Chin Hills-a thuneihna an neih dawn lai khan British-ho hna lian ber pakhat chu Manipur ramri hmar lam ramri buaina chinfel a ni.Kum 1834-a Kabaw Valley chu Burma kuta hlan a nih khan Captain Grant leh Captain Robert Pemberton-a te chu Burma commissioner-te kutah hlan turin Kabaw Valley-ah kal turin an ti a.Pemberton-a chu Burma commissioner hnenah Kabaw Valley hmar leh chhak ramri kawhhmuh turin thupek ni mah se, mak tak maiin Manipur khawthlang lam ramri chungchangah hian thupek chiang tak pek a ni lo.Pemberton-a chuan Numsailung (Burmese tawngin Namsaweng, Chin/Zo tawngin Tuipu) lui chu Kabaw Valley chhim lam ramri ni mahse a chhuahna hmun chu a hre lo.Chutiang chuan, unilaterally-in Manipur ramri suangtuah tak chu tlangte kaltlangin Manipur lui thlengin a tlanpui a, chu chu Agreement of 1834-a pek angin:Khawchhak lamah chuan Burmans tlang (Muring) Nansaweng leh Muneepoorees Numsailung-in an koh lui chu a chhuahna thlengin tlangram a luhna hmunah chuan chutiang bawka hmar lam ke atanga inzar pharh line pakhat chu a luang chhuak thlengin, tlang chhim lam hawi zawngin a tla thla a Kathe Khyoung (Muneepooree lui) a ni.Kum 1834 khan British-ho chuan Kabaw ruam sir lehlama tlangte dinhmun chungchangah emaw, a chhunga luite chungchang emaw hriatna mumal lo tak an nei a.Pemberton-a chuan amah ngeiin a ruat turin chutah chuan a o down lo va, inremna chu Chindwin lui kamah ziah a nih avangin.Chutiang chuan, a Report of the Eastern Frontier of go India-ah chuan Manipur khawthlang lam ramri chu โa mumal lo hle a, a sawifiah tha lo hleโ tih a pawm a ni ([1835] 2000: 21). Kum 1834-a Thuthlung siamah chuan โtunah hian Sootie (Sukte) hnam thenkhat chu Manipur-ah an awm a, a then chu Burmese emaw independent territory-ah an awmโ (Mackenzie [1884] 2001: 172) tih chu Pemberton-aโn ramri bial a hriatthiam loh vang a ni a tlawh ngai lo va, survey pawh a la nei ngai lo.Chutiang chuan ramri siam a nih dawn chuan kum 1834-a Namsailung/Namsaweng lui an sawi chu Chin/Zo-hoin Tuipu an tih leh Burman-hoin Nanpalong an tih tak tak chu a ni tih hmuhchhuah a ni.Chuta tang chuan ramri chu Manipur luiah hmun engemaw takah a chho tur a ni a, chuta tang chuan chhim lamah Lushai leh Cachar ramri thlengin a kal tur a ni a, chu chuan Manipur lui chhim lamah Manipur-ah enclave lian tak a pe a, chu chu โPembertonโs Enclaveโ tia hriat a ni ta a ni โ.39 Thudik tak chu, tun hnaia zirchianna pakhatin โneutral zoneโ emaw, โmihring awm lo ramโ (Zou 2009: 215) tia a vuah Manipur lui hmar leh chhim lama tlangramte chu thununna hnuaiah a awm ngai lo Burma emaw Manipur emaw a ni. Kum 1856 khan Manipur rama political agent, Colonel McCulloch-a chuan โManipur ram chhim chhak lam bial chu chhui chhuah a la ni ngai lo va, Manipur thuneitute chuan chuta cheng hnamte chu thuhnuaiah hruai an tum ngai loโ tiin a sawi (Mackenzie [1884] 2001: 174-5-ah a awm). McCulloch-a chuan a Account of the Valley of Manipur (1859)-ah chuan, โHmarchhak leh hmar lamah chuan ramri hi a chiang lo hle a, Munnipore Sawrkar chuan a thuneihna a thehdarh theih danah a innghat nasa hle ang hill tribes in those directionsโ (McCulloch [1859] 1980: 1).Manipur khuaa Raja-a chuan ruam piah lamah nghawng a nei tlem hle tih chu a ramri hmunte awmnaah hian a lang chiang hle a, 40 chu chu a bul berah chuan a thuneihna leh a tak takna ramri a ni border of his territory.Hei hi Political Agent dang Colonel Mowbray Thomson-aโn kum 1872-a a report-a a sawi atang hian chiang takin a chiang thei ang: โHnam pum pui hi practically independent niin a lang a, kum 1834-a Treaty-in anghawng lo tak zet a ni.thil tangkai zawng zawng atan he hnam hi independent anga ngaih tur a nileh thuneihna [Manipur emaw Burmese emaw] atanga hremna dawng thei a niโ (Mackenzie [1884] 2001: 173-4). Khawchhak lam ramri post din tum ber chuManipur chu kum zabi sawm leh kua-a Manipur ruam ramri thlenga hlawhtling taka hmar lam pan a, Manipur ruam ramri thlenga an thuneihna din tawh Kamhau-Sukte lakah an inveng tur a ni.Manipur-ho chuan Lushai-ho aiin hlauhawm zawkah an ngai a, anni pawh hian Manipur-ah an rawn bei thin (Ibid.: 163). Kum 1871-72-a Lushai Expedition hmang tangkaiin Manipuri Contingent chu major pahnih leh Major General W. F.Nuthall-a kaihhruaina hnuaiah Tseklapi (Jolpi tia ziah bawk), khawthlang lam ramri post (Table 3.1 en la) kaltlangin, thupek do lovin, Chivu-ah an inkhuar a, chutah chuan an awm a ni Mualpi lal Go Khaw Thang leh a hnungzuitute chu a man ta a ni.He thil thleng hi Bung 3-ah chipchiar takin sawiho a ni tawh a, ngaihnawm tak chu Chivu-ah chuan Nuthall-a chuan a hnehna hriatrengna atan lung feet 22-a sang, feet 2-a zau, inches 4 vel zeta thuk a din a ni over the Lushai.42 Lung lian chunga thuziak lehlinna rough chuan heti hian a sawi:Kum 1793 khan Sakabda hunlai khan Wakching thlaah Mani- puri Major pahnih Balaram Sing leh Tangal Sing te chuan officer 130 leh mi 2000 nen General Nuthall-a zuiin khaw 112 an la a, chung zingah chuan Poiboi, Lenkam, & c,leh he chi tuikhuah hi a luah a, chutah chuan Rjah Chunder Kirtee Sing Maharajah kephah hnuhma chu a dah ta a ni.Lung te tak te chungah chuan heti hian a inziak a: โGeneral Nuthall, Political Agent kum 1793 of the era Sakabda, Bung hmasa lama kan sawi tawh ang khan Meitei major leh Nuthall-te thiltih hi British-hoin an pawm lo va, Kamhau mite pawhin Manipur-a Maharaja chu an pu atan an pawm lo.Nuthall-a hian Manipur Maharaja thupek angin hna a thawk tih rinhlelh rual a ni lo va, a hriatrengna lung a phun pawh hian a rilru tihlim a tum a ni.Mahse, hun eng emaw chen Chivu luah leh hriatrengna lung hi Manipur khawthlang lam ramri nemnghehna anga ngaih theih a ni lo.Manipur-hoin an ram an tihchhiat dan chu uluk takin ngaihtuah chungin, Kamhaus-ho chuan Manipur bei turin sipai beihpui thlak tumin an inbuatsaih a, chu chuan political agent thar Mowbray Thomson-a chu nasa takin a tithinur hle a, remna siamแนญhat tumin inhmachhawn lehna dang a awm loh nan lung engmah a hnutchhiah a ni an inkarah, chu chu engtin emaw takin a tihlawhtling thei a, hun rei lote chhung chauh ni mah se.Chutiang dinhmun chu Burma chief commissioner-a chief secretary E. S. Symes-aโn 20 September 1892-a India Sawrkar hnena lehkha thawnin โramri chu vawi khat chauh siamsak leh ruat theihna thuneihna famkimโ zawng turin a ziak a ni.Kum 1892 khan Bertram Carey of Chin Hills pawhin โramri tak tak chu hmanhmawhthlak a ni tiin nasa takin a hria a, Burma chief commissioner hnenah a rawt a ni, chu โManipur ramri chu,Tiddim khawchhak lam mel 80 vela hlaah Howbi Peak latitude-ah dah a nih rin a niโ tih. Lenacot (Sialmong)-ah assistant political officer pakhat dah turin a rawt bawk a, chu chuan hmar lam hnam Guite, Zou leh Thados te chu a thunun ang.Burma leh Assam-in Boundary Commission-in March 1893-ah hna a thawh tan tur thu an inrem ta a ni.Kum 1893 October ni 21-ah India sawrkar chuan heti hian thupek a pe a: โCommissioner-te [Burma leh Assam]-te hian thuneihna famkim leh kut zalen neiin ramri hi vawi khat tal settled leh demarcate turin an nei tur a ni mi zawng zawng tan. Vanduaithlak takin an inrem thei lo a nih chuan thutlukna chu India Sawrkar kutah a awm angโ.50 Mahse Chin Hills-Manipur ramri siam chu kum 1894 thleng sawn hlat a ni a, chu chu โSizang-Sukte helnaโ vangin a ni a, chu chu bung hmasa lama kan sawi tawh a ni.Kum 1894 January ni 27-ah chauh khan Manipur leh Burma atanga Boundary Commission member-te chu Tinzinchaung (Tuisa lui) veilam kam Burman khua Tinzin-ah an pungkhawm a.Burma aiawh member-te chu B. S. Carey, political officer, Chin Hills, Captain F. B. Longe, R. E. Survey of India leh a hnungzuitu 12, Lieutenant W. H. Dent, 2nd Battalion (P.W. O), Yorkshire Regiment, intelligence officer leh surveyor pahnih, Lieutenant B.Trydell leh 1st Burma Rifles rifles 50 te chu escort atan an hmang a, Sergeant James, leh hospital assistant pakhat an nei bawk.Manipur aiawhte chu A.Porteous, Manipur political agent, Captain M. A. Kerr, Lieutenant H. Baillie leh Rifles 100, 43rd Gurkhas escort atan leh hospital assistant pakhat an ni. Lieutenant W. H. Dent-a sawi dan chuan Kamhau Chief Hau Cin Khup leh a hnungzuitu naupang pahnih pawhin Carey-a chu an zui ve bawk, Carey-a chuan a zin chhung zawnga a zuitu Kamhau Chief-in a khua a\anga ruahmanna a siamte chu โlungawinaโ nen a pawm bawk.28 January 1894 khan Boundary Commission chuan Tuipui (Nanphalaw, Manipur-in Numsailung tia an sawi) ai chuan Tuisa (Tinzinchaung) a\angin a chhui tan ta a, Kabaw Valley-ah latitude 23ยฐ49โฒ30โฒโฒ N atanga a luh avangin a chhim lam tlangte chu he lui kalna zawh hian hmarchhak lam hawiin a tlangpuiin a chhuahna pakhat Khengzoidung an tih thlengin, chutah chuan lungphum hmasa ber dah a ni a, a hnuhnung ber chu Tuimong lui chhuahnaah a awm a ni.A vaiin pillar pariat siam a ni a, hmar lam atanga (Manipur tan) chu hmar lamah an tan a, โC.H.โ (Chin Hills tan) chhim lamah, chhim lamah.Ramri lungphumte chu hmar leh chhak lam hawia lung hrual a ni. โMโ tih leh heng letter hnuaiah hian pillar number tarlanna lem a awm a, chu chu khawchhak lam atanga number pek tan a ni a, chhim lamah hna a thawk bawk.March ni 1 khan Lunglen tlang chhipah kui camp.Line hmar lam latitude chu kum 1894 khan Bertram Carey leh Alexander Porteous te chuan Tui- any point is at Lunglen Hills 24ยฐ0โ42โ N, while the extreme southern point is 23ยฐ49โ30โ N, where Tuisa enters Burma. Tuipui hi sorkar thupek vang a ni a, chu chuan โline chu Tuisa a ni.โto be in the latitude of Pembertonโs line and drawn so as to exclude Lena- cot from Manipurโ.53 Tlang hrang hrang ni lovin lui line an zui a, a chhan chu a hnuhnung zawkte hi โchu vengah chuan a chiang lo hleโ a ni.Carey-a ngei pawhin chutianga a sawi avangin, Colonel McCull-och, Manipur hian a khawthlang lam hnamte chu a thunun thei ngai lo va, anni hian tlangram an rawn bei fo va, state an dodal fo thin a, chuti a nih chuan engvangin nge Manipur hian a khawthlang lam tlanga ram zau tak a claim theih nan a phal? Dik tak chuan, nausen Raja aiawha hnathawk Manipur-a political agent chuan kum 1834-a Pemberton-aโn state hnena a pek zawng zawng chu humhim a duh a, lui dinglam leh a chhehvela khaw hrang hrangte chu annex duh a ni Manipur tlangram ramri a ni. Vanduaithlak takin, Manipur-in sum lakluh nuam tak a hmuh theihna tur lui dinglamah khaw 91 (a chanve chauh chu lehkha-a awm tak tak) a awm tih leh lui veilam, pine forest, a awm tak tak bakah hian nakin lawkah thlai leh mineral resources a siam chhuak thei a ni.54 Manipur politi- cal agent chu Manipur Raja thupek angin hna a thawk tih rinhlelh rual lohvin J. Clerk-aโn a nemnghet a ni remarked: โPolitical Agent chu engkim atan Maharaja duhdan leh lawmnaah a innghat a ni. A thusawi leh a che vel zawng zawng hi Maharaja chuan a hre vek a ni. A nihna takah chuan Manipur enkawlna hnuaia British Officer a niโ (Roy 1958: 100-a tarlan).Hriat tlem zawk, theihnghilh a nih loh chuan Manipur leh Chin Hills ramri siam hian Kamhau-Sukte thuneihna hnuaia awm khaw engemaw zat chu duh duhin Manipur hnenah a hlan a ni.Carey-a chuan, โManipur ramri siam a nih avang hian Howchinkup-a chuan a pi leh puteโn an lo hneh tawh, chutih hun thlenga chhiah tlemte chauh an pek tawh khaw engemaw zat a hloh ta a niโ (Carey and Tuck [1896] 1932: 112) tiin a pawm a ni.Ramri siam a nih hma kum hnih vel khan Captain G. B. Stevens, 4th Madras Pioneers leh Kamhau Column Commander chuan Northern Chin Hills khaw zawng zawng chu Thado, Zou leh Guite khua te pawh a tlawh vek tawh a ni. Mualpi atanga Guite hnam insawnna Tonglawn (Tornlongs) leh Losau (Losow)-ah te chuan an kuta sal lak chhuah tumin a chho a.Chutiang chuan Northern Chin Hills-a rorรชltu chungnung ber chu chiang taka chawimawi tawh khuate chu, ramri siam hnuah, Manipur chhungah hmuh a ni ta a ni.He thubuai hi Sir James Johnstone-aโn Manipur ram map a siamah hian sawisel theih lohvin nasa takin a thlawp a, chutah chuan ramri siam hmaa Manipur ram atanga khawthlang lama ram zau tak bo a ni. Johnstone hi Manipur-a political agent (1877-86) a ni a, a map chu a hnuah a lehkhabu My Experience in Manipur and the Naga Hills (1896)-ah a lang leh a ni, Boundary Commission-in duh duhin Manipur hnena a pek khua zingah hian Zou khaw 19, Thado khua 21 zinga 15, leh Guite khua 13. 57 Ramri siam a nih avang hian โThado hnamโ chu a hnuah Carey-a chuan, โtunah chuan ka lehkhabu a\angin a chhuak tawh a, chutiang bawkin tuna Kuki emaw Kongjai tlangah te pawh tel ve tawh โYoโ leh โNwite (Vaipei te pawh tel) te pawh an chhuahsan ta a ni,Manipurโ (Carey leh Tuck-a te [1896]) a ni. 1932: 112-ah a tarlang bawk).Thil mak tak mai chu, colonial record-ah chuan Kamhau Chief Hau Cin Khup-a chu khua 55 a hloh avanga zangnadawmna atan Gungal-Sukte hmar lama khaw pahnih, Litmi leh Mwial-te pek a nih thu min hriattir a.Zawhna awm chu: Engtin nge, engvangin nge Kamhau Lal Hau Cin Khupa thununna hnuaia ram zau tak, nawrh huaihawt lovin Manipur hnena hlantu boundary line thar chu pawm em? Hau Cin Khup hian boundary line thar hi a pawm mai em tih hriat a ni lo a, a pawm luih luih a ni em tih hriat a ni lo.Carey-a report atanga kan hriat chauh chu, Burma party chu 12 March 1894-a Tonzang-a an lo kir leh khan Carey-a chuan Chief Hau Cin Khup-a chu โa khawthlang lam ramri atanga hmar lam ramri thar thlenga ram zawng zawng enkawl turinโ a ruat a ni.โ At any rate, ramri siam hi British-hoin Fort White-a Hau Cin Khup nena inremna an ziah hnu kum hnih khat lek hnuah a lo thleng tih hriat reng tur a ni.Chutiang dinhmunah chuan Hau Cin Khup chu, inremna siamin a huam a ni ngei ang to accept the superimposed boundary, albeit with great reluctance.Tin, boundary demarcation hi a bik takin Kamhau-Sukte leh Chin/Zo a tlangpuiin sipai hmanga ralthuam tihbo, thunun leh thununna hnuaia dah a nih hnuah a lo thleng a ni.Chuvangin, chutiang dinhmun hnuaiah chuan an pahnih hi Boundary Commission-a British officer-te chuan an duh angin term an dictated a, mahse, chu chuan Manipur-a Maharaja-in a political agent kaltlangin Pemberton-a line chu a ramri atan a sawi chu a dik lo a ni.History, a chunga kan sawi tawh ang khan, Pemberton-a line pawh chutiang chu a ni tih a finfiah a ni hmun leh mipui chungchรขnga hriatna chunglam chauh nei mi pakhatin duhthusam anga line a siam.Mi pakhatin a nghawng zau zawng leh ramri hmun a awmna hmun chu a bul berah chuan mahni ramri ramri tihkhawtlai leh chhinchhiahna a ni.Tun hnaia zirchianna pakhat chuan Manipur-a โhills-valley divideโ chhan chu โpolitico-administrative fiatโ vang a ni a, chu chuan tlang chhungah pawh โtotalizing projectโ (Suan 2012: 272)60 a lo chhuak ta a ni, tiin a sawi postcolonial hunlai khan a ni. Migrant tia sawite buaina sawiin, tlangram hnamte sawina atana ruam chhunga Meitei-hoin an hman fo thin label chu David Zou chuan a dik takin a sawi a nicolonial Boundary Survey kalphung leh a duhthlanna line of demarcation leh ram โawardingโ tih dan leh mipui pawhin a colonial collaborator-te hnenah.(2009: 217) te chuan an ziak a ni.Dik tak chuan Sir James Johnstone-a map (Map 6.2) hian โinclusionโ emaw โexclusionโ emaw chungchang a sawi nasa hle a, kum 1894-a arbitrary line siam chuan ramri a siam thar leh dan leh Chin/Zo khaw tam tak chanchin a siam that dan pawh a sawi nasa hle bawk. sion in Manipur tunlai hian colonial legacy leh buaina ramri siamna, ground-a khawtlangte hlawkna ngaihtuah lo.A pawi ber chu, India leh Burma/Myanmar inkara zalenna hnu lama ramri, kum 1967-a an inrem tawh khan, engmah siamthatna awm lovin โtraditional lineโ chu a pawm mai a ni.
PhotoCredit VZM
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