hmรขn lai China chanchina indona hun lai a ni a, chubakah bureaucratic leh sipai lama siamthatna leh inpumkhatna a awm bawk. Spring leh Autumn hunlai a zui a, Qin hnehna indona hmangin a tawp a, chu chuan contender state dang zawng zawngte chu an lalut ta a, a tawpah chuan Qin state chu BC 221 khan Chinese empire inpumkhat hmasa ber, Qin dynasty tia hriat angin hnehna a chang ta a ni.
Mithiam hrang hrangte chuan BC 481 atanga BC 403 thlenga hun hrang hrang chu Warring States bul tanna dik takah sawi mah se, Sima Qian-aโn BC 475 a thlan dan hi a sawi tam ber a ni. Warring States hunlai pawh hi Eastern Zhou dynasty chanve hnihna nen pawh a inzawm tlat a, mahse Chinese sovereign, Zhou lal tia hriat chu figurehead ang maiin ro a rel a, indo state-te machinations dodalna atan backdrop atan a thawk a ni.
“Warring States Period” tih hming hi Han Dynasty tir lama an ziah khawm, Record of the Warring States atanga lak a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐
China hun kal tawh chanchin ziakna hmuhchhuah hmasa ber chu Shang Dynasty hunlai BC kum zabi 13-na vel a ni mai thei a, rannung ruh emaw, hruihrual emaw – oracle ruh an tihte-a divination record ziah ang chi a ni. Archaeological findings te hian Shang Dynasty, c 1600-1046 BC awm tih finfiahna a pe a, set hnih ah then a ni. Set hmasa ber, Shang hun hmasa (c 1600-1300 BC) atanga lak chhuah chu Erligang, Zhengzhou leh Shangcheng atanga lo chhuak a ni. Set pahnihna, a hnu lama Shang emaw Yin hunlai atanga lo chhuak chu oracle ruh ziak tam tak a ni. Tunlai Henan-a Anyang hi Shang khawpui 9 zinga a hnuhnung ber a nih thu an nemnghet (c 1300-1046 BC). Shang Dynasty-ah khan lal 31 an awm a, Shang lal Tang atanga Shang lal Zhou thlengin an awm a; Chinese history-a lalram rei ber a ni.
The Records of the Grand Historian-ah chuan Shang Dynasty chuan an khawpui chu vawi ruk zet an sawn tih a tarlang. BC 1350-a Yin-a an insawn hnuhnung ber leh pawimawh ber chuan lalram rangkachak hun a lo thleng ta a ni. Yin Dynasty tih thumal hi history-ah chuan Shang lalram nen a inmil hle a, mahse tun hnaiah chuan Shang lalram chanve hnuhnung ber sawina atan bik hman a ni.
Hun hnuhnung lama cheng Chinese historian-te chuan lalram pakhatin lalram dang a thlak ang tih ngaihdan hi an hmang thiam hle a, mahse China hmasa lama politics dinhmun tak tak chu a buaithlak zawk tih hriat a ni. Chuvangin, China rama mithiam thenkhatin an sawi angin, Xia leh Shang te hian a ruala awm political entity te a kawk thei a, chutiang bawkin Zhou hmasa (Shang-ho ram thlaktu) te pawh Shang te nen an awm dun tih hriat a nih ang bawkin.
Anyang-a ziak record hmuhchhuahte chuan Shang lalram awmna chu a nemnghet a ni. Mahse, khawthlang lam mithiamte chuan Anyang khawsak hunlaia awmte chu Shang lalram nena inzawm tir an hreh fo thin. Entirnan, Sanxingdui-a archaeological findings chuan Anyang ang lo takin technology lama hmasawnna civilization a awm tih a tilang. Shang lalram chu Anyang atanga eng chen nge a inzar pharh tih finfiahna kawngah hian evidence a awm lo. Hypothesis hmahruaitu chu official history-a Shang pakhatin a awp Anyang hi tuna China proper tia sawina hmuna culture hrang hranga chenna hmun dang tam tak nen an awm dun a, an sumdawnna a ni. ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐
Xia hi Chinese lalram a ni a, Shang lalram hnung zuia Qin lalram hmaa lo awm tawh a ni. Zhou lalram hi China chanchina lalram dang zawng aiin a rei zawk (kum 790). Lal in, Ji tih hming puin China sipai thununna chu a tir lamah chuan kum 1046 atanga 771 BC thleng khan Western Zhou tia hriat hun chhung a ni a, a siam political sphere of influence chu Eastern Zhou hunlai thlengin kum 500 dang a la chhunzawm zel a ni.
Zhou lalram lai khan Centralized power chu Spring leh Autumn hun chhung zawng khan a tlahniam a, Warring States hunlai thleng khan lalram kum zabi hnih hnuhnung berah khan a tlahniam a ni. Hun hnuhnung zawkah chuan Zhou court hian a dintu state, indona nei state-te chu thuneihna a nei tlem hle a, Qin state-in thuneihna a tihngheh a, BC 221-a Qin lalram a din hma loh chuan. Zhou lalram hi kum 35 kalta chauh khan formally a tlakchhiat tawh a, chutih lai chuan lalram hian nominal power chauh nei mah se.
Chinese history-a he hun lai hian mi tam takin Chinese bronzeware siamna zenith anga an ngaih chu a siam chhuak a ni. Zhou lalram hun hnuhnung ber pawh hi Chinese philosophy lian pathum Confucianism, Taoism leh Legalism te intanna avang hian a hmingthang hle. Zhou lalram hian ziak script chu oracle script leh bronze script atanga seal script-a a lo inthlak chhoh hun lai pawh a huam tel a, a tawpah chuan Warring States hun tawp lama lo chhuak archaic clerical script hmanna hmangin tunlai ang maia a lo piang ta a ni . ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐
Zhou Dynasty hian Shang lalram a zui a, Qin lalram hmaah a lo awm tawh bawk. Zhou lalram hi China chanchina lalram dang zawng aiin a rei zawk (kum 790). Lal in, Ji tih hming puin China sipai thununna chu a tir lamah chuan kum 1046 atanga 771 BC thleng khan Western Zhou tia hriat hun chhung a ni a, a siam political sphere of influence chu Eastern Zhou hunlai thlengin kum 500 dang a la chhunzawm zel a ni.
Zhou lalram lai khan Centralized power chu Spring leh Autumn hun chhung zawng khan a tlahniam a, Warring States hunlai thleng khan lalram kum zabi hnih hnuhnung berah khan a tlahniam a ni. Hun hnuhnung zawkah chuan Zhou court hian a dintu state, indona nei state-te chu thuneihna a nei tlem hle a, Qin state-in thuneihna a tihngheh a, BC 221-a Qin lalram a din hma loh chuan. Zhou lalram hi kum 35 kalta chauh khan formally a tlakchhiat tawh a, chutih lai chuan lalram hian nominal power chauh nei mah se.
Chinese history-a he hun lai hian mi tam takin Chinese bronzeware siamna sang ber nia an ngaih chu a siam chhuak a ni. Zhou lalram hun hnuhnung ber pawh hi Chinese philosophy lian pathum Confucianism, Taoism leh Legalism te intanna avang hian a hmingthang hle. Zhou lalram hian ziak script chu oracle script leh bronze script atanga seal script-a a lo inthlak chhoh hun lai pawh a huam tel a, a tawpah chuan Warring States hun tawp lama lo chhuak archaic clerical script hmanna hmangin tunlai ang maia a lo piang ta a ni.
๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ – ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ Historian-te chuan Qin Dynasty atanga Qing Dynasty tawp thleng khan Imperial China tiin an sawi fo thin. Qin Emperor-a lalna inpumkhatna chu kum sawm leh pahnih chauh ni mah se, Han Chinese ram chhungril ber siamtu hmun tam tak chu a thunun thei a, Xianyan-a thut (tunlai Xiโan-a)-a thut, Legalist sorkar nghet tak hnuaiah a inzawm khawm thei a ni.
Qin-ho kaihruaitu legalism thurin chuan dan kalphung (legal code) khauh taka zawm leh lalber thuneihna famkim chu a ngaih pawimawh hle a ni. He Legalism philosophy hi sipai lam hawia empire tihzauh nan a tangkai hle a, mahse remna hun laia rorelna atan chuan a thawk thei lo tih a chiang hle. Qin hian political opposition-te chu rapthlak takin a ti ngawih ngawih a, mithiamte hal leh phum tia hriat thil thleng pawh a kaihruai a ni. Hei hi a hnu lama Han Synthesis-a political governance school moderate zawkte telh tura chรชttรฎrtu a ni ang.
Qin Dynasty hi China kulhpui lian tak din a nih avangin hriat hlawh tak a ni a, a hnuah Ming Dynasty lai khan tihpun leh tihchangtlun a ni. Qin-ho thawhhlawk ber dangte chu centralized government concept, legal code inpumkhatna, thuziak tawng, tehna, leh China ram Spring leh Autumn leh Warring States Period-a harsatna a tawh hnua pawisa hman dan te a ni. Empire pumpuiah sumdawnna kalphung \ha tak a awm theih nan cart-te tana axle sei zawng ang chi thil bulpui tak pawh chu inang tlang taka siam a ngai a ni. ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐
Han Dynasty hi BC 206-ah a lo chhuak a. Confucianism philosophy pawmtu lalram hmasa ber a ni a, chu chu lalram China tawp thlenga sawrkar zawng zawng ngaihdan (ideological underpinning) a lo ni ta a ni. Han Dynasty hnuaiah khan China hian arts leh sciences lamah hmasawnna nasa tak a nei a. Emperor Wu Han Wudi chuan Chinese empire chu a tichak a, a tizau a, Xiongnu (a chang chuan Hun-ho nena inzawm) te chu tunlai Inner Mongolia steppe-ah a nawr kir leh a, an hnen atangin tunlai hmun Gansu, Ningxia leh Qinghai te chu a la ta a ni. Hei hian China leh khawthlang ramte sumdawnna inzawmna hmasa ber, Silk Road hawn theihna a siamsak a ni.
Chuti chung pawh chuan chhungkaw ropui tak takte ram an lakna chuan chhiah lakna chu a tichhe zauh zauh a ni. AD 9 khan usurper Wang Mang chuan hun rei lote chhunga awm Xin (“New”) Dynasty a din a, ram leh economic reform dang programme zau tak a tan a. Mahse, heng programme-te hi ram neitu chhungkua-te chuan an thlawp ngai lo va, loneitu leh mi lian lo zawkte an duhsak avangin, an siam chhuah inrem lohna chuan buaina leh helna a thlen a ni.
Emperor Guangwu chuan Xiโan khawchhak lam Luoyang-a ram neitu leh sumdawng chhungkawte puihnain Han Dynasty chu a din leh ta a ni. He hun thar hi Eastern Han Dynasty tia koh a ni ang. Ram lakluh, invauna leh consort clan leh eunuch inkara inhnialna karah Han thuneihna chu a tlahniam leh ta a ni.
Yellow Turban Rebellion hi kum 184 khan a lo chhuak a, indona hotute hunlai a rawn thlen ta a ni. Chumi hnua buaina chhuakah chuan State pathum chuan Lalram Pathum Hun (Period of the Three Kingdoms)-ah thuneihna chang turin an bei a. He hun chhung hi Romance of the Three Kingdoms ang chi thawnthuah pawh nasa takin romanticized a ni. ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐
Kum 278 khan Jin Dynasty-in lalram pathumte hi hun eng emaw chen atan inzawmkhawm leh mah se, chutih laia Han Chinese ni lo (Wu Hu) hnamte chuan kum zabi 4-na tir lamah khan ram chhung hmun tam zawk chu an thunun a, Chang Jiang khawthlang lam hawia Han Chinese mi tam tak an pem chhuah tir a ni . Kum 303 khan Di mite chu an hel a, a hnuah Chengdu chu an la a, Cheng Han state an din ta a ni. Liu Yuan-a hnuaiah khan Xiongnu ho chu tunlai Linfen County bulah an hel a, Han Zhao state an din ta a ni.
A thlaktu Liu Cong chuan Western Jin lal hnuhnung pahnihte chu a man a, a that ta a ni. Lalram 16 chu kum zabi 4-na leh 5-naah China hmar lam pum emaw, a hmun thenkhat emaw awptu, hun rei lote chhunga China ni lo lalram tam tak an ni. Hnam tam tak an inrawlh a–Turk, Mongolia leh Tibetan thlahtute pawh an tel. Heng nomadic hnam tam zawk hi thuneihna an chan hma lawk khan eng emaw chen chu “Sinicized” an ni tawh a ni. Dik tak chuan, an zinga แนญhenkhat, a bik takin Chโiang leh Xiong-nu-te chu Han hun tawp lam aแนญang tawhin Great Wall chhunga ramri biala awm phalsak an ni tawh a ni. ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐
Kum 420-a East Jin Dynasty tlakchhiatna chhinchhiahna angin China chu Southern leh Northern Dynasties hunlai a lut ta a ni. Han mite chuan hmarchhak hnam pem chhuak, Xian Bei-ho te sipai beihna chu an tuar chhuak thei a, an civilization pawh a lo thang zel a ni.
China hmar lama nomadic mi pung zel chuan Confucianism chu mimal nun kaihhruaina leh state ideology atan an hmang a, chutih rualin Han Chinese civilization-ah chuan zawi zawiin an inzawm khawm ta a ni. He China hmar leh hmar lam inelnaah hian Buddhism hian a vawi khat nan China ram pumah a darh a, Taoist zuitute dodalna a tawk chung pawhin. Taoist ringtu rinawm tak leh Northern Wei Dynasty (Hmarchhak Dynasties zinga mi) lalber Tuo Ba Tao chuan Buddhism ram atanga paih bo turin thupek a chhuah a.
China khawthlang lamah chuan Buddhism awm phal leh phal loh chungchangah inhnialna nasa tak chu lal in leh mi ropuiten an nei fo thin. A tawpah chuan Southern leh Northern Dynasties hun tawp dawn hnaihah Buddhist leh Taoist zuitute pawhin inremna an siam a, an inngaihtlawm chho ta a ni.
Kum 589 khan Sui chuan sipai chakna hmangin Southern Dynasty hnuhnung ber Chen chu a la a, Southern leh Northern Dynasties hunlai chu a titawp ta a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐
Sui Dynasty hi China ram lalram hun rei lote chhunga awm, thil pawimawh tak a ni. Sui-ho chuan hmarchhak leh khawthlang lalramte chu an inzawm khawm a, China ram pum puiah hnam Han-te thuneihna chu an dah leh a, chubakah a ram chhunga hnam tlem zawk (Five Barbarians) hluite chu sinicization-in an siam leh bawk. A hnuah Tang lalram a lo awm a, a bulpui ber chu a rochun a ni.
Sui lal Wen-a din, Sui lalram khawpui chu kum 581-605 chhung khan Changโan (chu chu Daxing, tunlai Xiโan, Shaanxi tia thlak a ni) a ni a, a hnuah Luoyang (605-618) a ni. Emperor Wen leh a thlaktu Yang-a te chuan centralized reform hrang hrang an nei a, a langsar ber chu equal-field system a ni a, chu chu economic inequality tihziaawmna leh agriculture productivity tihsan tumna a ni a Department pathum leh Ministri paruk system hmaa awm, Department panga leh Board paruk system din a nih thu; leh pawisa lem siam dan standardization leh re-unification te a ni. Empire pumpuiah Buddhism an thehdarh a, an fuih bawk. Lalram laihawl velah chuan lalram inpumkhat thar chuan mihring pun chakna thlawptu loneih surplus tam tak nen hausakna hun rangkachak takah a lut ta a ni.
Sui lalram ro hlu tak chu Grand Canal a ni. Khawchhak lam khawpui Luoyang chu network lai takah a awm avangin chhim lam khawpui Changโan chu khawchhak lama economic leh agricultural center-te nen Jiangdu (tuna Yangzhou, Jiangsu) leh Yuhang (tuna Hangzhou, Zhejiang) lam hawiin a thlunzawm a, to tunlai Beijing bula hmar lam ramri a ni. A tir lama thil tum pawimawh tak chu khawpuiah buhfai thawn chhuah te, sipaite phurh chhuah te, leh sipai logistics te a nih laiin, inland shipment link rintlak tak chuan kum zabi tam tak chhung chu ram chhunga sumdawnna, mipui kal dan leh nunphung inthlengna a ti awlsam ang. Great Wall tihzauh a nih bakah, hmar lam khawpui Luoyang sak a nih rual hian, heng mega project-te hi centralized bureaucracy tha takin a kaihruai a, mipui tam tak awmna hmun aแนญangin hnathawk maktaduai tam tak sipaiah an lalut khawm dawn a, mihring nunna nasa tak a seng dawn a ni.
Korea Lalram Pathum zinga mi Goguryeo laka sipai beihpui thlakna man to tak leh chhiatna rapthlak tak tak, kum 614-a hnehna a chan hnuah, mipui helna hrang hrang hnuaiah lalram chu a inthen darh a, kum 618 khan Emperor Yang-a chu a minister, Yuwen Huaji-aโn a that ta a ni. Kum sawmthum leh pasarih chauh awh lalram chu indona leh in sakna project lian tham tak takte chuan a tichhe a, chu chuan a sum leh pai a tichhe nasa hle a ni. A bik takin, Emperor Yang-a hun lai khan chhiah rit tak tak leh hnathawk tura tih ngei ngei tur (compulsory labour duties) chuan a tawpah chuan lalram tlu hnua helna zau tak leh tualchhung indona rei vak lo a thlen dawn a ni.
He lalram hi hun rei tak chhung inthen darh hnua China inpumkhatna atan Qin lalram hmasa nen tehkhin a ni fo. Ram inpumkhat thar chu tihngheh nan siamthatna leh sak hna zau tak tak an kalpui a, an lalram hun rei lote chhunga nghawng rei tak an nei a ni. ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐
Tang Dynasty emaw Tang Empire, hi China lalram, kum 618 atanga 907 thlenga lalram a ni a, kum 690 leh 705 inkar khan interregnum a nei a, a hmain Sui lalram a lo awm a, a hnuah Five Dynasties leh Ten Kingdoms hunlai a lo awm leh a ni. Historian-te chuan Tang hi Chinese civilization-a hmun sang takah an ngai tlangpui a, cosmopolitan culture-a rangkachak hunlai angin an ngai bawk. Tang ram, a lal hmasa berte sipai beihna hmanga an neih chu Han lalram ram nen a inel a ni.
Li Chhungkua hian lalram hi an din a, Sui Empire tlahniam leh tlakchhiat lai khan thuneihna an la a, lalram rorelna chanve hmasa berah hmasawnna leh nghetna hun an hawng a ni. Kum 690-705 chhung khan lalram hi formal takin tihtawp a ni a, Empress Wu Zetian-i chuan lalแนญhutthleng a luah a, Wu Zhou lalram a puang a, Chinese lalram dan anga lal awmchhun a ni ta a ni. An Lushan Rebellion (755ร763) rapthlak tak chuan hnam a ti nghing a, lalram hnuhnung berah chuan central authority a tlahniam ta a ni.
Sui lalram hmasa ang bawkin Tang-ho hian civil-service system an vawng reng a, standardized examination leh office-a recommendation hmangin scholar-official-te an la lut a ni. Kum zabi 9-na laia jiedushi tia hriat regional military governor lo chhuahna chuan he civil order hi a tichhe ta a ni. Kum zabi 9-na tawp lamah chuan lalram leh sorkar laipui chu a tlahniam ta a; agrarian helnate chuan mipui tam tak an hloh leh insawn chhuahna a thlen a, retheihna nasa tak a thlen a, sorkar hnathawh a tichhe zual a, a tawpah chuan kum 907 khan lalram chu a titawp ta a ni.
Chutih lai chuan Tang khawpui Changโan (tuna Xiโan) chu khawvela khawpui mihring tamna ber a ni. Kum zabi 7-na leh 8-na chhiarpui pahnih chuan he empire-a mihring awm zat hi maktaduai 50 vel an ni tih an chhut a, chu chu lalram tawp lamah chuan maktaduai 80 velin an pung nia chhut a ni sipai sรขng tam tak awmna sipai rualte chu Inner Asia leh Silk Road-a sumdรขwnna kawng hlawk tak takte thunun tรปra pem chhuak ramte nรชna inbei tรปrin a ni. Ram hla tak tak leh state hrang hrangte chuan Tang court-ah hian chhiah an pe a, Tang-ho pawhin indirect-in protectorate system hmangin bial eng emaw zat an thunun bawk. Tang lal Taizong-a’n Khan of Heaven tih hming a puan kha Asia hmar lam “simultaneous kingship” hmasa ber a ni. Political hegemony a neih bakah hian Tang hian East Asian ram แนญhenawm Japan leh Korea te chungah culture influence nasa tak a nei a ni.
Chinese culture chu Tang hunlai khan a lo thang lian a, a puitling zual sauh bawk. Thuthlung hluiah chuan Chinese poetry-a kum ropui ber nia ngaih a ni. China rama hla phuah thiam lar tak tak pahnih Li Bai leh Du Fu te hi he hun laia mi an ni a, chutiang bawkin lemziak thiam lar tam tak Han Gan, Zhang Xuan, leh Zhou Fang te pawh an tel ve bawk. Tang scholar-te chuan historical literature chi hrang hrang hautak tak tak an khawlkhawm a, chubakah encyclopedia leh geographical works te pawh an khawlkhawm bawk. Thil thar langsar tak takte chu woodblock printing siam chhuah a ni. Buddhism chu Chinese culture-ah nghawng lian tak a ni a, native Chinese sect-te chuan an lar chho ta hle a ni. Mahse, kum 840 chhoah khan Emperor Wuzong chuan Buddhism tihtawp tumin policy a siam a, chumi hnuah chuan Buddhism chu a thununna a tlahniam ta a ni. ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐
Kum 960 khan Song Dynasty (960-1279) chuan China ram tam zawk chungah thuneihna a chang a, Kaifeng-ah a khawpui a din a, sum leh pai lama hausakna hun a tan a, Khitan Liao Dynasty chuan Manchuria leh Mongolia hmar lam a awp thung.
Kum 1115 khan Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) chu a langsar hle a, kum 10 chhungin Liao Dynasty chu a tichhe vek a ni. Chutih lai chuan tuna China chhim thlang lam bial Gansu, Shaanxi leh Ningxia-ah te chuan kum 1032 atanga kum 1227 thleng khan Western Xia Dynasty a lo piang a, chu chu Tangut hnamte chuan an din a ni.
Song Dynasty aแนญangin China hmar lam leh Kaifeng-ah thuneihna a la bawk a, chu chuan a khawpui chu Hangzhou-ah a sawn a ni. Southern Song Dynasty pawhin Jin Dynasty chu formal overlords anga pawm a ngaih avangin mualphona an tawk bawk. Kum a lo kal zel a, China chu Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty leh Tangut Western Xia te inkarah a inthen ta a ni. Southern Song hian technology lama hmasawnna nasa tak hun a tawng a, chu chu hmar lam atanga sipai nawrna a hriat avang hian a then chu sawifiah theih a ni. Hei hian 1161 AD-a Tangdao indonaah leh Yangtze luia Caishi indonaah Song Dynasty tuipui hmanga Jin-ho hnehnaah hmun pawimawh tak a chang a, silai mu hmanraw hman a ni. Chu bรขkah, China rama permanent standing navy hmasa berte chu an khawm a, Dinghai-ah Admiral office an pe a, kum 1132 AD-ah, Emperor Renzong of Song-a lal lai a ni.
Song Dynasty hi mi tam tak chuan classical China-a science leh technology lama high point-ah an ngai a, thil thar siamtu Su Song (1020-1101 AD) leh Shen Kuo (1031-1095 AD) te an ni. Reformers leh Conservatives-te political lama inelna nei, chancellor Wang Anshi leh Sima Guang-te kaihhruaite nen court inrawlhna a awm a ni.
Kum zabi 13-na laihawl atanga a tawp thleng khan Chinese-ho chuan Zhu Xi-a siam Neo-Confucian philosophy dogma chu an hmang ta a ni. Song Dynasty hunlai khan literary work lian tak tak an khawlkhawm a, chu chu Zizhi Tongjian-a chanchin ziak te pawh a ni. Culture leh arts chu a lo thang lian a, Along the River During Qingming Festival leh Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute te ang chi artwork ropui tak tak a awm a, chutih laiin Buddhist painter ropui tak tak Lin Tinggui te pawh an awm bawk.
Genghis Khan chu Mongol Empire dintu leh Great Khan (Emperor) hmasa ber a nih avangin a thih hnua history-a empire inzawm lian ber a ni ta a ni. Asia hmarchhak lama pem chhuak hnam tam tak inzawmkhawmin thuneihna a chang a, Mongol-ho, a nih loh leh Genghis Khan-a ram pum huapa rorรชltu anga puan a nih hnuah, Mongol-ho beihna a kalpui a, a tawpah chuan Eurasia ram tam zawk chu a la ta a, Poland chhim lam thlengin a thleng ta a ni leh Aigupta khawthlang lam thlengin. A beihpui thlakna lian ber berte chu Qara Khitai, Khwarezmia, leh Western Xia leh Jin lalramte dodalna te, medieval Georgia, Kievan Rusโ leh Volga Bulgaria te beihpui thlakna te a ni.
Genghis Khan-a hnehna chu a hmaa a la awm ngai loh khawpa wholesale-a tihchhiat a ni a, mipui tam tak tihboralna leh riltam avanga mihring pun chakna nasa tak a thlen a ni. Conservative-te chhut dan chuan civil mi maktaduai li vel (a dang erawh chu maktaduai sawmli atanga maktaduai sawmruk vel a ni) Genghis Khan-a sipai beihna avanga nunna chan an ni. Chumi nรชna inkalh takin, Qocho lalram Buddhist Uyghur-ho, duhsak taka Qara Khitai lalram chhuahsan a, Mongol hnuaia awmte chuan zalรชnna petu angin an ngai a ni. Genghis Khan hi Mongol Empire hnuaia culture, technology leh ideas darh zau tak zahna avang hian Renaissance hmasa lam source-te pawhin a tha zawngin an tarlang bawk.
Great Khan dam chhung tawp lamah chuan Mongol Empire chuan Central Asia leh China ram hmun zau tak chu a luah ta a ni. Sipai lama hlawhtlinna danglam tak a neih avangin Genghis Khan hi hun zawng zawnga hnehtu ropui ber pawla ngaih a ni fo.
Sipai lama a hlawhtlinna piah lamah Genghis Khan hian kawng dangin Mongol Empire a ti hmasawn bawk. Mongol Empire-a ziak dan atan Uyghur script hman turin thupek a chhuah a ni. Meritocracy a kalpui bawk a, Mongol Empire-ah sakhaw lama inngaihtlawmna a fuih a, Asia hmarchhak lama pem chhuak hnamte chu a inpumkhat tir a ni.
Tunlai Mongolia mite chuan Mongolia dintu pa angin an ngai a ni. Silk Road chu politics boruak inzawmkhawm pakhat hnuaia a hruai luh avangin chawimawi a ni bawk. Hei hian Asia hmarchhak, Muslim Southwest Asia leh Kristian Europe inkara inbiakpawhna leh sumdawnna awlsam tak a thlen a, chu chuan hmun pathumte nunphung thlirna chu a tizau vek a ni.
Kublai Khan (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294) a temple hminga Emperor Shizu of Yuan tia hriat bawk, โโMongol Empire-a khagan-emperor pangana a ni a, kum 1260 atanga 1294 thleng a lal a, mahse empire insem hnuah hei hi a lal a ni chu nominal position a ni. Kum 1271 khan China rama Yuan lalram a din bawk a, kum 1294-a a thih thlengin Yuan lal hmasa ber a ni.
Kublai hi Tolui fapa palina (Sorghaghtani Beki nena an fapa pahnihna) a ni a, Genghis Khan-a pafa a ni bawk. Kum 12 mi lek a ni tawh a, Genghis Khan a thih khan kum 1260 khan a u Mลกngke aiawhin Khagan hna a chelh tawh a, mahse kum 1264 thlenga Toluid Civil War-ah a unaupa naupang zawk Ariq Bลกke chu a hneh a ngai a, he episode hian kum 1264 thleng khan a inthen darh tanna a ni empire chu a ni.[2] Kublai-a thiltihtheihna tak tak chu Yuan Empire-ah chauh a innghat a, Khagan a nih angin Ilkhanate-ah leh, a tlem berah chuan Golden Horde-ah pawh thuneihna a la nei tho nachungin. Chutih laia Mongol Empire pum pui ngaihtuah chuan a lalram chu Pacific tuipui atanga Black Sea thlengin, Siberia atanga tuna Afghanistan thlengin a thleng a ni.
Kum 1271-ah Kublai-a chuan Yuan lalram a din a, tunlai China, Mongolia, Korea leh a chhehvel hmun thenkhatah ro a rel a; Khagan angin Middle East leh Europe-ah pawh thuneihna a khawlkhawm bawk. China Emperor hna a chelh ta a ni. Kum 1279-ah chuan Mongol-hoin Song lalram an hnehna chu a zo ta a, Kublai chu Han ni lo lalber zingah China ram pum huap inpumkhat hmasa ber a ni ta a ni.
Kublai-a lalram thlalak hi Yuan lal leh lalnute thlalak album-a tel a ni a, tunah chuan Taipei-a National Palace Museum-ah a awm tawh a ni. Kublai lal incheina rawng dum chu Yuan lalram lalram rawng a ni. ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐
Yuan Dynasty hun rei lote chhung zawng khan, mipui zingah, ramdang mite thuneihna dodalna rilru nasa tak a awm a, chu chuan a tawpah chuan loneitute helna a thlen ta a ni. Mongolian-ho chu steppe-ah an nawr kir leh a, kum 1368 khan Ming Dynasty-in an thlak ta a ni.
Mipui an pun chhoh zel avang leh hnathawh insem dan pawh a buaithlak chhoh zel avangin khawpui nun a lo pung ta a ni. Khawpui lian tak tak, Nanjing leh Beijing te pawhin private industry tihhmasawn nan an pui bawk. A bรฎk takin, industry tenau tak takte chu an lo แนญhang lian a, paper, silk, cotton, leh porcelain thil siamte chu an specialise fo แนญhรฎn. Mahse, a tam zawkah chuan khawpui lian lo tak tak, market nei te chu ram pum huapin a lo pung zel a ni. Khawpui bazar-ah chuan ei tur an hralh ber a, thil siamna tul แนญhenkhat, pin emaw oil emaw an hralh แนญhin.
Neo-Confucianism sikul thar lar chho zel zingah hian xenophobia leh intellectual introspection characteristic ni mah se, Ming Dynasty hmasa lama China chu a inhlat lo hle. Ramdang sumdawnna leh pawn lam, a bik takin Japan nena inzawmna dangte chu nasa takin a pung a ni. Chinese sumdawngte chuan Indian Ocean zawng zawng an dap chhuak a, East Africa thlengin Zheng He, a hming hmasa Ma Sanbao-a zin chhuahna hmangin an thleng a ni.
Zhu Yuanzhang emaw (Hong-wu,), lalram dintu chuan sumdawnna lama ngaihven tlem zawk leh agriculture sector atanga sum lakluh tam zawk state dinna tur lungphum a phum a ni. Emperor-a chu loneitu a nih vang pawh a ni mai thei, Ming economic system chuan loneih lam a ngaih pawimawh ber a, Song leh Mongolian Dynasties-te ang lo takin sumdawng leh sumdawngte chu sum lakluhna atan an innghat a ni. Song leh Mongol hunlaia Neo-feudal ram neihte chu Ming lalte chuan an la chhuak ta a ni. Ram lian tak takte chu sorkarin a la a, a แนญhen darh a, rent-in a pe chhuak ta a ni. Mimal saltanna chu khap a ni. Chuvangin, Emperor Yong-le thih hnuah chuan Chinese agriculture-ah hian independent peasant landholders-te an tam zawk a ni. Heng dante hian sawrkar hmasa lama retheihna rapthlak ber berte tihbo theihna kawng a hawnsak mai thei. Sumdawngte dodalna dan leh kut hnathawktute hnathawh khapna chu a bul berah chuan Song hnuaia an awm ang khan a awm reng a, mahse tunah chuan ram dang sumdawng pawl hlui zawk la awmte pawh heng Ming dan thar hnuaiah hian an tla ta a ni. An nghawng chu a tlahniam nghal vat a.
Lalram chuan sorkar laipui chak tak leh buaithlak tak a nei a, chu chuan empire chu a tipung a, a thunun a ni. Emperor chanvo chu autocratic zawk a ni ta a, mahse Zhu Yuanzhang chuan a “Grand Secretaries” tia a sawi chu a hmang chhunzawm zel a ngai a, chu chu bureaucracy-te paperwork lian tak tak, hriatrengna (petition leh lalแนญhutthlenga rawtna), imperial edicts in reply, reports of chi hrang hrang, leh chhiah record te. He bureaucracy vek hian a hnuah Ming sorkar chu khawtlang nun inthlak danglamna nena inmil thei lo turin a tikhawlo a, a tawpah chuan a tlahniam ta a ni.
Emperor Yong-le chuan China thuneihna chu a ramri kaltlanga tihzauh tumin nasa takin a bei a, roreltu dangte chu China rama ambassador tir turin chhiah hlan turin a phut a ni. Navy lian tak siam a ni a, chutah chuan lawng lian pali nei, ton 1,500 zeta rit an sawn chhuak a ni. Sipai maktaduai khat (thenkhat chuan maktaduai 1.9 vel nia chhut) awmna sipai ding (standing army) siam a ni. Chinese sipaite chuan Annam an hneh laiin Chinese lawng rual chuan China tuipui leh Indian Ocean-ah an kal a, Africa hmar lam tuipui kamah an lawng a ni. Chinese ho chuan Eastern Turkestan-ah thuneihna an chang ta a ni.
Tuipui lama Asia ram eng emaw zatin China lalber chawimawina tur palai an tir a. Ram chhungah chuan Grand Canal chu tihzauh a ni a, ram chhunga sumdawnna tichaktu a ni tih a chiang hle. Kum khatah thir ton 100,000 chuang siam chhuah a ni. Lehkhabu tam tak chu movable type hmanga print a ni. Beijing khawpui Forbidden City-a imperial palace chuan tuna a ropuina chu a thleng ta a ni. Ming hunlai kha China ram hausa ber pawl niin a lang. Heng kum zabi tam tak chhung hian China khawthlang lam thiltihtheihna chu a taka hman tangkai theih a ni bawk. Thlai thar an chin nasa hle a, porcelain leh puan siamna industry te pawh a lo thang lian hle. Mahse, he hun chhung hian China chu technology leh sipai chakna lamah Europe ram aiin nasa takin a tlahniam bawk a, hei hi “Great Divergence” tia hriat a ni.
Ming lalram lai khan Great Wall sak hnuhnung ber chu ramdang invauna laka China venhimna atan an thawk a ni. Great Wall hi hun hmasa lama sak a nih laiin, tuna kan hmuh tam zawk hi Ming-ho siam emaw, siam that emaw a ni. Brick leh granite hnathawh chu tihzauh a ni a, watch tower-te chu siam thar a ni a, a sei zawng zawngah meipui dah a ni bawk. ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) hi Han Chinese lalram hnuhnung ber Ming-ho chu Manchus-hoin an hneh hnuah an din a ni. Manchus ho hi tun hma chuan Jurchen tia hriat an ni a, kum zabi sawm leh pasarihna tawp lam khan hmar lam atangin an rawn bei a. Manchu-hoin Ming Dynasty (1616-1644) an hneh lai khan mi maktaduai 25 vel an thi nia chhut a ni. Manchus-ho hi alien conqueror anga bul tan mah se, Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government chu an hmang nghal vat a ni. A tawpah chuan traditional native dynasties angin an lal ta a ni.
Manchu-ho chuan โqueue orderโ an kalpui a, hei vang hian Han Chinese-te chuan Manchu queue leh Manchu-style thawmhnaw chu an hmang ta a ni. Manchus te hian sam style bik an nei a: “queue” tih hi. An lu hmalam atang chuan sam an tan a, a sam la awm chu pigtail sei takah an siam ta a ni. Chinese hnam lam thawmhnaw, a nih loh leh Hanfu tih pawh hi Manchu-style thawmhnaw hmanga thlak a ni bawk. Tunlai Chinese hnam dan anga ngaih thin Qipao (bannermen dress leh Tangzhuang) hi a takah chuan Manchu-style thawmhnaw a ni. A zawm loh avanga hremna chu thihna a ni.
Emperor Kangxi chuan chutih laia Chinese character siam khawm tawh zawng zawng dictionary kimchang ber siam turin thupek a chhuah a. Emperor Qianlong-a hnuaiah khan Chinese culture chungchanga thil pawimawh tak takte catalog siam a ni.
Manchus-ho hian Chinese society-a an inzawm loh nan “Eight Banners” system hi an din a ni. “Eight Banners” te hi sipai institution an ni a, Manchu “bannermen” te inhriatthiamna tur structure siam tura din a ni. Banner membership hi Manchu hnam dan thiamna, archery, sakawr khalh, leh sum khawlkhawm thiamna atanga innghat tur a ni. Chu bakah, Chinese tawng hmang lovin, Manchu tawng hmang turin an fuih bawk. China khawpuiah chuan bannermen-te chu economic leh legal privilege pek an ni.
Kum zabi chanve hnuah chuan Manchus-ho chuan a tir lama Ming-a hnuaia awm hmun แนญhenkhat chu an thunun nghet ta a, Yunnan pawh a tel. Xinjiang, Tibet leh Mongolia-ah te pawh an thuneihna an zauh bawk.
Kum zabi sawm leh kua chhung khan Qing control chu a chak lo hle a. China chuan khawtlang buaina nasa tak a tawk a, sum leh pai lama harsatna nasa tak a tawk a, khawthlang ramte inrawlhna a tipung a, chutah chuan opium sumdawnna tichhe thei tak leh missionary hnathawhnain nghawng thar a neih te pawh a tel a ni. Britain-in China nena opium sumdawnna chhunzawm zel a duhna chu ruihhlo ruihhlo khapna lalram thupek nen a inkalh a, kum 1840 khan Opium War hmasa ber a lo chhuak ta a, chumi hnuah chuan Britain leh khawthlang ram dang, United States, France, Russia leh Germany te pawhin “concession” chu tharum hmangin an luah ta a ni. leh sumdawnna lama chanvo bik a nei bawk. Hong Kong hi kum 1842 khan Treaty of Nanjing hnuaiah Britain kutah hlan a ni a. Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) kha China rama tualchhung indona lian ber a ni.
Chu bakah, mihring nun leh economics lama helna man to zawkte chu Taiping Rebellion hnuah Punti-Hakka Clan Wars, Nien Rebellion, Muslim Rebellion, Panthay Rebellion leh Boxer Rebellion te ang chite a lo awm ta a ni. Kawng tam takah chuan helna leh Qing-hoin imperialist ramte nena inremna an ziah tir hi kum zabi sawm leh kua-a China-in a hmachhawn tur dinhmun khirh tak takte chu China sorkarin a chhanlet theih lohna chhinchhiahna a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐
Opium indona pahnih leh opium sumdawnna chu Qing lalram leh Chinese mipuite tan chuan thil man to tak a ni. Qing imperial treasury chu Opium indonaa indemnities an neih leh opium sumdawnna avanga tangkarua tam tak chhuak (ounces tluklehdingawn sawm tam tak) avanga lo awm chu vawi hnih bankrupt-ah puan a ni. China hian kum 1860 leh 1880 chhoa opium indona neih apiangin kum sawmhnih chiah a liam hnuah riltam na tak pahnih a tawk a, Qing lalram chuan mipui tanpui kawngah a hlawhtling lo hle. Khawtlang lamah chuan heng thil thlengte hian nghawng thui tak a nei a, kum zabi tam tak chhung Asia rama Chinese-hoin an lo neih tawh hegemony chu a dodal a ni. Chumi avang chuan ram chu a buai ta hle a ni.
Helna lian tak, Taiping Rebellion-ah hian China ram hmun thuma แนญhena hmun khat vel chu “Van Lal” Hong Xiuquan kaihhruai Kristian ang chi sakhaw pawl Taiping Tianguo thununna hnuaiah a tla a ni. Kum sawm leh pali hnuah chauh a tawpah Taiping-ho chu an tikehsawm ta a ni – Taiping sipaite chu kum 1864-a Nanking indona vawi thumnaah an tichhia a, a vaiin mi maktaduai sawmhnih leh maktaduai sawmnga inkar nunna an chan a, mihring chanchina indona thahnemngai ber pahnihna a ni.
Qing official-te hian tunlai thil hi an hmang ngam lo va, China chunga an thuneihna famkim atana hlauhawm anga an ngaih khawtlang leh technology lama hmasawnna chu an ringhlel hle. Chuvangin, lalram chu khawthlang ramte rawn luhchilhna hmachhawn turin an inpeih lo hle a ni. Khawthlang ramte chuan ram chhunga buaina tihtawp tumin sipai lamah an inrawlh tak zet a, chu chu Taiping Rebellion leh anti-imperialist Boxer Rebellion te hi a ni. A hnua Sudan khawpui Khartoum beihpui thlaknaa thi General Gordon-a chu Taiping helho hneh tura Qing lalram pui tura inrawlh nia sawi a ni fo.
Kum 1860 chhoah chuan Qing Dynasty chuan helho chu nasa takin a titawp a, nunna pawh a hloh nasa hle. Hei hian Qing sawrkar rintlakna a tichhe a, provincial hruaitu leh mi ropui tak takte tualchhung hmalaknate kaihhruaina hnuaiah China rama warlordism lo chhuahnaah a pui bawk.
Emperor Guangxu-a hnuaia Qing Dynasty chuan Self-Strengthening Movemen hmangin modernization buaina chu a hmachhawn ta a ni.
Mahse, kum 1898 leh 1908 inkar khan Empress Dowager Cixi chuan reformist Guangxu chu โrilru lama harsatna neiโ a nih avangin lung inah a khung tir ta a ni. Empress Dowager chuan conservative-te puihnain sipai sorkar paihthlakna a siam a, Emperor naupang tak chu a takin thuneihna atangin a paih chhuak a, siamthatna nasa zawk tam zawk chu a titawp ta a ni. Empress Dowager thih hma ni khatah a thi a (mi thenkhat chuan Guangxu hi Cixi-aโn rulhut a ei niin an ngai-Official eirukna, cynicism, leh lal chhungkaw inhnialna te chuan sipai siamthatna tam zawk chu a tangkai lo hle a ni. Chuvang chuan Qing-ho “New Armies” te chu Sino-French War (1883-1885) leh Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) ah te nasa takin an hneh ta a ni.
Kum zabi 20-na tir lamah khan Boxer Rebellion chuan China hmar lam chu a ti hlauhawm hle a. Hei hi conservative anti-imperialist movement a ni a, China chu nun hluiah hruai kir leh tum a ni. Empress Dowager hian thuneihna a chelh chhunzawm zel theih nan a bei a nih hmel hle a, Beijing an hmachhawn แนญumin Boxers lam a hawi a ni. Chumi chhanna atan chuan Eight-Nation Alliance chuan China chu an rawn bei ta a ni. British, Japanese, Russian, Italian, German, French, US leh Austrian sipaite awmna pawl hian Boxer-te chu hnehin Qing sorkar hnenah concession dang an phut a ni. ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
Qing court-in siamthatna a dodalna leh China chak lohna avanga lungawi lo takin, official แนญhalai, sipai officer leh zirlai – Sun Yat-sen-a revolutionary ngaihtuahna aแนญanga infuih tharte chuan Qing Dynasty paihthlak a, republic siam chu an rawt แนญan ta a ni. Revolutionary military uprising, Wuchang Uprising chu October 10, 1911 khan Wuhan khawpuiah a intan a.
Republic of China sorkar provisional sorkar chu March 12, 1912 khan Nanjing-ah Sun Yat-sen President atan din a ni a, mahse Sun hian New Army hotu leh Qing sorkar hnuaia Prime Minister ni bawk Yuan Shikai kutah thuneihna a hlan a ngai ta a ni , Qing lal hnuhnung ber chu thuneihna chantir tura inremna siama tel angin (a hnua a inchhir leh tur thutlukna a ni. Yuan Shikai chuan kum engemaw zat hnuah national leh provincial assembly tihtawp tumin hma a la a, kum 1915 khan lalberah a inpuang ta a, Yuan-a lalram thil tum chu a hnuaia thawkte chuan nasa takin an dodal a, helna tur beiseina a hmachhawn a, Yuan hian a lalna chu a chhuahsan a, a hnu rei vak lovah kum 1916 khan a thi ta a, a chhuahsan ta a ni China ramah power vacuum a awm. A thihna hian republican sorkar chu a tichhe vek a, China chu inelna nei provincial sipai hruaitute thawhhona inthlak danglamin an awp lai “warlords” hunlai a rawn thlen ta a ni.
Kum 1919-a thil thleng tlemte (khawvel ram dangte tana) hriat hlawh tak chuan kum zabi 20-na China chanchin dang zawng zawngah hun rei tak chhung nghawng a nei dawn a ni. Hei hi May Fourth Movement a ni. He movement hi Indopui I-na tawpna Treaty of Versailles-in China a tihchhiat chhanna atan a intan a, mahse China ram chhung dinhmun chungchangah nawrh huaihawt a ni ta a ni. Chinese mi fingte zingah liberal Western philosophy tihchhiat a nih hnu hian ngaihtuahna kalphung (radical lines of thought) zawk an hmang ta a ni. Hei hian China rama vei leh ding inkara buaina inrem theih loh tur chi a phun a, chu chuan kum zabi khat chhung chu Chinese history a thunun dawn a ni.
Kum 1920 chhoah khan Sun Yat-Sen chuan China khawthlang lamah revolutionary base a din a, hnam in\hen darh tawhte chu inpumkhat tir tumin hma a la ta a ni. Soviet puihnain China Communist Party thar nen inzawmna an siam ta a ni. Kum 1925-a Sun-a cancer natna avanga a thih hnuah a protลฝgลฝs zinga mi Chiang Kai-shek -a chuan Kuomintang (Nationalist Party emaw KMT,) chu a thunun a, China khawthlang leh khawthlang lam tam zawk chu a thuneihna hnuaiah a hruai hlawhtling ta a, sipai beihpui thlakna, the Khawchhak lam Expedition. China khawthlang leh khawthlang lama indona neitute chu sipai chakna hmanga hneh tawh Chiang hian hmarchhak lama indona hotute nominal allegiance chu a humhim thei ta a ni.
Kum 1927 khan Chiang hian CPC chu a rawn hawi let a, China khawthlang leh hmar lama an awmna hmun atang chuan CPC sipaite leh a hruaitute chu beidawng lovin a lo um zui ta a ni. Kum 1934 khan Chinese Soviet Republic ang chi an tlang hmunpui aแนญanga hnawhchhuah an nih hnuah, CPC sipaite chuan China ram chhim thlang lama hmun hring berte paltlangin Long March an kalpui a, Shanxi Province-a Yanโan-ah guerrilla base an din a ni.
Long March lai khan communist-te chu hruaitu thar Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) hnuaiah an insiam thar leh a, KMT leh CPC inkara indona nasa tak chu, a langsar emaw, a rukin emaw, kum 14 chhung zet Japanese invasion (1931-1945) kaltlangin a chhunzawm zel a, mahse, party pahnihte hian hming anga Japanese invaders dodal turin united front an din a, 1937, Sino hunlai khan -Japanese War (1937-1945) Indopui II-na laia a then. Kum 1945-a Japan an hneh loh hnuah party pahnih indona chu a intan leh a, kum 1949 thleng khan CPC chuan ram hmun tam zawk chu an luah ta a ni.
Chiang Kai-shek hi kum 1949 khan a sorkar la awmte nen Taiwan-ah a tlanchhia a, a Nationalist Party chuan kum 1990 chho tir lama democracy inthlanpui neih hma chuan he thliarkar bakah hian a แนญhenawm thliarkar tlemte pawh an thunun dawn a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan Taiwan ram politics dinhmun hi sawisel a hlawh fo tawh a ni.
๐๐ก๐จ๐ฎ lalram (1046 โ 256 BC) a ni.Khawthlang lam Zhou lalram (1046 โ 771 BC) .Zhou lal TaiZhou lal TaiShang lalram paihthlaktuZhou mite hi a tir chuan an hnuaia hnam zinga mi an ni a,Wei lui kama Shang thinlung hmun chhim lam a awm an ni.Hunting and gathering society atanga agricultural society-ah pawh an zuang chhuak tawh bawk a, mahse a tawpah chuan an permanent settlement an din hmain hunting leh gathering lamah an kir leh a, Shang state chhunga tributary group an ni ta a ni.Zhou lal WenZhou lal WenZhou mite chuan BC kum zabi 12-na leh 11-na tir lam vel khan Shang roreltute hruaitu lungawi lo tak chu an thinrim hle a,Shang lalte paihthlak an tumna chu an sawi chhuak tan ta a ni.Zhou lal pakhat Tai-a chu he thil tum hi hriattirna kawngah hian mi pawimawh tak a ni a,Shang-ho paihthlak dan tur ruahmanna a siam a,๐๐ก๐ฎchu chiang takin thlah thum hnuah pawh a zawm ta a ni.Zhou mite chu Wei lui dungah hmar lam panin an insawn tan a, chu chuan rang takin Shang-ho nen an inzawm hnai hle a,Shang state chhim lam chhehvela cheng hnam dangte nen pawh inzawmna an siam ta a ni.Kum 1050 BC khan Zhou hruaitu Wen (a hnuah King Wen tia sawi) chuan sipai ruahmanna hnuhnung ber a buatsaih a,Chu chuan a tawpah Shang-ho chu a boral ta a,Chu chu a fapa Lal Wu-a chuan BC 1046 emaw 1045 vel vel khan a tihlawhtling ta a ni (a dik tak chu date hriat a ni lo).Chutih lai chuan Zhou sipaite chuan an sipai puite nen Shang khawpui Yin (tuna Henan province hmar lama Anyang) lam panin an kal a, khawthlang lam atangin khawpui chu an bei ta a ni.He beih a nih hma hian Lal Wu chuan thuchah ngaihnawm tak a sawi a,Chutah chuan vanram chuan Shang roreltute hnen atanga thupek (vanram thupek en rawh) chu a la let a,Zhou mite hnenah a pe ta niin a sawi.
1.General Aung San in Mindat a แแแแบแแแบแธแแฐแแฑแฌแแบ nel ah Pakhuku sak lam hem poh Chin special division ah pia in uk tik na ven uk ngam ma uk thei tuk mang tin kik. Na co vo cu pia ceng zo si. Independent ngah ten pia zo si. Kawl ten pia ceng zo si mei thal tuah do hei kul ngawl pia zo si.
2.แแแบแแผแฎแธแแปแฏแแบ แฆแธแแฏ in Pu Za Hre Lian nel ah Minkin myone sak siah Chin special division ah pia in uk tik si Za Hre Lian in ngam ma si. Kawl ten na co vo pia ceng zo si. Na lak leh tuk um ma vei. Lai mi ten deih ma si.
3.General Ne Win in Pu Van Kulh nel ah Kalay myo cu Chin special division ah pia in Myo daw zung vang Kalay myo ah phuan tik si A man deih ngawl in Hal kha ah thawn si. Kawl ten na co vo pia ceng khawng zo si. Lai mi ten deih ma si.
LAI MI TEI CO VO PIAK SA 1.General Aung San in Mindat a แแแแบแแแบแธแแฐแแฑแฌแแบ nel ah Pakhuku sak lam hem poh Chin special division ah pia in uk tik na ven uk ngam ma uk thei tuk mang tin kik. Na co vo cu pia ceng zo si. Independent ngah ten pia zo si. Kawl ten pia ceng zo si mei thal tuah do hei kul ngawl pia zo si.
2.แแแบแแผแฎแธแแปแฏแแบ แฆแธแแฏ in Pu Za Hre Lian nel ah Minkin myone sak siah Chin special division ah pia in uk tik si Za Hre Lian in ngam ma si. Kawl ten na co vo pia ceng zo si. Na lak leh tuk um ma vei. Lai mi ten deih ma si.
3.General Ne Win in Pu Van Kulh nel ah Kalay myo cu Chin special division ah pia in Myo daw zung vang Kalay myo ah phuan tik si A man deih ngawl in Hal kha ah thawn si. Kawl ten na co vo pia ceng khawng zo si. Lai mi ten deih hawma hi.
Nidanglai in Lawi Thang leh Sial Lian kici unau nih om hi. Lawi Thanga uzaw hi-in, Sial Lian a nau zaw ahihi. A neulai un a nu uh si a, a pa un zikik a nei hi. A nukik un Lawi Thang leh Siao Lian itlo in a pasal kiangah, “Hih naupang tegel tawh khuasa khawm theilo ding ka hihmanin, ahithei bangin mundangah hawlkhia in” a ci hi. A pa in a tapategel hehpihhuai sa in it mahmah napi a zi’ thu mangin gamlapi ah Bawm lianpi khattawh pua in paipih a aciahtheih nawtloh nang munah khawlpih in ihmusak in a ihmut kalun anusia vingveng hi. A tate a khanlawh ciangin, khua muita in akiim apaam a et uhleh a pa uh mu nawnlo hi. Acihnading uh thei lo in, agil uh kial mahmah a, akapkap uhhi.
Gamlakah nektheih zongin a vaak melmel uhhi. Nektheih a muh peuhpeuh uh, phelhawmin a ne uhhi. Ni khat vasa bu khat mu uh a, a uin a va et saisai leh Vaphual tui tang khat na om hi. Khia suk lelah kitam ding, ne lelah a nau in ngawl ding ahihmanin a u in a kam sungah muamin sing tungpan hong kumsuk hi. Leilak a tunma in Vaphual tui taam sakkha in valh kha a, Vaphual a suakpah hi.
A naupa in a u Vaphual a suah ciangin dah mahmahin amah kia a kapkap hi. Auin “Nau aw kapkap kei ou! Nek theih Singgah ka muh peuhpeuh hong puak ning aw, Lau ken aw” a ci hi. A u zong Singgah zongin a lenlen leh munkhat ah gamhoih gamnuam mahmah khat mu a, a naupa samin tua Khua ah a tengsak hi. A naupa in tua Khua ah a sep khempeuh lawhcing in, a khawi peuhpeuh pung mahmah hi. Zi nei in ta nei in nuam a sa mahmahh hi. A sawtlo in Khua Hausa nangawn a sem hi. A upa in zong vilkik nawnlo in kum sau veipi a kikhen uh hi.
Ni khat ni ciangin, a naupa Sial Lian in ton ding hong vaihawm hi. Zu leh sa na khempeuh kicing zihziah khin a, a nunung penin a upa a sam nuam hi. Tua ahih manin a upa a sam dingin vasa khempeuh kaikhawm in a sam siampen ding sin kawikawi a, atawpna ah Vavui asawl hi. Ton kipat ni zingsangin, a u Lawi Thang hong tung huak-huak takpi a, inntual tungah hong laam hi. Sial Lian zong nuamm mahmahin, a inntual laizangah hong pai a, a u amuak hi.
Au in a mul khat botin a khiatsuk leh, a nau in hoihsa mahmah in a lukhu tungah suang viuveu in mipi lai ah a laam hi. Vaphual mul tawh kilawn mahmah in mi khempeuh in hoihsa in a eng mahmah uhhi. Papi khermpeuh in Vaphual mul ngen pah ngeingai uh a, a u in zong a mul neih khempeuh botbotin a khiatkhiat hi. A Kha a Mei abeidong botbotin khiatkhiat ahih manin a tawpna ciangin leng thei nawnlo in leilak ah hong kia a, a naupa in a tangsaal ah a kem hi.
A Kha a Mei akim dong akep khitciangin a khah kik hi. Au in a lenkhiat kik ding ciangin, a naupa kiangah khitui nulkawm sa in “Nau! hih lai mun samg a nuamzaw gam khat mu khin ka hi aw. Tua lai ah a tawntung ih tenkhop theih nading ni khat niciang hongsam ding ka hi. Tualai mun nong tunnop leh Thumanna leh Cihtakna kiptakin len tinten in la, na nuntakpih in aw. Mangngilh hetken aw Sial Lian!” ci-in a vaikhak khit ciangin a leng khia vingveng hi. Tua huna kipanin tuni dong Vaphual ahi a u Lawi Thang leh a naupa Sial Lian akimu nawn kei uh hi. Tua ahihmanin Zomite in Vaphual tawh iki ciaptehna hih unau nihte’ Tangthu pan hong kipan hi ci-in Tangthulam mipilten na ciamteh uhhi.
Ngawn Chin Pule Pa tei veikhatveinih Cong le lam tei puan
Thuthlung hluiah chuan Chin-ho hian politics kalphung hrang hrang pathum an siam a, chungte chu Khua- bawi kalphung, Ram-uk kalphung leh โTlaisun Democratic Councilโ (Stevenson 1943: 213) te an ni. ๐ฒ๐ฏ๐ผ๐จ ๐ณ๐จ๐ณ ๐ณ๐ฌ๐ฏ ๐น๐จ๐ด-๐ผ๐ฒ ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐
Khua-lal kalphungah chuan khaw zalen tak chu hier- archical local chief-in a awp a, ani hian a ram chhunga politics, sakhaw, khawtlang leh sum leh pai lama thil awm zawng zawng thunun leh enkawl theihna thuneihna leh tih tur a nei a ni. Khua-bawi tih awmzia chu โKhua roreltuโ tihna a ni. Khaw roreltu chuan khua council ruat theihna a nei a, ram sem theihna a nei a, a hnuaia mite hnen atanga chhiah lak theihna dikna. A hnuaia awm khawtlang zawng zawng aiawhin Tual Khua- hrum inthawina hlan theihna a nei a ni. A tawi zawngin, ama khuaah pawh โlei lalโ a ni. Khua-bawi kalphungah chuan lal thuneihna leh tih tur awm dan chu a tlangpuiin Ram-uk kalphungah chuan lal ber nen a inang vek a ni. Frederick Downs-a ang history ziaktute chuan hetiang political system hi โindependent village-stateโ an ti (Downs 1983: 11). A nihna takah chuan khua-ram zalen tak chu a tlem hle. Kawng khat emaw kawng dangah emaw chuan khaw dang leh khawtlang dangte nen emaw, hnam lal chak zawkte nen emaw indona inzawmna an siam a. แนฌhenkhatah chuan indonaa แนญangrual hotu ber pawh zahna an hlan hial a ni. Amaherawhchu, Tual ground-a Khua-hrum biakna chu mahni inrintawkna neia an tih chhung chuan, Khua-bawi system of independent village-states-ah kan categorize a.
Ram-uk system hi political system a ni a, hierarchical tribal chief chuan hnam pum emaw, hnam thenkhat emaw, khaw pahnih aia tam emaw, Tual khawtlang pum emaw a thunun a ni. Hetiang political system hi tribal feudalism tia sawi theih a ni. Ram-uk kalphung hi hnam dan anga Chin khawtlang nunah chuan politics kalphung pawimawh ber leh hman tlanglawn ber a ni. Principle-ah chuan ram uk lal-pa hian khaw hnih tal a awp tur a ni a, mahse a tlangpuiin hnam pumpui Sailo lalpain tuna Mizoram State-a Mizo hnam pumpui a awp angin, a nih loh leh khaw 300-500 vel a awp ang khan – Chief Hau Cin Khup-a Burma rama tuna Chin State-a Tiddim leh Tawnzang khawpui zawng zawng a awp angin. Ram-uk thiltihtheihna leh tih tur chu a chungah kan sawi tawh a. I leh Ram-uk system te chu Tual biaknaah dan anga siam leh nemngheh a nih avangin Khua-bawi Khua-hrum-a chief thuneihnate engtin nge a bung leh lamah kan sawi dawn a ni. ๐ป๐ณ๐จ๐ฐ๐บ๐ผ๐ต ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ด๐ถ๐ช๐น๐จ๐ป๐ฐ๐ช ๐ช๐ถ๐ผ๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ณ-๐ฐ๐ต ๐จ ๐บ๐จ๐พ๐ฐ
Khua-lalleh Ram-uk system bakah hian Chin-ho hian an hnam danin democratic political system โTlaisun Democratic Councilโ an tih chu an siam a, chu chuan โdemocratic constitutionโ a nei a, โuppa council-in a thunun a, chu chu an vai vek nia ngaih a ni mi hausa tak takteโn an sawi (Lehman 1963: 141).
Dik tak chuan Chin ho hian hetiang democratic council hi an siam chhuak ta mai mai a ni. Tlaisun ho hi Sunthla leh Haka te ang bawkin, Laimi hnam awmna hmasa ber Lai-lun thlahte an ni. Kum zabi sawm leh parukna leh sawm leh pasarih chhung khan Haka-ho chu an chak hle a, chuvangin kawng khata Haka leh khawthlang lama Sunthla leh Tlaisun inkara thuneihna inchuhna chu a nasa ta hle a ni. Indona chu vawi eng emaw zat a chhuak a. Pakhatnaah chuan Sunthla leh Tlaisun te chu hnehtu niin a lang a, mahse Haka lal Lian Nawn lal lai khachuan khaw pahnih [Sunthla leh Tlaisun] chu a bei a, a tichhia a, a chhunga chengte chu a tidarh darh a, kum tam tak chhung chu tlanchhia angin khawsakna hmunah an khawsa a ni. Mahse, hun kal zelah ShunKla-ho [Sunthla]-ho chuan Haka-ho nen inremna an siam a, mahse Tlaisun-a chuan chenna thar a hmu ta a, chu chu tuna Falamโ (Carey and Tuck 1976: 141). Tlaisun hlui kha thlaler ni lo mahse Falam chu an khawpui a lo ni ta a ni. Chu indona an chak loh hnu chuan Sunthla te hian Chin history-ah politics lamah chanvo an chang leh tawh ngai lo. Tlaisun erawh chu politics kalphung danglam tak takin an lo chhuak leh ta a ni. Ram-uk kalphung pangngai ni lovin democratic council an din ta a ni. Historian hrang hrangte chuan hetiang democratic council dinna tur chhan hrang hrang an sawi a. Carey leh Tuck-a sawi dan chuan an khawtlang hi ram dang mite awmna a nih avangin paramount chief Ram-uk lal-pa an thlang thei lo. Chumi awmzia chu, aristocratic headmen-te chu an khawpui hmasa ang bawka Hlawn Ceu hnam atanga lo piang chauh ni lovin, khaw thenkhat chu Za Hau hnam leh Mizo hnam Hualngo-te pawhin an awp a ni. A chhan dang chu Za Peng Sakhong-a sawi dan chuan โsettlement thar leh democratic council din a, hnehna thuthlung an zawm duh lo mai maiโ (1983: 9) vang a ni. Khawpui hluiah an cheng chhunzawm zel a, Khua-hrum ang chiah kha an biak chhunzawm zel a nih chuan Khua-man leh chhiah dangte chu anmahni hnehtu Haka hnenah an pek a ngai dawn a ni. Tribal indonaah chuan party pakhatin indonaah an chak lo a nih chuan mipuite an hneh mai ni lovin, Khua-hrum pawhin an hneh tihna a ni. Chutichuan, an chak loh hnuah chuan anmahni vengtu pathian, Khua-hrum chuan an Khua-hrum chu hnehtu Khua-hrum hnuaiah a awm tawh avangin a venghim tawh lovang, malsawmna pawh a pe tawh lovang.
Hnehna changa zawm a, an Khua-hrum chu hnuaia awm tura tihhniam ai chuan Tlaisun-ho chuan system pumpui lakah an hel a, chutiang chuan an siam tha ta a ni. An khawpui leh an Khua-hrum chauh ni lovin, paramount chief Ram-uk system ngaihtuahna pawh an kalsan vek a ni. System hlui kha vawng reng se chuan Haka lal rorelna hnuaiah hian an awm reng ang. Chuvangin fing takin Democratic Council an din a, chu chu hlawhtling leh chak takin a lang. Kum zabi khat vel chhungin an แนญhenawm ram zawng zawng deuhthaw chu an la vek a, Za Hau leh Haka tih loh chu an la vek a ni. Zomi hnam zinga Sizang leh Sokte te, Hualngo leh Mizo hnam dangte pawh an hneh ta a ni (cf. Carey leh Tuck 1976: 143). Kum 1896-a British-hoin Chinram an hneh khan Carey leh Tuck-a te chuan Tlaisun-te chu Chinram pumpuiah โthiltithei berโ an nih thu an report a. Chin chanchin ziaktute, Za Peng Sakhong leh Vumson-a te pawhin British-ho chu hmuna lo lang lo se chuan ni khat chu Tlaisun-ho hian Chin mi zawng zawng chu an thuneihna hnuaiah an inzawm khawm vek mai thei tih an pawm a ni (Z. Sakhong, 1983; Vumson 1986: 103). Heng thil thleng ropui tak takte hi ka pan hma hian phunglam-a thil pawimawh dang, biakna leh tih dan phung hlui (traditional patterns of worship and rituals) te hi ngun zawkin kan en a ngai a ni. ๐ฏ๐น๐ฐ๐จ๐ป๐ป๐ผ๐น๐ป๐ฌ
1 Khawthlang mithiamte zingah Lehman-a chauh hi โkhuaโ awmzia hi a ngaihven tawk a, tuna a lehkhabu hlui, The Structure of Chin Society-ah Khua โ tih thumal hi โthlarau lam thilsiam chi khat tlangpuiโ tiin a sawifiah bawk. Lehman-a (1963), pp. 172-174-ah en rawh.
Chin tawng hrang hrang a zirin Khua-zing spelling pawh a danglam thei a. Entirnan, Parry chuan- Lakher tawngin โKhazangpaโ a spell laiin, Carry leh Tuck-a te chuan Lai tawngin โKhozinโ 2 an spell thung.
3 chu a awmzia takah chuanโ (1994: 126). A thusawi hi ka ngaihdan chuan a dik a, a dik lo bawk eng a zirin. Chin tawng hrang hrangah chuan zing hi thim leh zing a ni tih lehlin theih a ni a, chu chu รชng a ni. A awmzia pahnihah chuan Zing hi hmuh theih loh chakna a ni a, chu chuan รชng leh thim chhuahna bulpui a pe vek a ni. Chuvangin thim hi Zing awmzia tak tak ni lovin Zing chhinchhiahna a ni.
4 Chester U. Strait-a chuan Ding-thlu le Lai-rel chu Pathian laka pathian danglam tak niin a sawi a, Chin tawngte a hriatthiam loh vang pawh a ni mai thei (Strait 1933: 57).
5 Hetah hian Sing Kho Khai ka zui a, Zomi tawng ka hmang bawk. Mizo tawngah chuan an ti a mahse Lai tawngah chuan Tual leh Mual an ti ve ve a ni. Zophei leh Lakher-ah te dialects Tual hi Tlenlai an ti a, chuvangin inthawina lung chu Tlenlai tia koh a ni.
6 Thingtli thing pahnih chu Nawi ruamah an la ding reng a. 7 Aibur khuaa Mang Lung nena an inbiakna, 29 March 1986. 8 He concept chungchangah hian mi engemaw zat ka interview tawh a, tehkhin thu chhanna ka hmu tlangpui. Van level pathum chu tlangte nen an khaikhin a – a sang ber chu Khua-zing chenna in nen, a sang ber pahnihna chu Lulpi chenna in nen, pathumna chu Mithi-khua nen; leilung ruam nen, leh Khua-chia chenna chu khawvel hnuaiah a awm laiin. Sing Kho Khai (1984), Hre Lian Kio (1972), Pu Sakhong (1971) leh Lian H. Sakhong (1988b)
9 Mithi-khua leh Khua-vang Mithi Tlawn lam panna thawnthu Lian H. Sakhong (1988b)-ah en la, a bikin Bung 6-naah; leh Hre Lian Kio 1975, a bik takin Bung 5-naah pawh.
10 Carey leh Tuck-a te 1976: 152-153. Hetah hian local oral tradition ka zawm a, Capt. Sui Mang-a Haka Thawhkehnak-a sawi dan chuan.
11 Rung awmzia chu โa chungnung ber, thiltithei, hlauhawmโ a ni a, Met chu thiltihtheihna, a bik takin Pathian thiltihtheihna, thiltihtheihna thuruk a ni a; Met hi nun chhunga thil pawimawh ber, nun bulpui ber, cream leh nun chhunga thil tha ber tia lehlin theih a ni bawk. Hrinzung emaw Hrinzung Kung emaw hi Chin hnam sakhaw-a Pathian thu thuk tak atanga lo chhuak โnunna thingโ a ni. Vawikhat chu he leiah hian Khua-zing hian โnunna thingโ Hrinzung Kung an tih chu a lo phun a. Mahse ni khat chu he thing vengtu ui pakhat chu a muhil lai chuan van atanga Thlarau Mi chuan thing chu a ru a, thla chungah a phun ta a. Nunna thing chu thla chungah awm tawh mah se, Chin hnam dan chuan malsawmna atan Khua-zing atanga Zing tia koh, Van-ni, inthawina inkhawm hmangin Zing-dangh an tih hmangin โnunna chhuahnaโ an la dawng thei tih a vawng tlat a, Khua- hrum biakna.
12 Burma rama Chin State khawpui ber โHakaโ tih thumal hmasa ber hi Chin hnam dan anga sakhaw ngaihdan โHaukaโ atanga lo chhuak niin an ring a, a theological awmzia chu โVan Kawngkharโ a ni.
13 Aibur khuaa Chief Sang Bill fanu Pi Par Cin nen 25 March 1986-a an inbiakna.
Next time ๐โฉ๏ธ
ZoMiHISTORY
History – Sizang-Suantak(Thaute) lal ho, Left to right (sitting):- Pu Pau Khai Thuklai (Vanglok) leh Pu Thuk Ngo Thuklai (Vanglok) (standing/ding):- Pu Kim Suang Limkhai (Vanglok), Pu Kam Suan Thuklai (Vanglok), Pu Mang Pau Limkhai(Vanglok) le Pu Manglun, Limkhai or Sakhiliang (Vanglok) Lal. c. 1894. British hunlai a Sihzang Limkhai khua lal intervew record masabel. No.2 Stockede ( Mel Kua) atang Sap ram Tlang rawn phal sak lo in, an di chiam ta ani, 1889, January 13 ni khan, “LEN TLANG” ( Forth White) chu an lo la ngah ta aniโฆ 1890,January 3 ni in, “Hotu” tih munah chuan khuasa in Duty an nei tanta ani, Hotu tih hi chu (ZAWL NU) Khua kiang a om “Sial Man” ah om hi ani, Thaang ah Sap ho tu lal chu biakpawh tum in an ko hmasa tani, Sap lal biakpawh tum te hming chu a tawp na lam ah ka ziak leh ang, Cutichuan “Hotu” ah chuan Duty na a lo niโฆ Chu Hotu Duty na munah chuan in ram thu an soi ho ani, Dawt in (Translate) tu chu Pu Mang Lun ani, Sap lal in thu a lo zawt a Pu Mang Lun Sih Zang ram hi turam nge? tin a zawt ta a, Pu Mang Lun chuan (NGAWN RAM) tia a chhang ta ani, NGAWN RAM khawi lai thlenga nge ni? a tih chuan, Mit a muh tawp thleng kha NGAWN RAM a ni tin chhang a, chuan Pu Za Neng , ( Haw Zang Khua) a zawh chuan, a dik alom thudik ani, tin a chhang let ve ani, ati ani. Hei hi Sizang/Lophei Lal Pu Khupliana Suantak ani. Thlalak kum hi 1960 vel ani e. Kum 90 bawr vel ani awm e he thlalak lak hun lai hian. Suantak-British Ral (1888-89) (Siyin Rebellion) indo lai ah huaisen deuh ah hriat ani bawk. British ho ziahdan chuan “Sizang mipa pakhat leh hnamdang panga tehkhin/ inang” tiin an insawi thin ah, hnam dang ho pawn an pawm ei” tiin anlo ziak e. Hnam huaisen, Lal thlahtu deuh anni. Teizang(Mualbem) Lal hmasa, Saizang Lal hmasa, Kalzang Lal(tunah Khuano tawng hmang tawh), Ngawn Lal (Lenthuan), Lusei Lal(Zahmuaka thlahte) ho thlahtu anni bawk. Hnam zawngah chuan Vaiphei hnam ho nen thlahtu bul pakhat Pu Zahawnga thlah ah inchhui veve anni e. Hmanlai ah ran inthawi chungchang ah inti thiamlovin inthen anlo ni. Mahse unau/inzawmna chu ah awm reng e. Pu Khupliana’n Pu Vumkhawhauva lehkhabu ah Vaiphei sizang-british indona ah telve ho chungchang a record na ah chuan “Vaiphei, cousins of the Siyin-Suantak” tiang hian alo ziak e. Sailo nen inlaichhinna chungchang chu Pu Liangkhaia ziah(1938), Pu Vanchhunga ziah (1955) vel ah a hmuh thei, HLCA buatsai “Zofate chanchin(1994) ah pawh a hmuhtheih bawk ang. Guite ho claim na record en pawn Duhlian-Haute nen chuan Zahmuaka chu an la inhnaih zawk mah mah ani. Zofate zingah hnam huaisen, Kale/Kalay velah Kawl(Burmese) ho sal ah lo man thin hnam record anni e..
Chin Hills-a thuneihna an neih dawn lai khan British-ho hna lian ber pakhat chu Manipur ramri hmar lam ramri buaina chinfel a ni.Kum 1834-a Kabaw Valley chu Burma kuta hlan a nih khan Captain Grant leh Captain Robert Pemberton-a te chu Burma commissioner-te kutah hlan turin Kabaw Valley-ah kal turin an ti a.Pemberton-a chu Burma commissioner hnenah Kabaw Valley hmar leh chhak ramri kawhhmuh turin thupek ni mah se, mak tak maiin Manipur khawthlang lam ramri chungchangah hian thupek chiang tak pek a ni lo.Pemberton-a chuan Numsailung (Burmese tawngin Namsaweng, Chin/Zo tawngin Tuipu) lui chu Kabaw Valley chhim lam ramri ni mahse a chhuahna hmun chu a hre lo.Chutiang chuan, unilaterally-in Manipur ramri suangtuah tak chu tlangte kaltlangin Manipur lui thlengin a tlanpui a, chu chu Agreement of 1834-a pek angin:Khawchhak lamah chuan Burmans tlang (Muring) Nansaweng leh Muneepoorees Numsailung-in an koh lui chu a chhuahna thlengin tlangram a luhna hmunah chuan chutiang bawka hmar lam ke atanga inzar pharh line pakhat chu a luang chhuak thlengin, tlang chhim lam hawi zawngin a tla thla a Kathe Khyoung (Muneepooree lui) a ni.Kum 1834 khan British-ho chuan Kabaw ruam sir lehlama tlangte dinhmun chungchangah emaw, a chhunga luite chungchang emaw hriatna mumal lo tak an nei a.Pemberton-a chuan amah ngeiin a ruat turin chutah chuan a o down lo va, inremna chu Chindwin lui kamah ziah a nih avangin.Chutiang chuan, a Report of the Eastern Frontier of go India-ah chuan Manipur khawthlang lam ramri chu โa mumal lo hle a, a sawifiah tha lo hleโ tih a pawm a ni ([1835] 2000: 21). Kum 1834-a Thuthlung siamah chuan โtunah hian Sootie (Sukte) hnam thenkhat chu Manipur-ah an awm a, a then chu Burmese emaw independent territory-ah an awmโ (Mackenzie [1884] 2001: 172) tih chu Pemberton-aโn ramri bial a hriatthiam loh vang a ni a tlawh ngai lo va, survey pawh a la nei ngai lo.Chutiang chuan ramri siam a nih dawn chuan kum 1834-a Namsailung/Namsaweng lui an sawi chu Chin/Zo-hoin Tuipu an tih leh Burman-hoin Nanpalong an tih tak tak chu a ni tih hmuhchhuah a ni.Chuta tang chuan ramri chu Manipur luiah hmun engemaw takah a chho tur a ni a, chuta tang chuan chhim lamah Lushai leh Cachar ramri thlengin a kal tur a ni a, chu chuan Manipur lui chhim lamah Manipur-ah enclave lian tak a pe a, chu chu โPembertonโs Enclaveโ tia hriat a ni ta a ni โ.39 Thudik tak chu, tun hnaia zirchianna pakhatin โneutral zoneโ emaw, โmihring awm lo ramโ (Zou 2009: 215) tia a vuah Manipur lui hmar leh chhim lama tlangramte chu thununna hnuaiah a awm ngai lo Burma emaw Manipur emaw a ni. Kum 1856 khan Manipur rama political agent, Colonel McCulloch-a chuan โManipur ram chhim chhak lam bial chu chhui chhuah a la ni ngai lo va, Manipur thuneitute chuan chuta cheng hnamte chu thuhnuaiah hruai an tum ngai loโ tiin a sawi (Mackenzie [1884] 2001: 174-5-ah a awm). McCulloch-a chuan a Account of the Valley of Manipur (1859)-ah chuan, โHmarchhak leh hmar lamah chuan ramri hi a chiang lo hle a, Munnipore Sawrkar chuan a thuneihna a thehdarh theih danah a innghat nasa hle ang hill tribes in those directionsโ (McCulloch [1859] 1980: 1).Manipur khuaa Raja-a chuan ruam piah lamah nghawng a nei tlem hle tih chu a ramri hmunte awmnaah hian a lang chiang hle a, 40 chu chu a bul berah chuan a thuneihna leh a tak takna ramri a ni border of his territory.Hei hi Political Agent dang Colonel Mowbray Thomson-aโn kum 1872-a a report-a a sawi atang hian chiang takin a chiang thei ang: โHnam pum pui hi practically independent niin a lang a, kum 1834-a Treaty-in anghawng lo tak zet a ni.thil tangkai zawng zawng atan he hnam hi independent anga ngaih tur a nileh thuneihna [Manipur emaw Burmese emaw] atanga hremna dawng thei a niโ (Mackenzie [1884] 2001: 173-4). Khawchhak lam ramri post din tum ber chuManipur chu kum zabi sawm leh kua-a Manipur ruam ramri thlenga hlawhtling taka hmar lam pan a, Manipur ruam ramri thlenga an thuneihna din tawh Kamhau-Sukte lakah an inveng tur a ni.Manipur-ho chuan Lushai-ho aiin hlauhawm zawkah an ngai a, anni pawh hian Manipur-ah an rawn bei thin (Ibid.: 163). Kum 1871-72-a Lushai Expedition hmang tangkaiin Manipuri Contingent chu major pahnih leh Major General W. F.Nuthall-a kaihhruaina hnuaiah Tseklapi (Jolpi tia ziah bawk), khawthlang lam ramri post (Table 3.1 en la) kaltlangin, thupek do lovin, Chivu-ah an inkhuar a, chutah chuan an awm a ni Mualpi lal Go Khaw Thang leh a hnungzuitute chu a man ta a ni.He thil thleng hi Bung 3-ah chipchiar takin sawiho a ni tawh a, ngaihnawm tak chu Chivu-ah chuan Nuthall-a chuan a hnehna hriatrengna atan lung feet 22-a sang, feet 2-a zau, inches 4 vel zeta thuk a din a ni over the Lushai.42 Lung lian chunga thuziak lehlinna rough chuan heti hian a sawi:Kum 1793 khan Sakabda hunlai khan Wakching thlaah Mani- puri Major pahnih Balaram Sing leh Tangal Sing te chuan officer 130 leh mi 2000 nen General Nuthall-a zuiin khaw 112 an la a, chung zingah chuan Poiboi, Lenkam, & c,leh he chi tuikhuah hi a luah a, chutah chuan Rjah Chunder Kirtee Sing Maharajah kephah hnuhma chu a dah ta a ni.Lung te tak te chungah chuan heti hian a inziak a: โGeneral Nuthall, Political Agent kum 1793 of the era Sakabda, Bung hmasa lama kan sawi tawh ang khan Meitei major leh Nuthall-te thiltih hi British-hoin an pawm lo va, Kamhau mite pawhin Manipur-a Maharaja chu an pu atan an pawm lo.Nuthall-a hian Manipur Maharaja thupek angin hna a thawk tih rinhlelh rual a ni lo va, a hriatrengna lung a phun pawh hian a rilru tihlim a tum a ni.Mahse, hun eng emaw chen Chivu luah leh hriatrengna lung hi Manipur khawthlang lam ramri nemnghehna anga ngaih theih a ni lo.Manipur-hoin an ram an tihchhiat dan chu uluk takin ngaihtuah chungin, Kamhaus-ho chuan Manipur bei turin sipai beihpui thlak tumin an inbuatsaih a, chu chuan political agent thar Mowbray Thomson-a chu nasa takin a tithinur hle a, remna siamแนญhat tumin inhmachhawn lehna dang a awm loh nan lung engmah a hnutchhiah a ni an inkarah, chu chu engtin emaw takin a tihlawhtling thei a, hun rei lote chhung chauh ni mah se.Chutiang dinhmun chu Burma chief commissioner-a chief secretary E. S. Symes-aโn 20 September 1892-a India Sawrkar hnena lehkha thawnin โramri chu vawi khat chauh siamsak leh ruat theihna thuneihna famkimโ zawng turin a ziak a ni.Kum 1892 khan Bertram Carey of Chin Hills pawhin โramri tak tak chu hmanhmawhthlak a ni tiin nasa takin a hria a, Burma chief commissioner hnenah a rawt a ni, chu โManipur ramri chu,Tiddim khawchhak lam mel 80 vela hlaah Howbi Peak latitude-ah dah a nih rin a niโ tih. Lenacot (Sialmong)-ah assistant political officer pakhat dah turin a rawt bawk a, chu chuan hmar lam hnam Guite, Zou leh Thados te chu a thunun ang.Burma leh Assam-in Boundary Commission-in March 1893-ah hna a thawh tan tur thu an inrem ta a ni.Kum 1893 October ni 21-ah India sawrkar chuan heti hian thupek a pe a: โCommissioner-te [Burma leh Assam]-te hian thuneihna famkim leh kut zalen neiin ramri hi vawi khat tal settled leh demarcate turin an nei tur a ni mi zawng zawng tan. Vanduaithlak takin an inrem thei lo a nih chuan thutlukna chu India Sawrkar kutah a awm angโ.50 Mahse Chin Hills-Manipur ramri siam chu kum 1894 thleng sawn hlat a ni a, chu chu โSizang-Sukte helnaโ vangin a ni a, chu chu bung hmasa lama kan sawi tawh a ni.Kum 1894 January ni 27-ah chauh khan Manipur leh Burma atanga Boundary Commission member-te chu Tinzinchaung (Tuisa lui) veilam kam Burman khua Tinzin-ah an pungkhawm a.Burma aiawh member-te chu B. S. Carey, political officer, Chin Hills, Captain F. B. Longe, R. E. Survey of India leh a hnungzuitu 12, Lieutenant W. H. Dent, 2nd Battalion (P.W. O), Yorkshire Regiment, intelligence officer leh surveyor pahnih, Lieutenant B.Trydell leh 1st Burma Rifles rifles 50 te chu escort atan an hmang a, Sergeant James, leh hospital assistant pakhat an nei bawk.Manipur aiawhte chu A.Porteous, Manipur political agent, Captain M. A. Kerr, Lieutenant H. Baillie leh Rifles 100, 43rd Gurkhas escort atan leh hospital assistant pakhat an ni. Lieutenant W. H. Dent-a sawi dan chuan Kamhau Chief Hau Cin Khup leh a hnungzuitu naupang pahnih pawhin Carey-a chu an zui ve bawk, Carey-a chuan a zin chhung zawnga a zuitu Kamhau Chief-in a khua a\anga ruahmanna a siamte chu โlungawinaโ nen a pawm bawk.28 January 1894 khan Boundary Commission chuan Tuipui (Nanphalaw, Manipur-in Numsailung tia an sawi) ai chuan Tuisa (Tinzinchaung) a\angin a chhui tan ta a, Kabaw Valley-ah latitude 23ยฐ49โฒ30โฒโฒ N atanga a luh avangin a chhim lam tlangte chu he lui kalna zawh hian hmarchhak lam hawiin a tlangpuiin a chhuahna pakhat Khengzoidung an tih thlengin, chutah chuan lungphum hmasa ber dah a ni a, a hnuhnung ber chu Tuimong lui chhuahnaah a awm a ni.A vaiin pillar pariat siam a ni a, hmar lam atanga (Manipur tan) chu hmar lamah an tan a, โC.H.โ (Chin Hills tan) chhim lamah, chhim lamah.Ramri lungphumte chu hmar leh chhak lam hawia lung hrual a ni. โMโ tih leh heng letter hnuaiah hian pillar number tarlanna lem a awm a, chu chu khawchhak lam atanga number pek tan a ni a, chhim lamah hna a thawk bawk.March ni 1 khan Lunglen tlang chhipah kui camp.Line hmar lam latitude chu kum 1894 khan Bertram Carey leh Alexander Porteous te chuan Tui- any point is at Lunglen Hills 24ยฐ0โ42โ N, while the extreme southern point is 23ยฐ49โ30โ N, where Tuisa enters Burma. Tuipui hi sorkar thupek vang a ni a, chu chuan โline chu Tuisa a ni.โto be in the latitude of Pembertonโs line and drawn so as to exclude Lena- cot from Manipurโ.53 Tlang hrang hrang ni lovin lui line an zui a, a chhan chu a hnuhnung zawkte hi โchu vengah chuan a chiang lo hleโ a ni.Carey-a ngei pawhin chutianga a sawi avangin, Colonel McCull-och, Manipur hian a khawthlang lam hnamte chu a thunun thei ngai lo va, anni hian tlangram an rawn bei fo va, state an dodal fo thin a, chuti a nih chuan engvangin nge Manipur hian a khawthlang lam tlanga ram zau tak a claim theih nan a phal? Dik tak chuan, nausen Raja aiawha hnathawk Manipur-a political agent chuan kum 1834-a Pemberton-aโn state hnena a pek zawng zawng chu humhim a duh a, lui dinglam leh a chhehvela khaw hrang hrangte chu annex duh a ni Manipur tlangram ramri a ni. Vanduaithlak takin, Manipur-in sum lakluh nuam tak a hmuh theihna tur lui dinglamah khaw 91 (a chanve chauh chu lehkha-a awm tak tak) a awm tih leh lui veilam, pine forest, a awm tak tak bakah hian nakin lawkah thlai leh mineral resources a siam chhuak thei a ni.54 Manipur politi- cal agent chu Manipur Raja thupek angin hna a thawk tih rinhlelh rual lohvin J. Clerk-aโn a nemnghet a ni remarked: โPolitical Agent chu engkim atan Maharaja duhdan leh lawmnaah a innghat a ni. A thusawi leh a che vel zawng zawng hi Maharaja chuan a hre vek a ni. A nihna takah chuan Manipur enkawlna hnuaia British Officer a niโ (Roy 1958: 100-a tarlan).Hriat tlem zawk, theihnghilh a nih loh chuan Manipur leh Chin Hills ramri siam hian Kamhau-Sukte thuneihna hnuaia awm khaw engemaw zat chu duh duhin Manipur hnenah a hlan a ni.Carey-a chuan, โManipur ramri siam a nih avang hian Howchinkup-a chuan a pi leh puteโn an lo hneh tawh, chutih hun thlenga chhiah tlemte chauh an pek tawh khaw engemaw zat a hloh ta a niโ (Carey and Tuck [1896] 1932: 112) tiin a pawm a ni.Ramri siam a nih hma kum hnih vel khan Captain G. B. Stevens, 4th Madras Pioneers leh Kamhau Column Commander chuan Northern Chin Hills khaw zawng zawng chu Thado, Zou leh Guite khua te pawh a tlawh vek tawh a ni. Mualpi atanga Guite hnam insawnna Tonglawn (Tornlongs) leh Losau (Losow)-ah te chuan an kuta sal lak chhuah tumin a chho a.Chutiang chuan Northern Chin Hills-a rorรชltu chungnung ber chu chiang taka chawimawi tawh khuate chu, ramri siam hnuah, Manipur chhungah hmuh a ni ta a ni.He thubuai hi Sir James Johnstone-aโn Manipur ram map a siamah hian sawisel theih lohvin nasa takin a thlawp a, chutah chuan ramri siam hmaa Manipur ram atanga khawthlang lama ram zau tak bo a ni. Johnstone hi Manipur-a political agent (1877-86) a ni a, a map chu a hnuah a lehkhabu My Experience in Manipur and the Naga Hills (1896)-ah a lang leh a ni, Boundary Commission-in duh duhin Manipur hnena a pek khua zingah hian Zou khaw 19, Thado khua 21 zinga 15, leh Guite khua 13. 57 Ramri siam a nih avang hian โThado hnamโ chu a hnuah Carey-a chuan, โtunah chuan ka lehkhabu a\angin a chhuak tawh a, chutiang bawkin tuna Kuki emaw Kongjai tlangah te pawh tel ve tawh โYoโ leh โNwite (Vaipei te pawh tel) te pawh an chhuahsan ta a ni,Manipurโ (Carey leh Tuck-a te [1896]) a ni. 1932: 112-ah a tarlang bawk).Thil mak tak mai chu, colonial record-ah chuan Kamhau Chief Hau Cin Khup-a chu khua 55 a hloh avanga zangnadawmna atan Gungal-Sukte hmar lama khaw pahnih, Litmi leh Mwial-te pek a nih thu min hriattir a.Zawhna awm chu: Engtin nge, engvangin nge Kamhau Lal Hau Cin Khupa thununna hnuaia ram zau tak, nawrh huaihawt lovin Manipur hnena hlantu boundary line thar chu pawm em? Hau Cin Khup hian boundary line thar hi a pawm mai em tih hriat a ni lo a, a pawm luih luih a ni em tih hriat a ni lo.Carey-a report atanga kan hriat chauh chu, Burma party chu 12 March 1894-a Tonzang-a an lo kir leh khan Carey-a chuan Chief Hau Cin Khup-a chu โa khawthlang lam ramri atanga hmar lam ramri thar thlenga ram zawng zawng enkawl turinโ a ruat a ni.โ At any rate, ramri siam hi British-hoin Fort White-a Hau Cin Khup nena inremna an ziah hnu kum hnih khat lek hnuah a lo thleng tih hriat reng tur a ni.Chutiang dinhmunah chuan Hau Cin Khup chu, inremna siamin a huam a ni ngei ang to accept the superimposed boundary, albeit with great reluctance.Tin, boundary demarcation hi a bik takin Kamhau-Sukte leh Chin/Zo a tlangpuiin sipai hmanga ralthuam tihbo, thunun leh thununna hnuaia dah a nih hnuah a lo thleng a ni.Chuvangin, chutiang dinhmun hnuaiah chuan an pahnih hi Boundary Commission-a British officer-te chuan an duh angin term an dictated a, mahse, chu chuan Manipur-a Maharaja-in a political agent kaltlangin Pemberton-a line chu a ramri atan a sawi chu a dik lo a ni.History, a chunga kan sawi tawh ang khan, Pemberton-a line pawh chutiang chu a ni tih a finfiah a ni hmun leh mipui chungchรขnga hriatna chunglam chauh nei mi pakhatin duhthusam anga line a siam.Mi pakhatin a nghawng zau zawng leh ramri hmun a awmna hmun chu a bul berah chuan mahni ramri ramri tihkhawtlai leh chhinchhiahna a ni.Tun hnaia zirchianna pakhat chuan Manipur-a โhills-valley divideโ chhan chu โpolitico-administrative fiatโ vang a ni a, chu chuan tlang chhungah pawh โtotalizing projectโ (Suan 2012: 272)60 a lo chhuak ta a ni, tiin a sawi postcolonial hunlai khan a ni. Migrant tia sawite buaina sawiin, tlangram hnamte sawina atana ruam chhunga Meitei-hoin an hman fo thin label chu David Zou chuan a dik takin a sawi a nicolonial Boundary Survey kalphung leh a duhthlanna line of demarcation leh ram โawardingโ tih dan leh mipui pawhin a colonial collaborator-te hnenah.(2009: 217) te chuan an ziak a ni.Dik tak chuan Sir James Johnstone-a map (Map 6.2) hian โinclusionโ emaw โexclusionโ emaw chungchang a sawi nasa hle a, kum 1894-a arbitrary line siam chuan ramri a siam thar leh dan leh Chin/Zo khaw tam tak chanchin a siam that dan pawh a sawi nasa hle bawk. sion in Manipur tunlai hian colonial legacy leh buaina ramri siamna, ground-a khawtlangte hlawkna ngaihtuah lo.A pawi ber chu, India leh Burma/Myanmar inkara zalenna hnu lama ramri, kum 1967-a an inrem tawh khan, engmah siamthatna awm lovin โtraditional lineโ chu a pawm mai a ni.
PhotoCredit VZMResidential houses are seen on the Myanmar’s side near the border between India and Myanmar at Zokhawthar in the India’s northeastern state of Mizoram on March 15, 2021. (Photo by Sajjad HUSSAIN / AFP) (Photo by SAJJAD HUSSAIN/AFP via Getty Images)
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