𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐍𝐀𝐌 𝐇𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐇𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐆

𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒏 𝑯𝒏𝒂𝒎 𝑯𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈 𝑯𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈

Chin hnam henkhat erawh chu tlâng lamah an insawn lo va, Chindwin Valley-ah an awm reng a, a bikin hmun hla tak tak, Gankaw Valley leh Upper Chindwin-a Kale-Kabaw Valley-ah te an awm ta a ni. Vawiin thleng hian an hming hmasa hmanga koh an la ni a, mahse Chin-pun, Chin-me, etc. ang chi suffix hmanga koh an ni a, an hmel hlui tak tak tattoo an neih avangin. Asho pawlte chu a hmaa kan sawi tawh ang khan Upper Chindwin-a an insawn hma pawh khan pawl lian ber berte a angin an inhen darh a. Pandaung Hills-ah an cheng hmasa a, chumi hnuah Irrawaddy Delta, Pegu Yoma, Arakan Yoma-ah te an darh zau ta a; Asho hnam thenkhat phei chuan tuna Bangladesh tia Chittagong Hill Tracks thlengin an thleng a (Lian Uk 1968: 7). Arakan leh Chittagong-ah chuan an hming hlui, ‘Khyeng’ hmanga hriat an la ni reng a ni.

𝑻𝑹𝑰𝑩𝑨𝑳 𝑮𝑹𝑶𝑼𝑷𝑺 𝑳𝑬𝑯 𝑻𝑼𝑨𝑳 𝑲𝑯𝑨𝑾𝑻𝑳𝑨𝑵𝑮 𝑻𝑬

Historic evidence atanga a lan dan chuan Chin ho hi ‘Chin Nwe’-a an awm hma loh chuan CHIN tih loh hming dangin an hre lo. Mahse, an ram hmasa ber, Upper Chindwin-a Kale Valley atanga tuilianin a hnawhchhuah hnuah, oral tradition-in a sawi angin emaw, tunlai mithiamte sawi angin Shan-hoin an hneh emaw – Chin-ho chu hnam hrang hrangah an inthen a, hnam hming leh tawng hrang hrang an nei a ni.

Ringhlelhawm lohvin, Chin mipui tam zawk chu tuna Chin State, India rama Mizoram leh Manipur State-a tlangram hmunah te, Bangladesh-a Chittagong Hill Tracts-ah te an insawn a ni. Mahse pawl thenkhat chu kan sawi tawh ang khan an awmna ram hmasa Chindwin Valley-ah an awm reng a, a hnuah chuan tuna Burma rama Sagaing, Maqwi, Pakukko leh Irrawaddy division ang chi hmunah te an darh ta a ni.

Linguistically chuan 1904-a Linguistic Survey of India-in a tarlan dan chuan Chin tawngte hi pawl lian paliah then a ni a, chungte chu Northern, Central, Old Kuki leh Southern te an ni.

1. Hmarchhak pawl: Thado, Kamhau, Sokte (Sukte), Siyin (Sizang), 1.1.
   Ralte, Paite a ni
2. Central pawl: Tashon (Tlaisun), Lai, Lakher (Mara), Lushai (Mizo), Bangjogi (Bawmzo), Pankhu
3. Hlui-Kuki pawl: Rangkhol, Kolren, Kom, Purum, Hmar, Cha (Chakma) .
4. Khawchhak lam pawl: Chin-me, Chin-bok, Chin-pun, Khyang (Asho), M’ro (Khuami), Shendus (Yindu), leh Welaung (Grierson 1904: 67).

Mithiamte chuan a tlangpuiin Chin hnam zinga hnam lian paruk an awm tih an pawm tlangpui a, chungte chu 1) Asho, 2) Chó emaw Sho emaw, 3) Khuami emaw M’ro emaw, 4) Laimi, 5) Mizo (Lushai) leh 6) Zomi (Vuson) te an ni 1986: 40-ah a tarlang bawk.

Chin-ho tan chuan ‘tribal group’ tih hi khawtlang pawl, chhungkaw tam tak, hnam emaw, thlah tam tak emaw, sal, innghahna nei te nena inzawmkhawmna khawtlang pawl a ni. 𝑪𝑯𝑰𝑵 𝑰𝑫𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑰𝑻𝒀 𝒁𝑨𝑾𝑵𝑯𝑰𝑵

emaw, mi hriat loh adopted emaw a ni thei bawk. Phên dangin sawi ila, pi leh pute inang pawl pakhatin hmun khatah an awm dun a, Chindwin Valley-a an awmna hmun hmasa ber chu Laimi hnam a nih hnuah, entirnan, an awmna siamtu pawl thlahte aṭanga siam a ni Lai-lung-ah, Chindwin Valley chhuahsan tura nawr a nih hnuah. Chutiang chuan Chin ngaihdan anga ‘tribe’ tih hian pi leh pute inang lo emaw, chhungkaw inzawmna inang emaw a kawk lo va, hnam khat, hmun khata awm, khawtlang pawl pakhat a kawk zawk a ni. A hmingin a sawi angin, Chin-ho zinga hnam hrang hrangte hian ram neitu nihna (geographical ownership) an tilang zawk a; entirnan, Asho tih awmzia chu ‘plain dwellers’ tihna a ni a, Cho tih awmzia chu ‘khawthlang lam mi’ tihna a ni a, Khuami hi ‘native people’ tia lehlin theih a ni a, Laimi tih awmzia chu ‘Lai-lung thlah’ emaw, ‘central people’ tihna a ni, Stevenson-a (1943)-a sawi dan chuan it, Zomi emaw Mizo emaw hi ‘hmar lam mite’ tihna a ni a, a dangte pawh a ni. Chuvangin tribal pawl hi inthenna thumal a ni lo va, Chin-ho chu pawl hrang hranga an inthen dan chauh a ni a, an ram hmasa Chindwin.: areas and the people whose

Hun a kal zel a, hnam hrang hrangte chuan anmahni hnam tawng leh identity an siam zauh zauh a, chu chu Khua-hrum biakna ritual system hmangin an inzawm khawm ta a ni. Pawl hrang hrangte inbiakpawhna a harsat avangin tualchhung tawng hrang hrang leh nunphung hrang hrang a lo thang zauh zauh a. He level of group hi sub-tribal group, a nih loh leh Chin tawngah Tual community tia sawi theih a ni. Tual khawtlang hi chhungkua emaw, chi khat emaw atanga bul tan a ni tlangpui a, khaw khata awm an ni. Amaherawhchu, khawtlâng a lo lian chhoh zêl a, mi thar an pun chhoh zêl chuan, an vêngtu pathian, Khua-hrum an tih chu an biak hunah Tual khua thu bul chu an insem vek a, mahse, satellite-a chenna hmun leh khua an din bawk ang. Tual khawtlang nunphung hi a dawta bung dangah ka chhui dawn a ni. Hetiang chi sub-tribal group, a nih loh leh Tual community hi chief pakhat emaw, hnam patriarch emaw leh a thlahte hian an awp tlangpui a. Entirnan, Laimi hnam zinga Lautu pawl chu Lian Chin hnamin an awp a, Bawinu lui chu an vengtu Khua-hrum atan an bia a ni. Lautu khawtlang zawng zawng – khaw sawm leh panga vel – chuan an principle khua Hnaring Tual chu an hmang dun a. Chutiang bawkin Laimi hnam Zophei pawlah pawh khaw sawmhnih chuang zetin an khaw lian ber Leitak-a Tual biakna chu an insem a, chutiang bawkin.

Tual khawtlâng hrang hrangte pawimawhna chu, anmahni tualchhûng ṭawngkam hman (local spoken dialect) siam chhuak mah se, hla emaw, epic emaw an phuah hunah ‘mother tongue’ tribal dialect inang an hmang vek a ni. Entirnan, Laimi hnam zingah hian sub-tribal Zophei, Senthang, Lautu, etc. engemaw zat an awm a, heng pawl zawng zawng hian anmahni local spoken dialect an nei vek a; ṭhenkhat chu Lai ṭawng hman ber nên an danglam hle. Mahse an group-a, hnam hla leh epic, Hla-do, Hla-pi leh a dangte an tih hian, anmahni ang chi zawng zawng hian an nu tawng, Lai tawng an hmang a, chutah chuan an sa thin. Mahse, inbiakpawhna harsatna avang hian inzawmna hnai tak neia inhriatna,
tribal group-te chu an chak tawh lo va, a chang chuan
Tual community-oriented sub-tribal group emaw clan identity emaw hmangin an thlak a ni. Chuvang chuan British administrator-te chuan Bung 3-naa kan hmuh angin, ‘Circle Administration’ an tih ang chi, sub-tribal group-te Tual community chu a bulpui ber atan an hmang ta a ni. 𝑯𝑹𝑰𝑨𝑻 𝑻𝑼𝑹𝑻𝑬

1 Chinlung’ tih thumal hi Chin mithiam tam zawkin a tir atangin an hmang nasa hle a. J. Shakespear-a 1912, pp. 93-94-ah en rawh; B. S. Carey leh H. N. Tuck te chuan 1976 [1896], p. 142 a ni a; N. E. Parry-a chuan 1976 [1932] a ni.

2 Chin mipuite inpumkhat lehna: Paite National Council-in On Country hnuaia India leh Burma Chin mipuite inpumkhat lehna tura India Prime Minister hnena Memorandum a thehluh (Imphal, Manipur: Azad Printing, 1960). He memorandum hi T. Goukhenpau, President leh S. Vungkhom, Chief Secretary, Paite National Council-in an ziak a ni.

3 Burmese tawngah chuan 𝑲 leh 𝑯 inkawp chu 𝑪𝒉 tiin kan lam thin.

4 Pa Vincenzo Sangermano, Burma Empire(Westminster: Archibald and Co., 1833; tihchhuah leh, Bangkok: White Orchid Press, 1995), John Jardine-a’n chiang taka a lo sawifiah tawh angin, Sangermano-a’n ‘Jo’ tia a sawi chu Chin hnam Zomi hnam ‘Jo’ pawl ni lovin, Upper Chindwin-a Gankaw Valley luahtu ‘Yaw’ mite an ni. He point bik hi mithiam tam takin an hrilhfiah dik lo a, a bik takin Zomi mithiamte chuan Vum Kho Hau leh Sing Kho Khai te pawhin an hrilhfiah dik lo a, a chang chuan an hre chiang hle. Entirnan, Vum Kho Hau chuan a lehkhabu Profile of Burma Frontier Man-ah, ‘Hmanlai atang tawhin Zo (Jo, Yaw) kan inti thin’ tiin a ziak a. He thudik hi Father V. Sangermano-a chuan kum 1783-a Ava-a a hmunpui a siam aṭang khan fak takin a lo ziak tawh a ni.’ (1963: 238)] tih a ni.

5 Than Tun leh Gordon Luce-a te hi hmân lai Burma chanchin zirna lama mithiam lar ber anga ngaih an ni.

6 A Zo History-ah Vumson-a chuan ‘Chin chenna hmun la awmte chu tun thlengin Chindwin Valley-ah hian hmuh tur a la awm reng a ni’ tiin a sawi a. Monywa atanga hla vak lo Sibani khua atanga mel hnih vela hlaah Chin ritual ground a awm a. Hriatrengna lung hi, hun hmasa lamah chuan feet sawm leh pathum (4.3 m) vel a sang a ni a, mahse tunah chuan a lan chhuah avangin a chhe ta a ni. Burma mite chuan Chin paya emaw Chin pathian emaw an ti thin.

7 ‘Kale’ tih thumal hi Khalei tawng Burmanized version a ni. Burmese tawnga Kale emaw Khale emaw awmzia tak tak chu ‘Naupang’ tih a ni a, hei hian geographical name atan awmzia a nei lo. Linguistic study chuan Chin hnam dan anga tuilian chanchin an sawi chu a nemnghet a, chubakah Kale Valley tih hming bulpui ber pawh a nemnghet bawk.

8 M. Kipgen-a sawi dan chuan banyan thing chu ‘lal in hmunah’ a awm a (1996: 40). 9 Hei hi kum 1916-a Saingunvaua (Sai ​​Ngun Vau) leh a pawlte’n Kabaw phaia Khampat pana an chhuah khan a thleng tak tak niin an sawi a, chutah chuan hrilhlawkna hlui hlen chhuah tumin khaw thar an siam a ni. Khampat hi vawi khat chu Kale-Kabaw Valley-a Chin khawtlang hmunpui a lo ni leh ta a, Kale-Kabaw Valley-a cheng zinga a chanve aia tam chu Chin an ni. Lal Thang Lian 1976: 87-89 en rawh.

10 B. S. Carey hi kum 1794-a India ram Serampore-a English Baptist missionary lar tak Dr William Carey-a fapa upa ber a ni.

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